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mathematics
introduction to business statistics

Questions and Answers of Introduction to business statistics

The following data shown in the table on the eight planets in our solar system were obtained from Wikipedia:a. Describe the association between these variables as described in the graph on the
Reconsider the previous exercise and the data in TestTimes.a. Report the equation of the least squares line for reporting test score from time to take the test.b. Interpret the value of the slope
The data file TestTimes contains data on the time (in minutes) taken by 33 students to complete a multiple choice exam and the students’ scores (as a percentage out of 100) on the exam. Investigate
Suppose that you record the following information about 15 Major League Baseball games played next Saturday:A. Total number of runs scored in the gameB. Whether or not the home team wins the gameC.
Is there an association between a teacher’s age and how far he or she lives from school? For each of the following descriptions, draw a scatterplot of hypothetical data for a sample of 10 teachers
a. When calculating a correlation coefficient between two quantitative variables, does it matter which is considered explanatory and which response?b. When calculating a least squares line between
a. Suppose that every student in your class scores 10 points higher on the final exam than on the midterm exam. What would the value of the correlation coefficient between the two exam scores equal?
The accompanying scatterplot gives data from a random sample of 27 countries where the response variable is infant mortality (deaths per 1,000 live births) and the explanatory variable is the gross
The data in the fi le GestationLifeExpectancy gives the gestation period (in days) and the life expectancy (in years) for a sample of mammals. We will consider this sample to be representative of all
Reconsider the previous exercise on height and BMI.a. Determine a 95% confidence interval for the population slope coefficient and interpret what this interval represents.b. Based on your confidence
The data in the file HeightBMI was obtained from a survey of statistics students. The variables recorded are the student’s heights (in inches) and their body mass index (BMI). Consider conducting
Two Cal Poly freshmen gathered data on a random sample of textbooks from the campus bookstore in November of 2006. Two of the variables recorded were the price of the book and the number of pages
Reconsider the previous exercise on Used Honda Civics.a. Determine a 95% confidence interval for the population slope coefficient and interpret what this interval represents.b. Based on your
The data in the file UsedHondaCivics come from a sample of used Honda Civics listed for sale online in July 2006. Th e variables recorded are the car’s age (calculated as 2006 minus year of
Reconsider the previous exercise on age and BMI.a. Determine a 95% confidence interval for the population slope and interpret what this interval represents.b. Based on your confidence interval, is
Researchers in a clinical study collected information from their subjects at the beginning of the study. Two of the variables were body mass index (BMI) and age. We are interested in seeing if there
At the beginning of the semester, students in a statistics class were asked to give their estimates of how much their professor weighed (in pounds) and his height (in inches). We want to see if
Reconsider the previous exercise on BMI and blood glucose levels.a. Determine a 95% confidence interval for the population slope coefficient and interpret what this interval represents.b. Based on
In a study to see if there was an association between weight loss and the amount of a certain protein in a person’s body fat, the researchers measured a number of different attributes in their 39
A regression table is shown based on data used to test an association between the amount of sleep someone had the previous night (in hours) and the time needed to complete a paper and pencil maze (in
For the data in each of the following scatterplots, are the validity conditions met to run a theory-based test for regression? If the answer is no on any of them, explain why not.a.b.c.d. 100 90 80
If there are influential points or outliers in your data, why is it a good idea to run the analysis with those points removed?
To explore the relationship between the runtime and profit made by movies, data were collected on a random sample of 15 movies released in the last four years. The p-value corresponding to the
The theory-based p-value given in the regression table in the Corr/Regression applet is:A. A two-sided p-valueB. A one-sided p-valueC. Either a one-sided or two-sided p-value depending on how you
For a given data set, a test of association based on a slope is equivalent to a test of association based on a correlation coefficient. Being equivalent means which of the following is true?A. The
Which one of the following is a validity condition for theory-based tests for regression?A. The variability of the points around the regression line should not diff er as you slide along the
Read FAQ 10.4.1 and answer the following questions.a. What is the name of the point (x̅, y̅)?b. Why does every shuffled regression line go through the point (x̅, y̅)?
