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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

The spectrum of the radiation emitted by hydrogen atoms has a peak at \(\lambda_{\mathrm{r}}=656.3 \mathrm{~nm}\) (red) and a peak at \(\lambda_{\mathrm{b}}=486.1 \mathrm{~nm}\) (blue-green). (a) If
How many slits are needed in a diffraction grating that must resolve the \(m=1\) maxima of two spectral lines at \(\lambda_{\mathrm{s}}=610 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(\lambda_{\mathrm{l}}=615
A \(0.500-\mu \mathrm{m}\)-thick flake of glass \(\left(n_{\text {glass }}=1.52\right)\) from a broken cover slip is floating on water \(\left(n_{\text {water }}=1.33\right)\). If white light
You are designing a thin transparent reflective coating for the front surface of a sheet of glass. The index of refraction of the glass is 1. 52 , and when it is in use the coated glass has air on
A sheet of glass \(\left(n_{\text {glass }}=1.5\right)\) is coated with a \(90.6-\mathrm{nm}-\) thick layer of magnesium fluoride \(\left(n_{\text {coaring }}=1.38\right)\) to prevent reflection in
The thin film that forms a soap bubble has an index of refraction of 1. 42 . When white light strikes the outer surface of the film at normal incidence, \(625-\mathrm{nm}\) reflected light is
You are working with the mineral fluorite \(\left(\mathrm{CaF}_{2}, n_{\text {fluorite }}\right.\) \(=1.43\) ) and have a sample that is coated with a layer of liquid \(158 \mathrm{~nm}\) thick. When
A thin film that is \(175 \mathrm{~nm}\) thick and has an index of refraction smaller than 1.56 covers the front surface of a vertical sheet of glass that has an index of refraction of 1. 56. The
When \(633-\mathrm{nm}\) light shines on a fracture-line crack in a thin piece of metal, a diffraction pattern is observed on a screen located \(L=0.90 \mathrm{~m}\) from the metal. If the width of
How wide does a single slit have to be so that \(650-\mathrm{nm}\) light passing through the slit has its first dark fringe \(30.0^{\circ}\) from the center of the interference pattern?
You send \(400-\mathrm{nm}\) violet light through a slit that is \(0.500 \mathrm{~mm}\) wide. How far from the slit must you place a screen so that the distance between the \(n=1\) fringes is \(10.0
Red laser light \((\lambda=656.5 \mathrm{~nm})\) passes through a slit of width \(a=0.100 \mathrm{~mm}\). On a screen a distance \(L=2.000 \mathrm{~m}\) from the slit, what is the linear distance
Monochromatic \(545-\mathrm{nm}\) light is incident on a 15 - \(\mu \mathrm{m}\)-wide slit. If the diffraction pattern is cast on a screen \(710 \mathrm{~mm}\) from the slit, what is the linear
A student makes the following claim: For radiation of any wavelength passing through a single slit, the separation distance between any two adjacent dark fringes is twice the source-screen distance
At sunset, red light travels horizontally through the doorway in the western wall of your beach cabin, and you observe the light on the eastern wall. What is the width of the central maximum in the
An experimental setup consists of a \(550-\mathrm{nm}\) laser, a screen at a distance of \(0.50 \mathrm{~m}\), and an adjustable-width single slit. At what slit width is the width of the central
When \(440-\mathrm{nm}\) light is incident on a slit that is \(75 \mu \mathrm{m}\) wide, the diffraction pattern is cast on a screen \(0.450 \mathrm{~m}\) from the slit. How wide is the central
A slit \(0.002470 \mathrm{~mm}\) wide is used to study a light ray made up of two wavelengths, \(482.0 \mathrm{~nm}\) and \(517.3 \mathrm{~nm}\), and the diffraction pattern is viewed on a screen
A 485-nm light beam passes through a slit and forms a diffraction pattern on a screen \(0.320 \mathrm{~m}\) from the slit. The \(n=1\) and \(n=-1\) dark fringes are \(22.4 \mathrm{~mm}\) apart on the
Two extremely narrow, parallel slits are cut in a sheet of cardboard, with the width \(a\) of each slit very much smaller than the distance \(d\) between them. When the slits are illuminated by a
In the interference pattern created by \(800-\mathrm{nm}\) radiation passing through a single slit \(45 \mu \mathrm{m}\) wide, what is the angular separation between the \(n=3\) and \(n=5\) dark
In the interference pattern created by light diffracted from a single slit, which are wider: the first-order bright fringes or the third-order bright fringes? (Plot or plug in typical numerical
A laser beam passes through a slit that is \(1500 \mathrm{~nm}\) wide. In the interference pattern created on a distant screen, the angular positions of the two first-order dark fringes are \(\pm 25.
