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mathematics
introduction to business statistics

Questions and Answers of Introduction to business statistics

Write a conclusion about the strength of evidence in this new study based on obtaining a p-value of 0.024.
In this study, what proportion of those on the suspension bridge called the interviewer? Of those who had already crossed the bridge?Let’s see how this second study turned out. Of those on the
Describe the confounding variable they are trying to eliminate by completing this new study.The researchers acknowledged the fact that there were confounding variables involved in this study. They
Causation. What about cause-and-effect conclusions? Did the researchers use random assignment to determine which of the 34 men crossed the suspension bridge and which crossed the wooden bridge? Are
Generalization. Now, let’s step back a bit and think about the scope of our inference. Was this a random sample? Does this study represent all people? How about all men? Is there any population to
In studies comparing two groups, the parameter of interest is oft en stated as the true difference in the long-run proportions in the two groups. In this study, this is the long run difference in the
Write a conclusion about the strength of evidence in the study based on the p-value from #8.In Chapter 5, we will learn how to use the 3S strategy to help us investigate how much evidence the sample
Use the null and alternative hypotheses stated above and the p-value of 0.023 to write a conclusion about strength of evidence in this study. (Hint: Even though the study design is different, the way
What proportion of men on the wooden bridge called the interviewer?Social psychologists throughout the years have shown that an aggression-sexuality link exists not only in various animal species but
What proportion of men on the suspension bridge called the interviewer?
We have two variables: bridge type and whether the subject called or not. Which of these variables is explanatory and which is response?
Fill in the two-way table with the data from the study. Wooden bridge Suspension bridge Totals Subject called interviewer 11 Subject did not call interviewer 23 Totals 34 18 16
What are the observational units?The researcher is now interested in seeing whether a higher proportion of men in the group that crossed the Capilano Canyon bridge will call her versus the proportion
Is this an observational study or an experiment? How are you deciding?The researcher is now interested in seeing whether a higher proportion of men in the group that crossed the Capilano Canyon
Are people who attend church regularly less likely to smoke than people who do not attend church regularly? Is it possible to design a randomized experiment to investigate this question? If so,
Are American adults who have children significantly more likely to play video games than American adults who do not have children? Is it possible to design a randomized experiment to investigate this
Do college professors who use a red pen to grade student essays tend to assign lower scores, on average, than professors who use a blue pen to grade student essays? Describe how you could design a
Do restaurant customers tend to order more expensive meals when classical music is playing in the background than when other kinds of music are playing in the background? Describe how you could
You want to investigate whether teenagers in the United Kingdom (UK) tend to have read more Harry Potter books, on average, than teenagers in the United States (US).a. Identify and classify (as
Studies have shown that children in the U.S. who have been spanked have a significantly lower IQ score on average than children who have not been spanked.a. Is it legitimate to conclude from this
Ian Ayres, the author of a popular book titled Super Crunchers, conducted a study to help him decide what to name his book. He placed an ad on google.com, with the ad sometimes giving the title as
A study found that college students who live off - campus are significantly more likely to drink alcohol than those who live on-campus.a. Do you suspect that this was an observational study or an
A poll conducted by the Gallup organization asked American adults whether or not they are generally satisfied with their physical attractiveness. One goal of the study was to investigate whether men
An article in a 2006 issue of Journal of Behavioral Decision Making reports on a study involving 47 undergraduate students in a class at Harvard. All of the participants were given $50, but some
Is random sampling or random assignment the more important consideration if the research question is whether faculty tend to drive older cars than students drive on your campus?
