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physics
conceptual physical science
Conceptual Integrated Science 2nd Edition Paul G Hewitt, Suzanne A Lyons - Solutions
How do magnetic stripes provide evidence of seafloor spreading?
In what way does the second law of thermodynamics relate to plate tectonics?
What are the two main factors in the movement of tectonic plates?
In what way is the asthenosphere like a pot of boiling water?
Photosynthesis cannot occur in a hydrothermal vent because there is no light there. How, then, can the microbes that serve as the lowest level of a food chain in a hydrothermal vent obtain the energy they need for life?
Where do most hydrothermal vents occur? Can they occur in other places as well? Explain.
Do all trench-dwelling organisms live in hydrothermal vent communities? Explain.
Simulate motion along a transform fault with your hands. Press your palms together and move your hands in opposite directions, as shown in the figure. Notice that friction keeps them “locked” together until opposing forces no longer balance, friction no longer holds, and your palms slip
A sample of basalt has a mass of 5.6 g and a volume of 2 cm3. Show that the density of basalt is 2.8 g/cm3.
Suppose that a fence is built across the San Andreas Fault in 2013. Show that the fence will separate and the two sections of the broken fence will be 70 cm apart in 2033. Assume that the average rate of movement along the plate boundary is 3.5 cm (about 1½ in) per year.
The Nazca and Pacific Plates are spreading relatively fast—at the rate of 14.2 cm (5.6 in) per year. The East Pacific Rise is a midocean ridge system that divides these plates. If the central segment of the rise is 200 km wide, show that it is about 700,000 years old.
Is Earth’s inner core solid and the outer core liquid because the inner core is cooler than the outer core?Explain your answer.
How is magma generated at divergent plate boundaries?
What would happen if new lithosphere were created faster than it is destroyed?
Why do mountains rise in the mantle as they erode?What principle of Earth science explains this process?
What kinds of plate boundaries feature subduction zones?
Why are earthquakes common in subduction zones?
Why are there expressions such as “solid earth” and “old as the hills,” which suggest that Earth is unchanging?
Copy the diagram (which is not to scale) of Earth’s interior.Add these labels: inner core, outer core, mantle, oceanic crust, continental crust, ocean. 2,885 km 5,155 km 6,371 km Crust Solid Liquid
Why does Earth’s crust “float” on the mantle?
Why are volcanic mountain ranges often found along oceanic–continental convergent boundaries?
The magnetic stripes that were laid down on the Pacific Ocean seafloor are wider than the magnetic stripes laid down over the same time period on the Atlantic Ocean seafloor. What does this tell you about the rate of seafloor spreading of the Pacific Ocean compared with that of the Atlantic Ocean?
How is Earth’s lithosphere like a jigsaw puzzle? How is it NOT like a jigsaw puzzle?
Earth’s surface is largely covered by volcanic rock or rock that is derived from volcanic rock. Use what you know about plate tectonics to explain why this is true.
Could Los Angeles fall into the ocean, as is popularly thought? Why or why not?
The graph shows how the seafloor of the Atlantic Ocean varies with depth. Why was this picture surprising to scientists before Harry Hess? How does this graph support the hypothesis of continental drift? Water depth in meters Elevation in meters 2000 1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Slope Rise
Evidence of ancient ice sheets has been found in areas near the equator. Give two possible explanations for this.
What would happen if new crust were created faster than it is destroyed?
Write a letter to your grandmother or grandfather with a one-paragraph summary of plate tectonics. (Plate tectonics was not an accepted theory until the 1960s, so people born much earlier than that missed out on this important theory in their education!)
Earth’s Moon has a lithosphere that is continuous, not divided into continental and oceanic lithosphere as on Earth. Would you expect that there would be plate tectonic activity on the Moon similar to Earth? Why or why not?
The 1993 adventure film The Core is based on the premise that Earth’s core has stopped spinning. Earth’s magnetic field is therefore disrupted and humanity is in peril. Six scientists journey to the center of Earth to set off a nuclear device to set the outer core spinning again.Discuss the
Play a game of “fortunately/unfortunately.” First, finish the sentence: “Fortunately, because of plate tectonics . . . .” Then have a partner finish a different sentence: “Unfortunately, because of plate tectonics . . . .” Go back and forth with your partner until you have a list of
What law of physics relates heat flow to plate tectonics?Discuss how this law underlies plate tectonics and other everyday processes.
Discuss the role of heat and the role of gravity in the motion of tectonic plates.
Where does the heat in Earth’s interior come from?
How would GPS technology have been helpful to Alfred Wegener?
When the problem of disposing of radioactive waste first arose, some scientists suggested dumping it into subduction zones. What are two possible challenges with this method of disposal?
The lithosphere includes the crust and the top part of the(a) asthenosphere.(b) mantle.(c) core.(d) lower mantle.
The layer of Earth made up of soft rock that flows slowly over time is the(a) lithosphere.(b) lower mantle.(c) hydrosphere.(d) asthenosphere.
What type of plate boundary lies between two plates that are moving away from each other?(a) convergent boundary(b) divergent boundary(c) transform boundary(d) continental–continental convergent boundary
A long, deep, steep depression in the seafloor where subduction occurs is a(n)(a) midocean ridge.(b) rift zone.(c) ocean trench.(d) hydrothermal vent.
