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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

Suppose eight field lines emanate from an object carrying a charge \(+q\). How many field lines pierce the surface of a hollow sphere if the sphere contains (a) a single object carrying a charge
(a) If more than one field line reenters the donut in Figure 24.9a, what happens to the field line flux? (b) Are there any closed surfaces enclosing a charged particle through which the field line
(a) What is the field line flux through the closed spherical surface in Figure \(24.9 b\) due to a charged particle outside the sphere? (b) Does your answer to part \(a\) change if we move the
What is the field line flux through the surface of a rectangular box that encloses both ends of an electric dipole?
Consider the two-dimensional field line diagram in Figure 24.11, part of which is hidden from view. (a) If the object in the top left carries a charge of \(+1 \mathrm{C}\), what is the charge
There are two reasons the field line flux through a closed surface may be zero: because the field is zero everywhere or because the outward flux is balanced by an equal inward flux. Why can't the
Consider a point on the curved part of the Gaussian surface in Figure 24.14. Does the magnitude of the electric field at that point increase, decrease, or stay the same if you (a) change the
Consider a point on the right surface of the Gaussian surface in Figure 24.15. Does the magnitude of the electric field at that point increase, decrease, or stay the same if you(a) change the
Consider a spherical Gaussian surface inside a positively charged conducting object that has reached electrostatic equilibrium. (a) Is the field line flux through the Gaussian surface positive,
Suppose the charged conducting object in Figure 24.17 contains an empty cavity. Does any surplus charge reside on the inner surface of the cavity? Figure 24.17 Because the electric field inside a
In Example 24.4, is the electric field inside the cavity zero?Data from Example 24.4An electrically neutral, conducting sphere contains an irregularly shaped cavity. Inside the cavity is a particle
(a) Consider the front surface of the trapezoidal box in Figure 24.22a, detached from the rest of the trapezoidal box. Does the field line flux through that surface increase, decrease, or stay the
Let the area of the back surface of the trapezoidal box in Figure 24.22 be \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\), the magnitude of the electric field be \(1.0 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{C}\), and \(\theta=30^{\circ}\)
Consider a spherical Gaussian surface of radius \(r\) with a particle that carries a charge \(+q\) at its center.(a) On the Gaussian surface, what is the magnitude of the electric field due to the
Suppose Coulomb's law showed a \(1 / r^{2.00001}\) dependence instead of a \(1 / r^{2}\) dependence.(a) Calculate the electric flux through a spherical Gaussian surface of radius \(R\) centered on a
Suppose \(q\) is outside the irregularly shaped surface in Figure 24.26. Show that the electric flux due to \(q\) through the closed surface is zero. (Draw a small wedge from \(q\) through the
What is the electric field outside a solid sphere carrying a charge +q uniformly distributed throughout its volume?
The direct integration procedure also yields an expression for a rod of finite length (see Example 23.4). Can you use Gauss's law to derive this expression as well? Why or why not?Data from Example
(a) A very large metal plate of surface area \(A\) carries a positive charge \(q\). What is the surface charge density of the plate? What is the magnitude of the field created by the plate? (b) A
(a) What are the SI units of \(Q\) ?(b) For the process depicted in Figure 20.2a, make an energy diagram for each of these systems: (i) water, pot, and flame; (ii) pot and flame; (iii) pot. Figure
Make an energy diagram for gas B in Figure 20.4. Figure 20.4 When gases of different temperatures are placed in thermal contact, energy is transferred thermally from the hotter to the cooler gas
Suppose you were to play the two film clips shown in Figure 20.7 backward. Would the resulting processes be possible? Figure 20.7 Quasistatic versus non-quasistatic expansion of a cylin- der
Which of the following systems undergo a quasistatic process? (a) A gas-containing balloon is popped inside a vacuum container. System: container, gas, and balloon. (b) A cup of coffee cools down.
