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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

A copper wire that is \(600 \mathrm{~mm}\) long and has a radius of \(1.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) is connected to the terminals of a \(9.0-\mathrm{V}\) battery. What is the current through the wire
A 6-gauge copper wire \((4.115-\mathrm{mm}\) diameter) carries a current of \(1.20 \mathrm{~A}\). What is the wire's current density?
How strong must an electric field in a metal be in order for electrons in the field to have a drift speed of \(10 \mathrm{~mm} / \mathrm{s}\) if the time interval between electron-ion collisions is
Figure P31.32 is a graph of the current through a lightemitting diode as a function of the potential difference across the diode. What is the resistance of the diode at a potential difference of
Two wires are made of the same material. If both are at the same temperature, but one has twice the diameter and three times the length of the other, which has the greater resistance, and by what
When a potential difference of \(1.00 \mathrm{~V}\) is maintained between opposing faces of a metal that has a charge carrier number density of \(n=6.60 \times 10^{28}\) charge carriers \(/
What is the magnitude of the applied electric field inside an aluminum wire of radius \(1.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) that carries a \(4.0-\mathrm{A}\) current \(\left[\sigma_{\text {aluminum }}=3.6 \times
For each of these changes in a metal, predict whether the average time interval between collisions of an electron with a lattice ion increases or decreases:(a) spatial density of the lattice ions is
In a copper wire that has a diameter of \(1.63 \mathrm{~mm}\), the drift velocity is \(7.08 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). If we assume one free electron per copper atom, what
In a particle accelerator, the particles in a beam of protons are traveling toward a target at a speed equal to \(0.100 c_{0}\). If the beam has a radius of \(0.100 \mu \mathrm{m}\) and carries a
When you step on the brake pedal in your car, charge carriers flow from the battery to the rear brake lights. Suppose the wire connecting the switch at the pedal to the brake lights is made of copper
Even though silver is a better electrical conductor than copper, most electrical cables are made from copper. The main reason is cost: The per-kilogram price of silver is about 100 times the
An electric field of magnitude \(4.50 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~V} / \mathrm{m}\) is created in a wire that is \(300 \mathrm{~mm}\) long and has a radius of \(1.00 \mathrm{~mm}\). The number density of
What are the magnitude and direction of the current in each circuit in Figure P31.44?Data from Figure P31.44 (a) (b) 12.0 V 5000 3.0 V 12.0 V 9.0 V 2000 L 900
What are the magnitude and direction of the current in the circuit in Figure P31.45?Data from Figure P31.45 18.0 V 10 ww 9.0 V
Three resistors are connected in series to a battery. If the resistances are \(R_{1}=15 \Omega, R_{2}=20 \Omega\), and \(R_{3}=25 \Omega\) and the current through the \(15-\Omega\) resistor is \(2.3
What are the magnitude and direction of the current in each circuit in Figure P31.47?Data from Figure P31.47 (a) 9.0 V 100 ww (b) 9.0 V 150 www 180 (c) 5.0 10 www 11.0 V 10 9.0 V 4.0 V 15 ww
When using the loop rule, what problems do you encounter with the circuit in Figure P31.48a? What do you expect for the current in the more realistic circuit in Figure \(\mathrm{P} 31. 48 b\), which
When a nonideal battery is connected to a \(2.0-\Omega\) resistor in a circuit, the current in the circuit is \(2.0 \mathrm{~A}\). When the same battery is connected to a \(1.0-\Omega\) resistor in a
Two resistors connected in series have an equivalent resistance of \(8.0 \Omega\). The same resistors connected in parallel have an equivalent resistance of \(1.5 \Omega\). What is the resistance of
The potential difference between positions a and \(\mathrm{b}\) in Figure P31.51 is \(5.5 \mathrm{~V}\), and \(R_{1}=5.0 \Omega, \mathscr{E}_{1}=8.0 \mathrm{~V}\), and \(\mathscr{E}_{2}=4.0
A typical car battery can be modeled as an ideal source \(\mathscr{E}\) connected in series with an internal resistance \(R_{\text {batt }}\). Using a good battery of this design to "jump start" a
The internal resistance of a battery is relatively small when the battery is new but increases as the battery ages. When a new \(12.0-\mathrm{V}\) battery is attached to a \(100-\Omega\) load, the
(a) What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit in Figure P31.55? Use the values \(R_{1}=200 \Omega, R_{2}=900 \Omega\), and \(R_{3}=100 \Omega\).(b) What is the current in the circuit? Assume
Resistors 1 and \(2-R_{1}=40 \Omega, R_{2}=70 \Omega\)-are connected in series to a 4. 5 -V battery. (a) What is the potential difference across resistor 1? (b) If you decrease the value of
A light bulb has resistance \(R_{\text {bulb }}=5.0 \Omega\) and should be operated at a potential difference of \(V_{\text {bulb }}=3.0 \mathrm{~V}\). If you must use this bulb in a circuit powered
You must complete the circuit of Figure P31.58 in such a way that it draws a current of \(0.300 \mathrm{~A}\) from the battery. The battery maintains a potential difference of \(10.0 \mathrm{~V}\)
What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit in Figure P31.59? Use the values \(R_{1}=2.0 \Omega, R_{2}=1.5 \Omega\), \(R_{3}=2.0 \Omega, R_{4}=1.5 \Omega, R_{5}=2.0 \Omega\), and \(R_{6}=1.5
Figure P31.60 shows three circuits containing four identical resistors, each having resistance \(R\). Which circuit has the smallest equivalent resistance? Which has the greatest equivalent
A nonideal ammeter that has an internal resistance of \(0.503 \Omega\) is connected in series with a \(3.00-\mathrm{V}\) battery and a \(40.0-\Omega\) resistor. By what percentage does the measured
In Figure P31.62, the brightness of each bulb depends on the magnitude of the current through it. Rank these identical bulbs according to brightness, brightest first, \((a)\) before the wire \(a b\)
Using only \(10.0-\Omega\) resistors (but as many as you like), build a circuit that has a resistance of \(27.5 \Omega\).