Which of the following is true of experiments?A. The researchers assign the explanatory variable to subjects.B. The researchers assign the response variable to subjects.C. The researchers assign both
In August 1998, an article titled “Prayer Can Lower Blood Pressure” appeared in the USA Today. The article was based on the findings of a study by the National Institutes of Health Initiatives
Enamored with the solitaire game on his new computer, Author A sets out to estimate his probability of winning the game and wins 25 games while losing 192 games. Anxious to outperform Author A,
Recall the data from the STAR study: Of the 9,726 women randomly assigned to use tamoxifen daily, 163 developed invasive breast cancer sometime during the next five years, compared to 168 in the
Recall the data from the STAR study: Of the 9,726 women randomly assigned to use tamoxifen daily, 163 developed invasive breast cancer sometime during the next five years, compared to 168 in the
Researchers Vogel et al. (JAMA, 2006) reported the following findings about the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR), a study involving postmenopausal women who were at an increased risk for
Recall exercise 5.2.29 about the use of incentives to encourage people to participate in a telephone survey. A team of researchers (Singer et al., 2000) used the Survey of Consumer Attitudes to
Reconsider a previous exercise from Section 5.1 about Medicare audits. Of the 30 small claims, 14 were judged to be overpayments; of the 30 medium claims, 8 were judged to be overpayments. Our
Reconsider the previous exercise. If a 99% confidence interval had instead been produced from the same sample data for the parameter π05-06 − π88-94, what would the width of this confidence
Reconsider the previous exercise. If a 99% confidence interval had instead been produced from the same sample data for the parameter π05-06 − π88-94, what would the midpoint of this confidence
Reconsider the previous exercise. If a 99% confidence interval had instead been produced from the same sample data for the parameter π05-06 − π88-94, how would this confidence interval have
Reconsider the previous exercise. If a 95% confidence interval had instead been produced from the same sample data for the parameter π88-94 − π05-06, how would this confidence interval have
Researchers investigated whether the proportion of American teenagers with some level of hearing loss was different in 2005–2006 than in 1988–1994. They collected data on random samples of
Read FAQ 5.2.2 about randomness and answer the following questions.a. Suppose we get a small p-value in an observational study comparing two proportions with no random assignment. What can we rule
Read FAQ 5.2.1 about comparing the statistics difference in proportions and relative risk. In the dolphin therapy study mentioned in that FAQ there were 15 people assigned to swim with dolphins and
Reconsider the study about the effects of “romantic lyrics on compliance with a courtship request.” Recall that of the 44 women who listened to the romantic song, 23 gave their phone numbers,
Reconsider the data from the previous study about the effects of “romantic lyrics on compliance with a courtship request.”a. Define (in words) the parameters of interest of this study. Also,
In an article published in Psychology of Music (2010), researchers reported the results of a study conducted to investigate the effects of “romantic lyrics on compliance with a courtship
Reconsider the data from Singer et al.’s study about whether incentives improve response rates on telephone surveys.a. Use an appropriate randomization-based applet to find a p-value. Report and
Reconsider the data from Singer et al.’s study about whether incentives improve response rates on telephone surveys.a. State the null and alternative hypotheses in words.b. State the null and
A team of researchers (Singer et al., 2000) used the Survey of Consumer Attitudes to investigate whether incentives would improve the response rates on telephone surveys. A national sample of 735
Recall the previous exercise, which described the Italian firm Ma-Vib that was in the news for €œsexual discrimination€ for having chosen only its female employees to be
In July 2011, an Italian firm Ma-Vib was in the news for “sexual discrimination” for having chosen only its female employees to be dismissed. Before the layoff s, Ma-Vib employed 18 women and 12
Have you ever donated blood? If so, how often do you donate blood? Studies have looked at who is more likely to donate blood: men or women? Suppose that three students, Eddie, Francisco, and Gina,
Suppose that three high school students separately conduct polls in their city to investigate if there is an association between being a vegetarian and whether people like to eat at home or eat at
Reconsider the data from Th e Pew Research Center for the People survey of U.S. adults to investigate whether there is an association between a person’s level of education and her/his awareness of
Reconsider the data from The Pew Research Center for the People survey of U.S. adults to investigate whether there is an association between a person’s level of education and her/his awareness of
A survey of a random sample of U.S. adults by The pew Research Center for the People and the Press conducted in early January 2010 recorded each participant’s highest level of education completed
Reconsider the data from the 2013 Gallup poll that asked randomly selected U.S. adults whether they wanted to stay at their current body weight or change.a. Use an appropriate randomization-based
Reconsider the data from the 2013 Gallup poll that asked randomly selected U.S. adults whether they wanted to stay at their current body weight or change.a. State the appropriate null and alternative
A 2013 Gallup poll asked randomly selected U.S. adults whether they wanted to stay at their current body weight or change. One purpose was to investigate whether there was any difference between men
Reconsider the data from the study investigating whether people who hold high-power poses are more likely to take risks (such as the double or nothing bet) compared to those who hold low-power
Reconsider the data from the study investigating whether people who hold “high-power poses” are more likely to take risks (such as the double or nothing bet) compared to those who hold
Reconsider the data from the study investigating whether people who hold high-power poses are more likely to take risks (such as the double or nothing bet) compared to those who hold low-power poses.