(a) During a certain day the outdoor temperature ranges between \(60^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) and \(80^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\). What is the corresponding range in degrees Celsius and in kelvins?(b) The
Which is greater in each pair: (a) the thermal energy of a pool of water or that of a glass of water at the same temperature, (b) the heat capacity of a pool of water or that of a glass of water at
Consider the four-atom ammonia molecule illustrated in Figure 20.14.(a) Which of the three rotational degrees of freedom can store thermal energy?(b) Based on your answer to part \(a\), what is the
Two identical volumes of gases-one monatomic and the other diatomic-are at the same pressure at room temperature. The temperature of each is raised by the same amount by thermally transferring energy
Consider the equilibrium states represented by points 1 and 2 in Figure 20.20a. Compare these quantities for an ideal gas in these two states: pressure \(P\), volume \(V\), temperature \(T\), entropy
(a) For which of the two quasistatic processes shown in Figure 20.22, if either, is the change in entropy greater? (b) Is the energy transferred thermally to the gas the same along both paths? Figure
For each process in Figure 20.25, determine whether the following quantities are positive, negative, or zero: \(W, Q, \Delta E_{\mathrm{th}}, \Delta S\). Figure 20.25 Four types of constrained
What is the thermal energy associated with a gas sample that contains \(N\) hydrogen molecules at temperature \(T=300 \mathrm{~K}\) ?
Which quasistatic process from the initial state \(i\) to the final state \(f\) in Figure 20.28 requires more work done on the gas? Figure 20.28 Checkpoint 20.13 and Example 20.5. P P P process B V V
Consider the three processes shown in Figure 20.29. Process B is isothermal. (a) For which of the three processes is the energy transferred thermally greatest? (b) For which of the three processes is
Is Eq. 20.15 valid for an isothermal process \((\Delta T=0)\) ? AEth NCAT (any ideal gas process). (20.15)
Is the product \(P V\) in the final state in Figure \(20.33 c\) greater than, equal to, or smaller than the product \(P V\) in the initial state?Figure 20.33c (c) PV diagram showing the isentropic
Suppose the isobaric process in Figure \(20.34 c\) begins and ends on the same isotherms as the isochoric process in Figure 20.30c. Which process requires a greater amount \(Q\) of energy transferred
Consider an ideal gas undergoing the two processes depicted in Figure \(\mathbf{2 0 . 3 7}\) between the same initial and final states that lie on an isotherm. In process \(A\) the gas is taken via
Can you use Eq. 20.36 to calculate the change in entropy for an isochoric process? AS = Q kBT (isothermal process). (20.36)
Suppose two different combinations of constrained quasistatic processes take two identical ideal gases from the same initial equilibrium state to the same final equilibrium state. Is the change in
For a quasistatic ideal gas process that ends on a higher isentrope, are \(W, Q, \Delta E_{\text {th }}\), and \(\Delta S\) positive, negative, or zero when the gas is(a) expanded(b) compressed?
An amount of water with a mass of \(0.010 \mathrm{~kg}\) at a temperature of \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) is placed in a freezer and turns into an ice cube at \(0.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What is the
A steady heat engine, in contact with its environment, absorbs energy of magnitude \(Q_{\mathrm{H}}\) as heat from a hightemperature reservoir, while \(120 \mathrm{~J}\) of work is done on it.
A \(1500-\mathrm{kg}\) car constantly moving at \(90 \mathrm{kmph}\) accidentally crashes into a concrete wall. The impact produces \(750 \mathrm{~J}\) of sound energy. The car gains \(3.8
Find the temperature in Kelvin and degree Celsius of a thermal reservoir with an entropy gradient value of \(1.985 \times 10^{20} \mathrm{~J}^{-1}\).
The entropy of a thermal reservoir of unknown temperature is defined by the function \(S=a E^{3} / 3 b^{2}\). (a) Derive an expression for the entropy gradient \(d S / d E\). (b) Calculate the
A reversible heat engine transfers energy from a \(426-\mathrm{K}\) reservoir to second reservoir. What must be the temperature of the second reservoir if the engine has a maximum efficiency of 0.350
What is the coefficient of performance of heating of a heat engine that takes in \(6.45 \mathrm{~kJ}\) and expels \(7.30 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of thermal energy?
A heat pump with a coefficient of performance of heating of 14 supplies thermal energy to a house to maintain a comfortable temperature for the occupants. Calculate the daily thermal energy supplied
What is the maximum efficiency of a Carnot heat engine that operates between \(485 \mathrm{~K}\) and \(625 \mathrm{~K}\) ?
Two Carnot heat engines have the following values for the temperatures \(T_{\text {in }}\) and \(T_{\text {out }}\) of the reservoirs:Engine 1: \(T_{\text {in }}=450 \mathrm{~K}\) and \(T_{\text {out
For each system, identify the complementary changes of state and associated energies, and determine whether or not the entropy of the system increases. (a) A puck slides to a stop on a surface.
