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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

What is the average energy per particle in compartments A and B in Figure 19.13(a) when there is one energy unit in \(\mathrm{A}\) (b) when the system is at equilibrium? Figure 19.13 Box containing
For which of these systems does \(\Omega\) increase over time:(a) a thermos bottle containing warm water with an ice cube in it, (b) a cup of tea that is at the same temperature as the air in an
If you decrease the size of the compartments in Exercise 19.8 by a factor of 10 , what is the change (a) in the number of basic states and (b) in the natural logarithm of that number?Data from
(a) What does a positive entropy change in a closed system imply about the change in the number of basic states?(b) How does Eq.19.8 show that a gas expands if given more room?(c) How does it show
Explain why the changes in entropy in Example 19.10 do not depend on the volume \(V\) of the box.Data from Example 19.10The box in Figure 19.19 contains seven gas particles in compartment
Five atoms moving along the \(x\) axis have \(x\) components of velocities \(+2.1 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s},-3.2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s},+4.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s},-0.3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\),
Work out the algebra between the third and fourth terms in Eq. 19.29.Eq. 19.29. V = (2avms) 2Eth mN 13 = [ 2a (2x+b) 1/2] = (82 ) 3" 3/2 (Eth)/2=b(Eth)/2, (19.29) mN
(a) Using Figure 19.24, compare the kinetic energy of an atom in gas \(A\) with that of an atom in gas \(B\) in the thermal equilibrium state (that is, on the dashed line) and in a macrostate to the
Suppose 14 atoms are in compartment A and six atoms are in compartment B, as shown in Figure 19.23. When thermal equilibrium energy is reached, what percentage of the thermal energy do you expect to
Let the system comprising the atoms and wall in Figure 19.25 be isolated. (a) What is the direction of the atom's change in momentum? (b) What is the direction of the change in momentum of the
Use the ideal gas law to express the equilibrium condition in Eq. 19.20 in terms of pressure. NA NB (equilibrium), (19.20) VA VB
A certain number of helium atoms are placed in one container, and an equal number of argon atoms are placed in a separate identical container. The pressure is the same in both containers. Helium
(a) Does the negative change in entropy in Example 19.12 violate the Eq. 19.5 part of the entropy law?(b) What is the change in the thermal energy of the gas in Example 19.12?Data from Example 19.12A
Does the entropy of a gas whose temperature is halved and volume doubled increase, decrease, or stay the same?
Waves propagating in a rope are observed to travel at \(35 \mathrm{~cm} / \mathrm{s}\) and their adjacent crests are \(7.0 \mathrm{~cm}\) apart. Find the frequency and the period of the waves?
A ball of mass \(m_{1}\) is attached on a rope and hangs vertically. The mass is slightly disturbed, and it generated a wave traveling through the rope. Suppose the ball is replaced with a heavier
Sinusoidal water waves are generated by a 18 -W mechanical motor in an aquarium tank. How much the kinetic energy is in each \(1.25-\mathrm{Hz}\) wave generated? \(\cdot\)
A kayaker on the near the shore observes 3 waves reaches the shore every \(10 \mathrm{~s}\). At what speed are the waves are moving if he estimates that adjacent crests are \(5.0 \mathrm{~m}\) apart?
While on a sailboat, you notice that the boat is moving up and down fifteen times periodically every minute. Find the period of oscillation and the distance between two adjacent wave crests if the
A wave traveling along a rope is described by\[y(x, t)=(2.0 \mathrm{~mm}) \sin \left[\left(4.0 \mathrm{~m}^{-1}\right) x-\left(3.0 \mathrm{~s}^{-1}\right) t\right]\](a) Calculate the amplitude,
You are watching a large ripple tank and observed that the waves generated by a mechanical motor have a period of \(3.5 \mathrm{~s}\) and the distance between two adjacent crests is \(15
A wave on a rope is given by\(f(x, t)=(0.750 \mathrm{~cm}) \cos \pi\left[\left(4.00 \mathrm{~m}^{-1}\right) x-\left(4.50 \mathrm{~s}^{-1}\right) t\right]\)Calculate the(a) wavelength,(b) angular
What must be the tension applied to a \(12-\mathrm{m}\) plastic string weighing \(43.5 \mathrm{~N}\) to produce a wave that propagates at a speed of \(25 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) ?