A pinhole of diameter \(0.20 \mathrm{~mm}\) is illuminated with \(550 \mathrm{~nm}\) light. What is the width of the Airy disk on a screen \(1.5 \mathrm{~m}\) away?
The human eye is most sensitive to green light at \(550 \mathrm{~nm}\), which is why this wavelength is most frequently used when calculating the resolution limits of telescopes. A telescope for
You wish to use a lens to focus a beam of light that has a diameter of \(40.0 \mathrm{~mm}\). Which lens focuses the beam to the smallest point: lens A, 10. 0-mm diameter, \(25.0-\mathrm{mm}\) focal
The Spitzer Space Telescope, launched in 2003, has a mirror that is \(0.85 \mathrm{~m}\) in diameter and detects infrared light with wavelengths from \(3.00 \mu \mathrm{m}\) to \(180 \mu
For an eye in which the pupil has a radius of \(3.0 \mathrm{~mm}\), what is the smallest angular separation that can be resolved (a) when two violet \((\lambda=400 \mathrm{~nm})\) objects are placed
A \(530-\mathrm{nm}\) laser beam passes through a circular aperture that has diameter \(0.400 \mathrm{~mm}\). What is the diameter of the first dark fringe on a screen \(800 \mathrm{~mm}\) away from
The pupil of the human eye can vary in diameter from \(2.00 \mathrm{~mm}\) in bright light to \(8.00 \mathrm{~mm}\) in dim light. The cye has a focal length of about \(25 \mathrm{~mm}\), and the
In vacuum, the Airy disk generated by a pinhole in a metal sheet has radius \(y_{r, v a c}\). How does the disk radius change when the sheet is submerged in water \((n=1.33)\) ?
When \(500-\mathrm{nm}\) light is incident on a circular aperture that has diameter \(d=30.0 \mu \mathrm{m}\), a diffraction pattern forms on a screen \(350 \mathrm{~mm}\) from the aperture.
Two objects emitting \(550-\mathrm{nm}\) light are placed side by side \(30.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) apart. For an eye in which the pupil has a diameter of \(6.00 \mathrm{~mm}\), what is the minimum
You are using your telescope to view stars by observing the visible light they emit. If the diameter of the lens is \(60.0 \mathrm{~mm}\), what must the minimum angular separation of two stars be in
A satellite studying Earth's surface uses a telescope mirror \(2.75 \mathrm{~m}\) in diameter to focus light of wavelength \(525 \mathrm{~nm}\). If the satellite orbits at an altitude of \(25,000
A beam of \(650-\mathrm{nm}\) light passes through a small round hole and falls on a screen \(350 \mathrm{~mm}\) past the hole. If the diameter of the Airy disk on the screen is \(139 \mathrm{~mm}\),
The red brake lights of a car are \(2.00 \mathrm{~m}\) apart. Standing \(300 \mathrm{~m}\) away from the rear of the car, you use a \(f=50 \mathrm{~mm}\) lens with an aperture of diameter \(d=4.00
You are building a pinhole camera, which uses a small hole instead of a lens to produce an image (Figure P34.84). (a) If the distance between the hole and the film is \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) and the
What happens to \((a)\) the kinetic energy of a marble when its speed is reduced to half its initial speed and \((b)\) the energy of a photon when its speed is reduced to half its initial speed (as,
What is the energy of (a) a 400 -nm photon and (b) a 700-nm photon?
What is the wavelength of a gamma-ray photon that has energy of \(8.0 \times 10^{-14} \mathrm{~J}\) ?
What is the momentum of a photon that has energy of \(8.0 \times 10^{-14} \mathrm{~J}\) ?
Aluminum has a work function of \(E_{0}=6.54 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{~J}\). What is the maximum wavelength of light that can free electrons from the surface?
If the work function of a material is such that red light of wavelength \(700 \mathrm{~nm}\) just barely initiates the photoelectric effect, what must the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons
When \(410-\mathrm{nm}\) light is incident on a sheet of metal, the maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected from the metal surface is measured to be \(K_{\max }=3.5 \times 10^{-20} \mathrm{~J}\).
When three metals, 1, 2, and 3, are illuminated with light of frequency \(f\) in a photoelectric-effect experiment, the relationship of the stopping potential differences is found to be \(V_{\text
In a photoelectric-effect experiment, the stopping potential difference is found to be \(3.4 \mathrm{~V}\) when 140 -nm light is used. What is the work function of the metal?
A metal alloy has a work function of \(E_{0}=4.6 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{~J}\). It is irradiated with light of different wavelengths, and the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons is measured.