(a) For the situation illustrated in Figure 21.5, draw an energy input-output diagram for the gas. (b) Do the energy and entropy of the gas change? Ignore any friction in the piston and any energy
Suppose we slowly push the piston back to its original position in Figure 21.6, all the while maintaining a constant temperature in the gas. (a) Over the time interval that includes the expansion and
What are the signs of \(\Delta E_{\mathrm{R}}, \Delta S_{\mathrm{R}}\), and \(\Delta S_{\mathrm{R}} / \Delta E_{\mathrm{R}}\) for a thermal transfer of energy \((a)\) to and \((b)\) from a thermal
For a steady device that has a single input of energy and a single output of energy, does the quality of the energy increase, decrease, or stay the same when the entropy change in the environment is
In an entropy diagram, which of these statements are true?(a) The quality of the energy is proportional to the entropy gradient.(b) The quality of the energy is inversely proportional to the entropy
Draw an entropy diagram for the refrigerator in Figure \(21.2 b\). Figure 21.2 Examples of energy input-output diagrams. (a) Energy input-output diagram for car engine thermal input from fuel
Why must the degrade rectangle in Figure \(21.22 a\) have a greater height than the upgrade rectangle? Figure 21.22 For a steady device, the entropy change in the environment must be greater than or
Suppose you keep \(W\) and \(T_{\text {out }}\) in the reversible process of Figure 21.24a fixed but increase \(T_{\mathrm{in}}\). Do the magnitudes of these quantities increase, decrease, or stay
When the temperature of the output reservoir in Example 21.3 is lowered, does the efficiency increase, remain the same, or decrease?Data from Example 21.3 A reversible heat engine converts energy
Estimate these quantities for the heat pump in Figure 21.26: (a) coefficient of performance of cooling and (b) coefficient of performance of heating. Figure 21.26 A heat pump can serve as an
If you begin at state 1 again but this time go through the cycle in Figure 21.28 clockwise rather than counterclockwise, what are the magnitude and sign of \((a)\) the work done on the system and
Why doesn't the transfer of energy from the interior of the refrigerator to the room violate the entropy law?
What is the change in the energy of the environment in a device for which Eqs. 21.1-21.5 hold?Eqs. AE 0 (steady device, complete cycle). (21.1)
Suppose the bar in Example 21.5 is disconnected from the hightemperature reservoir and allowed to thermally equilibrate with the lowtemperature reservoir.(a) Are the changes in the energy and entropy
(a) Draw an entropy diagram for a steady device that converts thermal energy from a thermal reservoir to mechanical energy. (b) From the diagram, compute the entropy change that occurs during the
Is it possible to reduce the amount of thermally discarded energy to zero by bringing \(T_{\text {out }}\) down to absolute zero?
A hurricane thermally takes in energy from ocean water at \(26^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), discards some of it to the upper atmosphere at \(-52^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), and converts the remainder to
What is the coefficient of performance of heating for the electric blanket in Figure 21.39? Figure 21.39 A setup that converts mechani- cal energy (from the motor) to thermal energy. (a) motor (b)
(a) If the heat pump from the refrigerator in Example 21.7 is used during the winter to heat a room to \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) when it's \(4{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) outside, what is
What is the change in entropy during each of the four legs of the cycle in Example 21.8?Data from Example 21.8In a reversible heat engine, \(6.02 \times 10^{23}\) molecules of nitrogen gas are used
(a) What is the efficiency of the jet engine in Example 21.9?(b) If the jet engine were to operate on a Carnot cycle between the same highest and lowest temperatures, what would its efficiency
In an airplane, the body of the aircraft gets charged if friction occurs between it and the air, which contains dust particles. As there is no possibility of grounding through a copper wire on the
A metal sphere is grounded and an electrically charged rod is held close to it. The sphere acquires a charge \(q\). The grounding wire is removed, and the sphere is brought in contact with another
If you rub a balloon with hair and bring it close to a stream of water in a wash basin, the water gets attracted toward the balloon. Can you predict the charge on the stream of water?
By rubbing object \(A\) against \(B\), if 10 electrons get transferred from \(A\) to \(B\), calculate the electric force between the two objects if separated \(10 \mathrm{~cm}\) apart.