In the Chapter 4 exercises you read about a research article, €œPower Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance,€ that was published in
Reconsider the data from the previous study about the effect of specialized prenatal care for women with gestational diabetes. Do the data provide evidence of a relationship between the type of
Reconsider the data from the previous two exercises. Now investigate whether there is any association between coff ee drinking and the letter chosen to complete the four letter word.Data from
Reconsider the data from the previous study about the effect of specialized prenatal care for women with gestational diabetes. Do the data provide evidence of a relationship between the type of
A baby weighing more than 4,000 g at birth is considered to be large for gestational age (LGA). Gestational diabetes in the mother is believed to be a common risk factor for LGA. In an article
Reconsider the context of investigating whether giving chest-compression-only (CC) instructions rather than standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instructions to the witness of a heart attack
Reconsider the data from the previous exercise about investigating whether giving chest-compression-only (CC) instructions rather than standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instructions to the
Reconsider the data from the previous exercise about investigating whether giving chest-compression-only (CC) instructions rather than standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instructions to the
To investigate whether giving chest-compression-only (CC) instructions rather than standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instructions to the witness of a heart attack will improve the
Reconsider the data from the previous exercise about investigating whether there is a relationship between undergoing surgery and whether a man dies due to prostate cancer related reasons.a. Organize
Reconsider the data from the previous exercise about investigating whether there is a relationship between undergoing surgery and whether a man dies due to prostate cancer related reasons.a. Which of
Researchers Wilt et al. (New England Journal of Medicine, 2012) investigated whether surgery, compared to just observation, was (more) effective in improving men’s survival chances aft er being
Reconsider the exercise in Section 5.1 about school spirit (Exercise 5.1.3). Suppose that you find that 24% of a random sample of students at ESU wear clothing with the school name or logo, compared
Reconsider the previous question about Medicare audits. A statistics student decides to use the Two Proportions applet to find a p-value to investigate whether there is an association between the
Reconsider the exercise in Section 5.1 about Medicare audits (5.1.6). Of the 30 small claims, 14 were judged to be over payments; of the 30 medium claims, 8 were judged to be overpayments. Our
Show that it is possible for Simpson’s paradox (see Exercise 5.1.23) to occur with two soft ball players. Produce a hypothetical example where one player (Amy) has a higher percentage of hits than
In 1973 a lawsuit was filed against the University of California at Berkeley, alleging sex discrimination in its graduate admissions policies. The following table pertains to two of the graduate
The following segmented bar graph was produced from data collected in the 2010 General Social Survey with regard to the question €œCan people be trusted?€a. About what proportion
The following two-way table classifies hypothetical hospital patients with a certain disease, according to the hospital that treated them and whether they survived or died:a. Calculate the proportion
Reconsider the data from the previous exercise. Now investigate whether there is any association between sex of respondent and the letter chosen to complete the four-letter word.Data from previous
College students were asked to indicate their sex, whether or not they drink coffee, and what letter they would use to complete the four-letter word beginning with F A I __ .Results are given in the
Many studies have shown that women who smoke while pregnant tend to have babies who weigh significantly less at birth, on average, than women who do not smoke while pregnant.a. Identify the
Studies have shown that children in the U.S. who have been spanked have a significantly lower IQ score on average than children who have not been spanked.a. Identify the explanatory variable in these
In July 2013, Gallup surveyed 2,027 randomly selected U.S. adults. They found that of the 921 people who described themselves as overweight, 424 reported having some or many friends/family members
Do men with children tend to live longer than men without children? To investigate, a group of students at Cal Poly randomly sampled men from the obituaries page on the San Luis Obispo Tribune’s
To investigate whether there is an association between happiness and income level, we will use data from the 2002 General Social Survey (GSS), cross classifying a person€™s perceived
A 2013 Gallup poll asked randomly selected U.S. adults whether they wanted to stay at their current body weight or change. One purpose was to investigate whether there was any difference between men
Is there an association between political party affiliation and beliefs about human evolution? A survey of a random sample of U.S. adults by The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press
A survey of a random sample of U.S. adults by The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press conducted in early January 2010 recorded each participant’s highest level of education completed
In November 2010, an article titled “Frequency of Colds Dramatically Cut with Regular Exercise” appeared in Medical News Today. Th e article was based on the findings of a study by researchers
In February 2013, the Pew Research Center surveyed randomly selected U.S. adults about their opinions on gun ownership and related issues. One of the questions they asked was, “Should states be
Researcher F.H. Messerli published an article titled “Chocolate Consumption, Cognitive Function, and Nobel Laureates” in the October 2012 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine. Th e
In March 2012, an article titled “Eating Red Meat Regularly ‘Dramatically Increases Th e Risk Of Death From Heart Disease,’” appeared in the Daily Mail (www.dailymail.co.uk). Th e article was
The Million Women study in England followed more than 1,000,000 women aged 50–64 years beginning in 1996, tracking their living habits and maintaining records on their medical and social factors as
A randomized experiment allows for the possibility of drawing a cause-and-effect conclusion between _________ and ________.A. The subjects and the treatmentsB. The observational units and the
Which of the following is the primary purpose of randomly assigning subjects to treatments in an experiment?A. To produce similar (experimental) groups so any differences in the response variable can
Which of the following must happen in a study to allow us to determine cause and effect?A. Taking a random sample from a populationB. Randomly assigning the observational units to different treatment
Is random sampling or random assignment the more important consideration if the research question is whether members of one political party tend to donate more to charities than members of another
Is random sampling or random assignment the more important consideration if the research question is whether a waitress generates higher tips by giving her name when she first greets customers?
A team of researchers (Singer et al., 2000) used the Survey of Consumer Attitudes to investigate whether incentives would improve the response rates on telephone surveys. A national sample of 735
Reconsider Exercises 4.2.5–4.2.9. Notice that the phrase “tend to” appears in many of the research questions. Explain what this phrase means and why it is important in these questions.

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