Use the data set HandSpan to calculate means, standard deviations, and the correlation coefficient.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college students as subjects,
Reconsider the previous exercise on the Stroop effect.a. There was one point in the scatterplot that was a clear outlier. One of the researcher’s great aunt, who was 87 years old, took 100.60
You may have seen the test or puzzle where names of colors are written out in colors not denoted by the name. For example the word green might be written with red ink. The job of the person
In a survey of Hope College students, two of the questions asked were their current grade point average (GPA) and how much sleep they got (in hours) on the previous school night. The data can be
In a survey of statistics students at Hope College, two of the questions asked were their current grade point average (GPA) and how many classes they failed to attend during the past three weeks at
Reconsider the previous exercise on age and BMI. We are interested in seeing if there is an association between BMI and age. Th e data from the study can be found in the file Age BMI.a. Conduct a new
Researchers in a clinical study collected information from their subjects at the beginning of the study. Two of the variables were body mass index (BMI) and age. We are interested in seeing if there
Reconsider the previous exercise on height and haircut price.a. Find the regression equation that predicts the haircut price based on height.b. Interpret the slope and intercept of the regression
This question is based on the 50 U.S. states. Each state is an observational unit, and the variables listed are measured separately for each of the 50 states. For each of the following pairs of
What are the observational/experimental units?Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college students as subjects, researchers set out to explore whether a linear
Is this a randomized experiment or an observational study? Explain how you know.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college students as subjects, researchers set
State the two variables measured on each unit.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college students as subjects, researchers set out to explore whether a linear
Is there an explanatory/response relationship for these variables? Classify the variables in this study as categorical or quantitative.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab?
State the null and alternative hypotheses to be investigated with this study.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college students as subjects, researchers set out
Use the data set HandSpan to calculate means, standard deviations, and the correlation coefficient.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college students as subjects,
Create a scatterplot of the data with hand span on the x-axis and number of Tootsie Rolls on the y-axis.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college students as
Does there appear to be an association between hand span and number of Tootsie Rolls? Describe the direction, form, and strength of the association: Is it positive, negative, weak, strong, linear?Is
Are there any unusual observations?Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college students as subjects, researchers set out to explore whether a linear relationship
Find the least squares regression equation that predicts number of Tootsie Rolls based on hand span.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college students as
Interpret the slope of the least squares regression equation in terms of hand span and predicted number of Tootsie Rolls grabbed.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45
Use the appropriate applet to construct a simulated null distribution using the slope of the least squares regression line as the statistic. Mark the observed least squares slope on this graph.a.
Are the validity conditions met to complete a theory-based t-test on these data? Explain. Whether the conditions are met or not, use a theory-based t-test to find a p-value. How does this p-value
Find a confidence interval for the slope that would describe the association between all hand spans and number of Tootsie Rolls grabbed. Is zero in this interval? Does this make sense based on the
Are you able to conclude that the association between hand span and number of Tootsie Rolls grabbed is causal? Explain.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college
What generalizations are you willing to make? Explain.Is hand span a good predictor of how much candy you can grab? Using 45 college students as subjects, researchers set out to explore whether a
Summarize the findings from the study. What worked well in this study design? What would you change? What are some follow-up research questions you would like to explore based on the findings from
Is there an explanatory/response relationship for these variables? Classify the variables in this study as categorical or quantitative.Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley wondered
State the two variables measured on each unit.Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley wondered whether upper-class individuals behave more unethically than lower-class individuals. To
Is this a randomized experiment or an observational study? Explain how you know.Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley wondered whether upper-class individuals behave more
What are the observational/experimental units?Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley wondered whether upper-class individuals behave more unethically than lower-class individuals. To
The study used for exercises in Sections 8.1 and 8.2 actually included a fifth degree of baldness, extreme. Here is a table that summarizes the full data set:What stands out about the new category is
Reconsider the previous exercise. In the article that appeared in the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, the researchers did not report the sample size of each group. The following 2
Do people tend to spend money differently based on perceived changes in wealth? In a study conducted by researchers Epley et al. (2006), 47 Harvard undergraduates were randomly assigned to receive
Recall the previous exercises about social norms. Data were also collected on whether the experimenter was walking at a slow speed or was walking at a fast speed and are given in the data fi le
Recall the previous exercise about social norms. Data were also collected in a hallway inside a building and on a sidewalk outside in a park and are given in the data fi le SocialNormsLocation. Is
What happens when you break social norms? Pedestrians walking on sidewalks typically follow the same traffic patterns as cars driving in the streets. What happens if you walk on the wrong side of the
Reconsider the previous exercise. Carry out a theory-based test to investigate whether the sample data provide strong evidence of an association between the sex and goals of fourth to sixth graders.
Students (grades 4€“6) in the Lansing, Michigan, area were asked, €œWhat is the most important goal in school: getting good grades, being popular, or excelling in
A study of drinking habits of college students at a particular college produced the two-way table of counts shown in the following table table .Analyze these data with appropriate descriptive and
Reconsider the previous exercise. Conduct a theory-based analysis. Report the test statistic and p-value and summarize your conclusions. Also, compute 95% confidence intervals as a follow up,
The 2010 General Social Survey asked a random sample of Americans about whether they generally trust people. The following table classifies responses by the highest educational degree achieved by the
Reconsider the data from the previous two exercises. Use what you learned in the first three chapters to address the following questions. Provide a complete analysis and summary of conclusions for
Reconsider the previous exercise. Conduct a theory-based analysis, including a check of validity conditions, and summarize your conclusion.