(a) Using the choice of axes shown in Figure 16.3, draw a position-versus-time graph showing how the \(x\) and \(y\) components of the position of the large bead change with time. (b) Are the \(x\)
(a) Is the wave speed \(c\) of the pulse in Figure 16.3 constant? (b) Determine the wave speed if the distance between the centers of adjacent beads is \(5.0 \mathrm{~mm}\). Figure 16.3 Video frames
From Figure 16.4a, determine the displacement of a point(a) 1.0 m,(b) \(1.5 \mathrm{~m}\),(c) \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) from the left end of the string.(d) On a snapshot taken a short time interval
(a) From Figures \(16.4 c\) and \(d\), determine how long it takes the pulse to travel from \(x=0\) to \(x=1.0 \mathrm{~m}\). (b) Using your answer to part \(a\), determine the wave speed. Figure
(a) The pulse in Figure \(16.6 b\) is symmetrical even though Figure 16.6a shows that the length of the stretched portion of the spring is \(0.15 \mathrm{~m}\) and the length of the compressed
Answer these five questions about the situation at \(t_{1}\) in Figure 16.7, assuming the right end of the string of beads is attached to a wall that is not shown.(a) If \(F_{43}^{c}=5 \mathrm{~N}\),
(a) Note that the displacement of bead 4 at \(t_{4}\) in Figure \(16.7 a\) is the same as that of bead 3 at \(t_{3}\). How do the velocity and acceleration of bead 4 at \(t_{4}\) compare with those
Two strings, A and B, are identical except that the tension in A is greater than that in B. Suppose you move the left end of each string rapidly up and down once. For each string, sketch \((a)\) the
Plot the displacement of the left end of the string in Figure 16.9 as a function of time. What similarities and differences exist between your graph and the shape of the wave in Figure 16.9? Figure
Consider a harmonic wave traveling along a string. Are the following quantities determined by the source of the wave, by the properties of the string, or by both:(a) the period of oscillation of a
Does the wave pulse in Figure 16.11 also carry along momentum? Justify your answer. Figure 16.11 A wave pulse carries kinetic and potential energy. If there is no energy dissipation, the amount of
(a) Is the maximum displacement the same for all particles of the string in Figure 16.12? For all particles of the string in Figure 16.13?(b) For each string, sketch a displacement curve for a point
(a) Sketch a displacement curve for the point on the string in Figure 16.14 at which the two pulses meet.(b) When two wave pulses overlap, how is the velocity of a point in the overlap region related
The string in Figure 16.16 is perfectly straight at \(t_{4}\). What has happened to the energy in the incident pulse at that instant? Figure 16.16 Reflection of a pulse at a boundary where the string
(a) When the free end of the string in Figure 16.21 reaches its maximum displacement at \(t_{5}\), what is the kinetic energy in the pulse? (b) What is the potential energy in the pulse? (c) Is the
For the strings and pulse in Figure 16.24, what happens in the limit where (a) (b) \(\mu_{2} \rightarrow \infty\),(c) \(\mu_{2}=\mu_{1}\) ?(d) Why is the transmitted pulse in Figure \(16.24 a\)
(a) Which of the following functions could represent a traveling wave?(i) \(A \cos (k x+\omega t)\)(ii) \(e^{-k|x-c t|^{2}}\)(iii) \(b(x-c t)^{2} e^{-x}\)(iv) \(-\left(b^{2} t-x\right)^{2}\)(b) Which
(a) In the standing wave pattern of Figure 16.37, how is the energy distributed between kinetic and potential at \(t=0, t=\frac{1}{8} T\), and \(t=\frac{1}{4} T\) ? (b) Is the energy in a length of
(a) Do two counterpropagating waves that have the same wavelength but different amplitudes cause standing waves? (b) Do two counterpropagating waves that have the same amplitude but different
(a) Draw a free-body diagram for segment \(\mathrm{A}\) of the string at instant \(t\) in Figure 16.39. What is the vector sum of the forces exerted on A? (b) What does your answer to part \(a\)
Suppose that instead of shaking the end of a very long, taut string, you shake a point in the center of the string, keeping the amplitude and the frequency the same. Is the rate at which you must
If any time-dependent sinusoidal harmonic function, \(f(x, t)=\) \(A \sin (k x-\omega t)\), satisfies the wave equation, what determines the values of the wave number \(k\) and the angular frequency
Describe the pressure of particles at points in a sound wave where the gas is(a) compressed at maximum,(b) minimally compressed.
Phasors are useful for adding waves that are out of phase. For example, assume you have two sources, 1 and 2, that emit sound waves of the same frequency \(f\). At your detector, the waves from
You measure the sound intensity of a sound wave to be \(1.50 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) at \(2.60 \mathrm{~m}\) away from a point source. Calculate the power output of the source.
Radio Station DXYZ has a power output of 128 W. While listening at home, you measure the intensity of the sound to be \(3.40 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). How far away from your home
Examine each situation for two waves and determine if audible beats can be produced. Two wave with(a) the same amplitude; (b) the same frequency; (c) slightly different amplitude;(d) slightly
Two stationary tuning forks with frequencies of \(246 \mathrm{~Hz}\) and \(252 \mathrm{~Hz}\) are struck simultaneously. Calculate the frequency of the resulting sound. \(\cdot\)
Two violin players are next to each other on a theater's stage. One plays a \(350-\mathrm{Hz}\) note, while the other simultaneously plays a \(353-\mathrm{Hz}\) note.(a) What is the beat frequency
Two tuning forks are struck simultaneously, the first one having a frequency of \(762 \mathrm{~Hz}\). If a nearby listener hears 20 beats per second, determine the possible frequency or frequencies
Describe the pitch of an approaching siren if it is (a) coming close to you(b) after it passes you.