You determine that light of minimum-frequency \(7.20 \times 10^{14} \mathrm{~Hz}\) is needed to eject electrons from the surface of a certain metal. What frequency should the light have in order for
A helium-neon laser that has a power rating of \(0.250 \mathrm{~mW}\) operates at a wavelength of \(633 \mathrm{~nm}\) and a beam diameter of \(2.00 \mathrm{~mm}\). Calculate \((a)\) the energy per
(a) If the kinetic energy of an electron and the energy of a photon are both \(2.00 \times 10^{-18} \mathrm{~J}\), calculate the ratio of the de Broglie wavelength of the electron to the wavelength
A 3. 50-W beam of 216-nm laser light shines on the surface of a metal for which the work function is \(2.00 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{~J}\). What is the maximum number of electrons per second the beam
A laser beam with an intensity of \(60 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) shines on a black object of mass \(2.3 \mathrm{mg}\). The beam hits an area of \(4.5 \mathrm{~mm}^{2}\) head-on (that is, the
In the vacuum tube of Figure P34.100, the lower metal plate, the target, is irradiated with \(400-\mathrm{nm}\) light of intensity \(5.50 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). The frequency of the light is
When 550-nm light passes through a thin slit and then travels to a screen, the first-order dark fringe in the interference pattern is at \(32.5^{\circ}\) from the center of the screen. When a beam of
A uniform film of a material that has index of refraction 1. 30 covers the front surface of a pane made of glass with index of refraction 1. 55 . When a beam of monochromatic light initially
Monochromatic light of which wavelength diffracts the most through a \(3.0-\mu \mathrm{m}\) aperture: \(400 \mathrm{~nm}, 500 \mathrm{~nm}\), or \(600 \mathrm{~nm}\) ?
A double-slit barrier with slit separation distance \(d\) is a distance \(L\) from a screen, with \(L \gg d\). When green laser light \(\left(\lambda_{\mathrm{g}}=532 \mathrm{~nm}\right)\) passes
On a screen \(2.5 \mathrm{~m}\) from a slit \(0.0500 \mathrm{~mm}\) wide, you measure a separation distance of \(31 \mathrm{~mm}\) between adjacent \(n=1\) and \(n=2\) dark fringes of a laser
NASA plans to use \(x\)-ray diffraction to identify minerals on the surface of Mars. If the wavelength of the \(x\) rays is \(0.155 \mathrm{~nm}\), what is the lattice spacing in a crystalline sample
Babinet's principle states that, except for differences in intensity, the interference pattern created by light passing around an opaque object is the same as the pattern created by the same light
Many hundreds of planets beyond our solar system have been discovered in recent years, but they have all been too far away to be resolved by present-day optical telescopes. Using light of wavelength
You shine light of frequency \(f_{\mathrm{i}}\) on a diffraction grating and create a diffraction pattern on a screen made up of tiny photon detectors.(a) How does the pattern change if you increase
A layer of oil \(\left(n_{\text {oil }}=1.48\right) 0. 0100 \mathrm{~mm}\) thick is resting on a puddle of water \(\left(n_{\text {water }}=1.33\right)\). If white light is incident on the oil, what
When a monochromatic beam of light passes through a thin slit, the \(n=9\) dark fringe is \(10^{\circ}\) beyond the adjacent \(n=8\) dark fringe. What is the ratio of the wavelength of the light to
In a double-slit interference pattern, it is the amplitudes of the light waves from each slit that add, not the light intensities. Usually, in the analysis of interference patterns, the radiation
Electrons are accelerated from rest through a \(2.0-\mathrm{kV}\) potential difference. What are \((a)\) their speed after this acceleration and \((b)\) their wavelength? (c) If the accelerated
You are designing a diffraction grating that will disperse white light into its spectrum \((400-\mathrm{nm}\) violet to \(700-\mathrm{nm}\) red). In the first-order spectrum, you want the angular
Monochromatic light passes through a small round hole \(1.36 \mu \mathrm{m}\) in radius. The light then strikes a detector \(120 \mathrm{~mm}\) away from the hole and is absorbed by the detector
A young adult with good vision is reading a document placed at her near point. She is using ordinary reading light of wavelength \(500 \mathrm{~nm}\), and the diameter of her pupil is \(3.0
In experiment 1 , a laser beam of \(750-\mathrm{nm}\) light is passed through a double-slit barrier and creates a diffraction pattern on a screen. In experiment 2 , one slit is covered with a
You have an unlabeled container in the laboratory that contains the solid lithium fluoride (LiF) and an identical unlabeled container that contains the solid sodium chloride \((\mathrm{NaCl})\). You
As a mission engineer for NASA, you are working on a mission to map the surface of Mars. Your boss asks you to design the optical system for a satellite that can resolve surface features as small as
During an airplane flight let it gets positively charges due to the friction with air and the dust particles. In that situation the flux of electric field into the aircraft is zero, positive or
Two positive charges having magnitude \(+q\) each are separated by a distance \(6 \mathrm{~mm}\) apart. Compute the electric field at a point located \(3 \mathrm{~mm}:\)(a) on the line joining of the
Consider 500 uniform electric field lines that pass through a hollow tube of length \(10 \mathrm{~m}\) and cross-sectional area \(1 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\). If the tube is cut at the middle in such way the
An aluminum tube of length \(8 \mathrm{~m}\) has been uniformly charged with \(10 \mu \mathrm{C}\) of charge. Considering symmetry, estimate the electric field at the geometric center of the tube
A negative charge is located inside the swim ring. Is there any location on the surface of the swim ring where the electric field line flux is positive?