The General Social Survey asked a random sample of adult Americans about their political viewpoint and also about whether they had given blood in the previous year.The sample results for the 2012
Reconsider the data from the previous two exercises. Suppose that the sample size had been twice as large, with the counts for every cell in the table also being twice as large.a. What effect would
Reconsider the data from the previous exercise. Check whether the validity conditions for a theory-based analysis are met. Regardless of your answer, conduct such a theory-based analysis. Report the
Suppose that you want to investigate whether men and women differ with regard to coffee consumption. You plan to ask people to indicate their sex and also to say whether they drink coffee every day,
Read FAQ 8.2.1 and answer the following: True or false? When comparing many groups on a categorical response, the choice of statistic (p̂max – p̂min, MAD, and chi-square) has no bearing on the
Read FAQ 8.2.1 and answer the following: True or false? When using a theory-based test to analyze data from 2 × 2 tables, the choice of statistic (p̂max – p̂min, MAD, and chi-square) doesn’t
Read FAQ 8.2.1 and answer the following: True or false? When comparing more than two groups on a categorical response, the choice of statistic (p̂max – p̂min, MAD, and chi-square) doesn’t
Read FAQ 8.2.1 and answer the following: True or false? When analyzing data from 2 × 2 tables, the choice of statistic (p̂max – p̂min, MAD, and chi-square) doesn’t matter.
Referring to the previous exercise, what can you say about cause and effect and generalization based on the gator data?Data from previous exerciseAs we hope you agree, there seem to be two kinds of
As we hope you agree, there seem to be two kinds of lakes. Two (Pierce and Seminole) have small harvests that don€™t show a time trend. Th e other three lakes have much bigger harvests that
Referring to the previous exercises, the other three lakes have larger harvests that show steep increases over time:Here are values of (O ˆ’ E)2/E, the contribution to chi-square, for each
Referring to the previous exercises, lakes Pierce and Seminole have smaller harvests that show little or no evidence of a time trend.Is it reasonable to treat them as a group? Use the Multiple
Referring to the previous exercises, sometimes a categorical variable comes from a quantitative variable. For the gator data, the year can be regarded as quantitative. Here€™s a plot that
Referring to the previous exercises, If both variables are categorical, you have two choices for segmented bar graphs. Either one of the two variables can go on the x-axis, with percentages for the
Is random sampling or random assignment the more important consideration if the research question is whether Facebook users tend to have lower grade point averages than students who do not use
Narrower confidence intervals are better than wider confidence intervals.a. What change to sample size produces a narrower confidence interval?b. What change to confidence level produces a narrower
Referring to the previous exercise, two possible data tables are shown in the following table . Which one has the observational units right? Why?Data from previous exerciseAlligators have become a
Alligators have become a big concern in Florida. Here are some gator data.The rows are for five small Florida lakes. They stretch along a line from the west coast near Tampa to the east coast. The
Refer to the previous exercise about the study of the relationship between dietary restraint and energy expenditure. Another response variable the researchers were interested in was the estimation of
How good are you at estimating how many calories you expend? Researchers Harris et al. (American Journal of Men€™s Health, 2010) conducted a study where 80 males (ages 21€“45
Often research articles include tables of comparisons for demographics of experimental groups. In one such article (Psycho-Oncology, 2006) reporting a study investigating the effect of art therapy on
To investigate whether there is an association between happiness and income level, we will use data from the 2002 General Social Survey (GSS), cross-classifying a person€™s perceived
Researchers Gawin et al. (Journal of American Medical Association Psychiatry, 1989) reported a study where each of 72 cocaine abusers were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments for six
Design your own study: Develop the plan for the investigation of a research question that can be answered using a chi-square test.a. State the research question.b. Will you conduct an experiment or
In a survey of 50 students in an introductory statistics students, data were collected on an individual€™s sex and breakfast eating habits. Here is a table of the summarized data:a. Is this
In an article published in Lancet (2001), researchers shared their findings from a study where they followed 6,272 Swedish men for 30 years to see whether there was an association between the amount
Given below is a table of summarized data from a 2013 study of a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults by the Gallup organization, where participants were asked about their political
Refer to the previous exercise about the study of the relationship between level of physical activity and aging.Suppose that the observed cell counts were actually half as small as those reported in
Refer to the previous exercise about the study of the relationship between level of physical activity and aging. Show how to calculate the chi-square statistic by setting up the formula with
Refer to the previous exercise about the study of the relationship between level of physical activity and aging.a. Explain why it would be okay to use the theory-based method to find a p-value for

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