Two particles carrying charges \(q_{1}\) and \(q_{2}\) are separated by a distance \(r\) and exert an electric force of magnitude \(F^{\mathrm{E}}\) on each other. If \(q_{1}\) is doubled and
Two identical metal spheres, one carrying a \(12.0 \mu \mathrm{C}\) charge and the other carrying a \(-32.0 \mu \mathrm{C}\) charge, are initially \(50 \mathrm{~mm}\) apart. They are brought in
In the Bohr model, a hydrogen atom consists of an electron orbiting a one-proton nucleus. Furthermore, the angular momentum of the electron is quantized, i.e., it equals \(n \hbar\), where \(n\) is
You scrunch up three same-size sheets of aluminum foil to form three balls 1,2, and 3, and stick each one onto the end of a wooden stake (which allows you to transport the balls without touching
Sphere A carries \(6.0 \mathrm{nC}\) of charge. It is placed \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) from sphere B, which carries \(3.0 \mathrm{nC}\) of charge. Assume the spheres are much smaller than their separation
A charged particle of \(40-\mathrm{nC}\) is located at the origin of the coordinate system. A second charged particle of \(50 \mathrm{nC}\) is located at \((x, y)=(0,2 m)\) and another charged
Two particles with identical positive charges separated by \(2.5 \mathrm{~cm}\) are released from rest on a nonconducting, lowfriction track. Immediately after release, one particle, which has a mass
Two identical metal spheres carrying the same charge hang by insulating strings from the same point. The balls repel each other so that they hang in the air some distance apart. If you touch one of
Two charges of equal magnitude, \(2 \mu \mathrm{C}\), are separated by a \(2 \mathrm{~cm}\) distance. Compare the electric force if the separation is increased to \(6 \mathrm{~cm}\).
Two particles carrying charges \(q_{1}=-4 \mu \mathrm{C}\) and \(q_{2}=\) \(12 \mu \mathrm{C}\) are located \(5 \mathrm{~m}\) apart. Choose a coordinate system where the first particle is at the
Particle 1 , carrying charge \(q\), particle 2 , carrying charge \(2 q\), and particle 3 , carrying charge \(-q\), are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side \(\ell\) in the \(x
Four charged particles are located at the vertices of a square of side length \(1 \mathrm{~m}\) in the \(x y\)-plane. Particles 1,2 , and 3 \((q 1=5.00 \mu \mathrm{C}, q 2=-4.00 \mu \mathrm{C}\), and
Two identical charged dice having \(+5 \mu \mathrm{C}\) of charge, each having mass \(3 \mathrm{~g}\), stay in static equilibrium on the surface of a table with a separation of \(12 \mathrm{~m}\)
Two particles 1 and 2 , each carrying \(3.0 \mathrm{nC}\) of charge, are located \(6 \mathrm{~cm}\) apart. Where along the symmetry axis between particles 1 and 2 should a particle 3 carrying a
Compare the ratio of electric force to gravitational force among two electrons and two protons, respectively, separated by \(1 \mathrm{~nm}\) apart. Comment on the obtained different rations.
How many Coulombs of charge are contained due to the electrons present in \(1 \mathrm{~kg}\) of liquid ammonia?
A \(10 \mu \mathrm{C}\) negatively charged balloon having a total mass of \(5 \mathrm{~g}\) that remains floated on top of a charged plastic board above \(15 \mathrm{~cm}\). Estimate the charge on
Three identical metallic beads A, B, and C possess charges \(q_{1}, q_{2}\), and \(q_{3}\), respectively. All the three beads are affixed on a meter scale where A lies at \(0, B\) lies at \(60
Particles A, B, and C, with charges \(12.0 \mu \mathrm{C}, 8.0 \mu \mathrm{C}\), and \(-6.0 \mu \mathrm{C}\), respectively, are evenly spaced along a line, in that order, with spacing \(2.0
A proton is composed of two up \((u)\) quarks \((q=+2 / 3 \mathrm{e})\) and one down \((d)\) quark \((q=-1 / 3 \mathrm{e})\). What is the electric force between two up quarks separated by \(1 \times
Which types of processes are represented in Figure 20.24? For each process, determine whether the following quantities are positive, negative, or zero: \(\Delta T, \Delta V, \Delta P\). Figure 20.24
A fully charged parallelplate capacitor is connected to an inductor with \(n\) turns of wire (Figure P32.1) What is the rms value of the magnetic field through the inductor, which has an rms current
(a) If each vertical gray line in Figure \(32.4 b\) represents \(0.020 \mathrm{~s}\), what is the frequency of the oscillation? (b) What is the average potential difference across the capacitor in
For the circuit shown in Figure \(32.4 a\), let the period \(T\) of the oscillation be \(1.0 \mathrm{~s}\) and the emf be zero at \(t=0\). Identify the instant(s) at which the energy stored in the

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