A charge of \(+2 q\) is enclosed inside a hollow copper sphere having a wall thickness of \(5 \mathrm{~mm}\). Compute the electric flux through the copper sphere.
(a) Can a car protect the driver and the passengers from an external electric field?(b) Also, justify the need of keeping sophisticated electronic devices enclosed inside a metallic box.
A charge of \(35 \mathrm{nC}\) is placed at the center of the rugby ball. Calculate the net flux through the balls surface. Comment on the location on the ball's surface where the electric field is
A charge of \(50 \mathrm{nC}\) is located at the center of a hollow sphere of radius \(10 \mathrm{~cm}\). For what radius of the sphere will the electric field line density over the surface be:(a)
A particle carries a charge of \(10 \mu \mathrm{C}\). Calculate the electric flux through single face if the charge is placed at the geometric center of (a) an octahedron (b) a dodecahedron.
A uniformly charged sphere \(5 \mathrm{~cm}\) in radius carries a charge of \(8.0 \mathrm{nC}\). A thick hollow conducting spherical shell of inner radius \(10 \mathrm{~cm}\) and outer radius \(12
A particular closed surface has four sides. The electric flux is \(+800 \mathrm{Nm}^{2} / \mathrm{C}\) through side \(1,+300 \mathrm{Nm}^{2} / \mathrm{C}\) through side 2, and \(-1200 \mathrm{Nm}^{2}
Consider a dipole located at the center of a cylindrical Gaussian surface such that the axis of the dipole aligns with the axis of the cylinder.(a) Find the total flux through the Gaussian
A positively charged hollow conducting sphere of radius \(20 \mathrm{~cm}\) has a charge of \(10 \mathrm{nC}\). If the same charge is distributed over the volume of a sphere having the radius \(20
A positively charged thin cylindrical shell of length 50 \(\mathrm{cm}\) and radius \(1 \mathrm{~mm}\) has no end caps and a uniform surface charge density of \(3 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{C} /
A positively charged solid non-conducting cylinder of length \(\ell=1 \mathrm{~m}\) and radius \(R=2 \mathrm{~cm}\) has a uniform volume charge density of \(9 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{C} /
Three nonconducting infinite sheets are parallel to each other. Each sheet has a uniform surface charge density. Sheet 1 is negatively charged with surface charge density \(-\sigma\), and is defined
An infinitely long positively charged wire carries a uniform linear charge density \(\lambda\). A charged particle, carrying a charge \(q\), is placed at a distance \(2 d\) from the wire.(a) What is
The nonuniform volume charge density inside a positively charged solid nonconducting sphere of radius \(R\) is \(ho(r)=ho_{0} r / R\), where \(r\) is the radial distance from the sphere center.(a)
In electrostatics, the electric field lines are always associated with source charges. If there is no electric field at a particular location in space, can we say that there are no charges
Two charges \(+q\), each having same mass \(m\), were placed at rest at a distance of \(10 \mathrm{~cm}\) and \(20 \mathrm{~cm}\) above an infinite sheet that has been negatively charged with surface
An electron is fired toward a nonconducting infinite sheet carrying a uniformly distributed charge from 5.00 \(\mathrm{m}\) away. The electron has an initial speed of \(3 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m} /
Figure P33.1 shows eight point sources of light, \(a-h\), and two detectors, A and B. The point sources are evenly spaced, with \(0.10 \mathrm{~m}\) between adjacent sources, and detector A shields
A point source is fixed \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) away from a large screen. Call the line normal to the screen surface and passing through the center of the point source the \(z\) axis. When a sheet of
A thin, flat object in which a square hole \(30.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) on a side has been cut is illuminated with a point source. Light that passes through the hole strikes a screen \(300 \mathrm{~mm}\)
Sunlight that reaches Earth is blocked by Earth from traveling any farther, so that the region on the side of Earth facing away from the Sun is in shadow. The portion of this region in complete
Two models of light emitted from a light bulb are illustrated in Figure P33.5. (a) Describe the difference in the behavior of light in each model. (b) Describe an experiment that can determine which

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