Is Earth’s inner core a solid, liquid, or gas? Why?(a) a solid, because high pressure keeps it from melting(b) a liquid, because the temperature of the core is higher than the melting point of iron(c) a gas, because the inner core is nearly as hot as the surface of the Sun
Why is the outer core the source of Earth’s magnetic field?(a) Moving liquid iron particles there form an electric current, and an electric current always produces a magnetic field.(b) It has north and south magnetic poles that reverse over time.(c) It contains iron, a magnetic material.
Why doesn’t the heat in Earth’s core melt Earth?(a) Heat tends not to move from place to place.(b) The core is a solid.(c) Heat escapes slowly to the surface because rock is a poor conductor.(d) Actually, Earth’s core is not very hot.
Why is the inner core Earth’s most dense region?(a) The inner core is made of mostly iron, which is very dense.(b) Dense material sank toward Earth’s center when Earth was molten.(c) Pressure packs the atoms in the inner core tightly together.(d) all of these
Fossils such as Glossopteris and Mesosaurus have been found in widely separated continents because(a) Mesosaurus was a good swimmer and Glossopteris had lightweight seeds.(b) land bridges once connected all the continents.(c) all the continents were once joined in a supercontinent called
Plate tectonics explains(a) how seafloor spreading and subduction account for the movement of tectonic plates.(b) why the continents move.(c) why plate boundaries are such active geologic regions.(d) all of these
Diamond and graphite are minerals made of 100, carbon.Are diamond and graphite the same mineral or different minerals? Why?
Are plastic and nylon minerals?
Describe the microscopic structure of a mineral.
What is the chemical formula for rubies? Why are rubies red?
Identify six or more properties of minerals.
How does the hardness of a mineral relate to its chemical bonds?
How many minerals are known to exist? What are the two main groups into which minerals are classified?
Which is the largest group of minerals? What is the common feature of all minerals in this group?
Which are more common in Earth’s crust and mantle—silicates or nonsilicates?
List four ways that minerals can form.
A rock deep in Earth has a temperature higher than the melting point it has at Earth’s surface. Why can this buried rock remain in the solid state even though its temperature is very high?
When can the rock described in Exercise 11 melt to become magma?Exercise 11A rock deep in Earth has a temperature higher than the melting point it has at Earth’s surface. Why can this buried rock remain in the solid state even though its temperature is very high?
Earth’s crust is made of rock, so why don’t we see solid rock everywhere on the surface?
When can’t we see the crystals in rocks?
What is the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?
Why are most igneous rocks very hard?
Describe the process by which sedimentary rocks form.
Why are fossils found in sedimentary rocks rather than in metamorphic rocks?
Heat and pressure can make one rock change, or metamorphose, into another. Where do the heat and pressure that metamorphoses rock typically come from?
What kinds of rocks can undergo metamorphism?
Are rocks permanent features of Earth? Explain.
How are all rocks related to one another?
What do all of the most common minerals in Earth’s crust share?
In what way is the silicate tetrahedron like a building block or a Lego?
How is coal unlike other sedimentary rocks?
Describe the formation of coal.
What is coal made of?
How old is Earth? How old is the oldest rock formation?The oldest object of terrestrial origin?
What does the layer of iridium in the rock record tell about the demise of dinosaurs?
Fossils of ancient sea creatures have been found on modern mountains. Explain how this is possible.
Smash a few salt cubes and then look at them carefully again. What you’ll see are smaller salt cubes. Explain why salt breaks into cubes in terms of the property of cleavage.
Concrete is made from sand, gravel, and cement (which is made from shale, limestone, and the minerals quartz, gypsum, iron, alumina, manganese, and clay). Every year, 4700 lb of concrete is produced for every person in the United States, so that our roads, homes, schools, businesses, factories, and
(a) What is the average temperature of Earth’s interior 20 km below the surface? (b) How much warmer is it 30 km below the surface compared to 10 km below?
A geologist finds an igneous rock that has large crystals embedded in a matrix of smaller crystals. What is the texture of this rock? How did it form?
Why are the ferromagnesian silicates often dark, dense, and magnetic?
Why do rocks made from slowly cooling magma have large crystals? Give an example of this kind of rock.
How does the atomic structure of glass differ from the atomic structure of the mineral calcite?
The chemical formula for quartz is SiO2. Coesite has the same chemical formula. Do coesite and quartz have the same physical properties? Why or why not?
There are many types of igneous rocks. Are there as many types of magma? Explain why or why not.
Identify a natural cycle other than the rock cycle.
An impression is a type of fossil that is made by an organism that is buried quickly, before it can decompose.Is this impression of a fish contained in an igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rock? Defend your answer.
What is more plentiful on Earth—the group of minerals known as feldspars or the group of minerals known as silicates?
A tectonic plate is subducted. Why will its rocks and minerals change?
Why do some high-quality drills have diamond tips?
Toothbrushes and toothpastes usually consist of mica (it provides sparkles), limestone (it rubs away plaque), and plastic (it forms the handle and bristles). Which of these ingredients is a mineral? Which is a rock? Which is neither rock nor mineral?
“Minerals in Earth’s crust generally do not contain oxygen because oxygen is a gas at surface temperatures.” Is this statement right or wrong? Defend your answer.
Why are intrusive igneous rocks coarse grained? Why are extrusive igneous rocks fine grained?
Which of the three classes of rocks is formed at low temperatures?
Would you expect to find a fossil in marble? Why or why not?
Why should mines be air-conditioned?
The chemical formula for quartz is SiO2. What is the chemical formula of coesite, a polymorph of quartz?
Why are metamorphic rocks formed underground?
Sedimentary rocks usually form under water. Why is this so?
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