A copper wire has a diameter of \(0.20 \mathrm{~mm}\) and is \(\ell_{\text {wirc }}=10 \mathrm{~m}\) long. (a) What is the resistance of the wire? (b) The wire is cut into \(N\) identical pieces, and
For the circuit in Figure P31.65, take the electric potential to be zero at the negative terminal of the battery. Calculate \((a)\) the equivalent resistance of the circuit, (b) the electric
In Figure P31.66, determine the magnitude of current \(I_{1}\).Data from Figure P31.66 24 V 600 12 www 300 500) 600 A9.
In Figure P31.67, calculate the magnitudes of currents \(I_{1}\), \(I_{2}\), and \(I_{3}\).Data from Figure P31.67 300 2 www I 12 V 9V 1000 1.5 V 1200 Q 1.5 V 600
In Figure P31.68, the circuit has been completed for several minutes. Calculate \((a)\) the current through each resistor and \((b)\) the magnitude of charge on each capacitor plate.Data from Figure
In Figure P31.69, calculate (a) the equivalent resistance of the circuit and \((b)\) the magnitude of the current through each resistor. Use these values: \(R_{1}=1.0 \Omega, R_{2}=2.0 \Omega\),
In Figure P31.70, determine the magnitudes of the currents \(I_{1}, I_{2}\), and \(I_{3}\) and whether the direction shown for each current is correct or should be reversed. Assume that \(R_{1}=8.0
The eight resistors in Figure P31.71 are identical to one another, all having resistance \(R=200 \Omega\). What is the magnitude of the current drawn from the battery?Data from Figure P31.71 28 V R R
In Figure P31.72, \(\mathscr{E}_{1}=5.0 \mathrm{~V}, \mathscr{E}_{2}=5.0 \mathrm{~V}, \mathscr{E}_{3}=1.5 \mathrm{~V}\), \(R_{1}=50 \Omega, R_{2}=50 \Omega\), and \(R_{3}=50 \Omega\). What are (a)
A string of winter holiday lights consists of \(N\) bulbs, each having resistance \(R_{\mathrm{b}}\) (Figure P31.73). Wired in parallel with each bulb is a resistor of resistance \(R_{p}\). What is
An ammeter that has internal resistance \(R_{\mathrm{am}}=0.504 \Omega\) is designed to measure a maximum current of \(I_{\max }=\) \(100 \mathrm{~mA}\). You want to use this ammeter to measure the
If each resistor in Figure P31.75 has resistance \(R=5.0 \Omega\), what is the equivalent resistance of the combination?Data from Figure P31.75 wwwwww wwwww www www wwwww
In Figure P31.76, \(R_{1}=2.0 \Omega, R_{2}=1.5 \Omega, R_{3}=2.0 \Omega\), \(R_{4}=1.0 \Omega, R_{5}=2.0 \Omega, R_{6}=1.0 \Omega, C_{1}=20 \mu \mathrm{F}\), \(C_{2}=40 \mu \mathrm{F}\), and
In Figure P31.77, each of the three batteries supplies an emf of \(6.0 \mathrm{~V}\) and each of the four resistors has a resistance of \(3.0 \Omega\). Calculate the magnitudes of the five currents
If the ammeter in the Wheatstone bridge of Figure P31.78 measures zero current when the resistance \(R_{\text {var }}\) of the variable resistor is set to \(185 \Omega\), what is the current
If a light bulb has a resistance of \(5.5 \Omega\) and is dissipating energy at a rate of \(9.0 \mathrm{~W}\), what are (a) the current through the bulb and \((b)\) the potential difference across
If the current through a \(10-\Omega\) resistor is \(2.0 \mathrm{~A}\), how much energy is dissipated by the resistor in \(1.0 \mathrm{~h}\) ?
Two light bulbs 1 and 2 are connected in parallel to an \(8.00-\mathrm{V}\) battery. (a) If the bulb resistances are \(R_{1}=4.0 \Omega\) and \(R_{2}=6.0 \Omega\), what is the rate at which each bulb
A car battery is labeled " 12 V 40 Ah." You forget to switch off the light in your glove compartment, which draws \(0.80 \mathrm{~A}\). How long until the battery is drained?
(a) Determine the current through and the potential difference across each resistor in Figure P31.83. Assume that \(R_{1}=R_{2}=R_{3}=R_{4}=50.0 \Omega, \mathscr{E}_{1}=10.0 \mathrm{~V}\), and
A \(60-\mathrm{W}\) light bulb has resistance \(R=10.00 \Omega\) when connected to a battery with \(\mathrm{emf} \mathscr{E}=120.0 \mathrm{~V}\). What is the internal resistance \(R_{\text {batr }}\)
Determine the current through each resistor and the magnitude of the charge on either capacitor plate after the circuit in Figure P31.85 has been connected for a few minutes.Data from Figure P31.85
If the rate at which energy is dissipated by resistor 1 in Figure P31.86 is \(0.75 \mathrm{~W}\), and \(R_{1}=12 \Omega, \mathscr{E}_{1}=4.5 \mathrm{~V}\), and \(\mathscr{E}_{2}=8.0 \mathrm{~V}\)(a)
A copper wire of length \(\ell=1.0 \mathrm{~km}\) and radius \(r=\) \(1.2 \mathrm{~mm}\) carries current \(I=20 \mathrm{~A}\). At what rate is energy lost from the wire? Why do long electrical
In Figure P31.88, in which resistor is energy dissipated \((a)\) at the greatest rate and \((b)\) at the smallest rate?Data from Figure P31.88 20 www 10 5.0 20 90 10 90
At what rate is energy either delivered by or delivered to each battery in Figure P31.67? At what rate is energy dissipated in each resistor? Does the power summed over all the elements make
A physics student who needs a magnetic field for a project makes a solenoid coil from "magnet wire," which is copper wire coated with a very thin enamel insulation. (The insulation is so thin that
The filament in an incandescent light bulb is a resistor that has a resistance of \(9.5 \Omega\) at room temperature. By what factor does the resistance increase when a \(100-\mathrm{W}\) bulb
Does the light bulb in Figure P31.92 light up? Why or why not?Data from Figure P31.92 +
In what type of electrical conductor could the charge on the charge carriers in a current have a magnitude other than \(e\) ?
The potential difference across a resistor in a circuit is \(12 \mathrm{~V}\) when a current of \(1.0 \mathrm{~A}\) passes through the resistor. What is the potential difference across the resistor
The battery in Figure P31.95 has internal resistance \(R_{\text {batt }}=13.0 \Omega\) and maintains an emf \(\mathscr{E}=20.0 \mathrm{~V}\). What is the resistance \(R\) of the resistor connected in
Calculate the values of \(I_{1}\) and \(I_{2}\) in the circuit shown in Figure P31.96 if all the resistors have resistance \(240 \Omega\) and \(I_{3}=2.0 \mathrm{~A}\).Data from Figure P31.96 R R R R
If each battery in Figure P31.97 has an emf of \(9.0 \mathrm{~V}\), what is the potential difference across the light bulb in each circuit?Data from Figure P31.97 (a) e (b) H| e
The two resistors in Figure P31.98 are made of the same material and are of equal length. The only difference between them is that the radius of the top one is greater than the radius of the bottom
If you want to add a third resistor to the circuit in Figure P31.98 to reduce the circuit resistance as much as possible, should you connect it in series or in parallel? Should you add a resistor
In Figure P31.100, \(\mathscr{E}_{1}=3.0 \mathrm{~V}\) and \(\mathscr{E}_{2}=5.0 \mathrm{~V}\). (a) What value of \(\mathscr{E}_{3}\) causes the potential difference across resistor 1 to be zero? (b)
Your boss has given you the incomplete circuit shown in Figure P31.101 and charged you with determining the greatest and smallest currents that can be drawn from the battery using this circuit. The
You illuminate a photovoltaic cell with a halogen light bulb. The cell is connected to an ammeter, a voltmeter, and a variable resistor (Figure P31.102a), and the current through and potential
The circuit shown in Figure P31.103 has been connected for a few minutes. Determine the current through each resistor and the battery, and determine the magnitude of charge on either plate of each
Three students rent a third-floor apartment. After signing the lease, they realize there's no electricity on the third floor! They run a \(30.5-\mathrm{m}, 18\)-gauge extension cord up from the
You need a liquid electrical conductor for a project you are working on, and as one possibility you try seawater. You know the number density of the charge carriers and the average time interval
Suppose you could move at nearly the speed of light. If you were to move at this speed for a large portion of your life, would it be possible for you to live long enough to see a later calendar year
An object attached to one end of a spring makes 25 complete oscillations in 5.0 seconds. What are its period and frequency?
The period of a pendulum on the surface of the Earth is 1. It is then brought at a higher altitude. For it to maintain its period, should the length of the pendulum string be made longer or shorter?
On average, Mars takes 687 days to make a complete revolution around the sun. Considering its orbit as nearly circular as seen by a distant observer standing in the plane of the orbit, what is the
A \(0.250-\mathrm{kg}\) mass on a spring has velocity as a function of time given by \(v(x, t)=(4.70 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{s}) \cos [(4.16 \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s}) t]\). Find the (a) the
A toy, initially equilibrium position, attached to a spring undergoes simple harmonic motion horizontally with a period of \(0.75 \mathrm{~s}\) and amplitude of \(4.0 \mathrm{~cm}\). Write an
A \(0.200-\mathrm{kg}\) small block is attached to an ideal spring with a spring constant of \(316 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\) and is moving in simple harmonic motion on a horizontal frictionless
Two vertical springs, one with spring constant \(k\) and the other with spring constant \(2 k\), each have a ball of mass \(m\) hanging from them. Compare the period of oscillation of the two springs
An astronaut who recently landed on an unfamiliar planet wants to measure the acceleration due to gravity. He constructs a simple pendulum of length \(40.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) and then finds that the
A \(5.0-\mathrm{kg}\) cart is attached to a horizontal spring for which the spring constant is \(75 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\). The system is set in motion when the cart is \(0.32 \mathrm{~m}\) from
A mass attached to a spring oscillates in simple harmonic motion along the \(x\)-axis. The limits of its motion are \(x=-5 \mathrm{~cm}\) and \(x=45 \mathrm{~cm}\) and it goes from one of these
A rope supports one end of a beam as shown in Figure 12.24. Draw the Figure 12.24 lever arm distance for the torque caused by the rope about the pivot. Figure 12.24 pivot
Draw a free-body diagram and an extended free-body diagram for(a) a door hanging on two hinges (b) a bridge supported from each end, with a car positioned at one-quarter of the bridge's length from
Which diagram in Figure 12.25-1, 2, or 3-shows the alarm clock on the left after it has been rotated in the directions indicated by(a) \(90^{\circ}\) about the \(x\) axis and then \(90^{\circ}\)
Give the direction of the rotational velocity vector associated with each spinning object shown in Figure 12.26. ( Figure 12.26 (a) (b) (c) (d)
The orbital period of the Moon around Earth is 27.32 days; that of Earth around the Sun is 365.26 days. (a) Which orbit has the greater rotational speed: Earth's or the Moon's? Are the orbital
If the force of gravity decreases with the inverse square of the distance, why were we allowed, in all our earlier work on the gravitational force, to say that an object sitting on the ground, an
Suppose the universe were two dimensional rather than three dimensional.(a) Following the line of reasoning illustrated in Figure 13.3, describe how the strength of the gravitational force would
Suppose the force of gravity between two objects 1 and 2 of masses \(m_{1}\) and \(m_{2}\) were proportional to the sum \(m_{1}+m_{2}\) rather than to the product \(m_{1} m_{2}\).(a) Would this
In part \(a\) of Example 13.1, what would the distance between the other person and you have to be for the gravitational force between the two of you to match the gravitational force exerted by Earth
(a) If we ignore the influence of other celestial objects, the Earth-Sun system is isolated, and so it must rotate about the system's center of mass. Using the data in Table 13.1, determine how far
The space shuttle typically orbits Earth at an altitude of about \(300 \mathrm{~km}\).(a) By what factor is the shuttle's distance to the center of Earth increased over that of an object on the
A \(1.0-\mathrm{kg}\) brick is placed on a spring scale.(a) What is the magnitude of the force exerted by Earth on the brick?(b) What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the brick on the
A \(1.0-\mathrm{kg}\) brick is placed on a spring scale inside the space shuttle orbiting Earth at \(300 \mathrm{~km}\) altitude.(a) What is the magnitude of the force exerted by Earth on the
(a) An object is placed on a spring scale in an elevator moving upward at a constant speed. Is the reading of the scale greater than, smaller than, or the same as the reading obtained in a stationary
(a) How far does the space shuttle in Figure 13.20, \(300 \mathrm{~km}\) above Earth, fall in \(1.0 \mathrm{~s}\) ?(b) If the radius of Earth is \(6400 \mathrm{~km}\), what is the shuttle's speed?

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