A stationary mechanical motor generates \(8.0 \mathrm{~Hz}\) water waves moving at \(3.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the frequency of these waves as observed by a person in a motorboat that
A jet ski travelling across the surface of water creates a shockwave that makes an angle of \(39^{\circ}\) with the horizontal. If the waves it creates in the water have a speed of \(9.5 \mathrm{~m}
A military jet is flying at \(420 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) horizontally. Take the speed of sound to be \(344 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the apex half angle of the conical shock wave it
(a) List the forces exerted on the spring-cart system of Figure 15.1 right after it is released, and draw a freebody diagram for each object in the system. (b) Which of these forces do work on the
(a) In Figure 15.2e, the cart's displacement from the equilibrium position is maximum. Is the \(x\) component of the cart's acceleration at that instant positive, negative, or zero? (b) At which
For each system in Figure 15.3, identify (a) the restoring force(b) the type of potential energy associated with the motion. Figure 15.3 Examples of oscillating systems. (a) pendulum (b) ruler
Suppose the spring in Figure 15.1 is compressed twice as much. (a) By how much does the mechanical energy of the spring-cart system increase? \((b)\) What is the relationship between the amplitude of
What are(a) the direction of the velocity of the shadow on the screen in Figure 15.6(b) the direction of the shadow's acceleration? Figure 15.6 If we project the shadow of a ball moving in a circle
(a) What does the spectrum of a single sinusoidal function of period \(T\) look like? (b) As \(T\) is increased, what change occurs in the spectrum?
(a) Are there any equilibrium positions in the sum-of-forces-versus-distance graph in Figure 15.13? If so, is the equilibrium stable, unstable, or neutral? \((b)\) Compare the magnitude of the
Using a calculator, determine the percent error in the approximation \(\sin \theta \approx \theta\) for polar angles of \(1^{\circ}, 5^{\circ}\), \(10^{\circ}\), and \(20^{\circ}\). (For this
(a) What effect, if any, does increasing the length \(\ell\) of a simple pendulum have on its period? (b) A pendulum and an object suspended from a spring are taken to the Moon, where the
(a) What are the algebraic signs of \(x, v_{x}\), and \(a_{x}\) when the phase \(\phi(t)=\omega t+\phi_{\mathrm{i}}\) is between 0 and \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) ? (b) Repeat for \(\pi
(a) Use Eq. 15.15 to determine the maximum potential energy of a simple harmonic oscillator.(b) Does your answer to part \(a\) agree with Eq. 15.17? AU = U(x) - U(x) = mwx - max. (15.15)
(a) In Example 15.3 is the initial condition that \(v_{x}=0\) satisfied by Eq. 15.7?(b) Is it correct to say that the \(x\) component of the velocity given by Eq. 15.7 must be positive whenever \(x\)
Suppose cart 2 were not removed from the track of Figure 15.27 immediately after the collision but instead were left stationary at the collision point.(a) At what instant do the two carts collide
Convince yourself that the argument presented in the solution to Example 15.5 is also valid for displacements of the block above \(x_{\mathrm{eq}}\).Data from Example 15.5A block of mass \(m=0.50
For the torsional oscillator shown in Figure 15.31, what effect, if any, does a decrease in the radius of the disk have on the oscillation frequency \(f\) ? Assume the disk's mass is kept the same.
Can you use the experiment described in Example 15.7 to measure the gravitational constant \(G\) ?Data from Example 15.7The oscillations of a thin rod can be used to determine the value of the
Imagine placing a pendulum in an elevator. While the elevator accelerates upward, is the frequency \(f\) of the pendulum greater than, smaller than, or equal to the frequency when the elevator is at
A tuning fork that sounds the tone musicians call middle \(\mathrm{C}\) oscillates at frequency \(f=262 \mathrm{~Hz}\). If the amplitude of the fork's oscillation decreases by a factor of 3 in \(4.0
A battery that initially contains \(3.0 \times 10^{24}\) electrons is used to power a light bulb for some time interval, pumping \(1.1 \times 10^{24}\) electrons through the bulb during that
How can the energy conversions in an electric circuit be represented in terms of two generalized circuit elements?
A battery and four identical light bulbs are arranged in the circuit of Figure P31.3. Rank the current magnitudes at the nine lettered locations from greatest to smallest.Data from Figure P31.3 90 e f
Which of the seven identical light bulbs in the circuit of Figure P31.4 light up?Data from Figure P31.4 D e e E F B C G
You have a light bulb, a battery, and one wire (which you cannot cut into two pieces). Draw the four ways of connecting these elements so that the bulb lights up.
Name any devices other than the three mentioned in Section 31. 1-battery, solar cell, and electric generator that can act as a power source in an electric circuit.Data from Section 31. 1............
Draw a circuit diagram for a typical home hair dryer. To which form (or forms) of energy is electric potential energy converted when you use the dryer?
Figure P31.8 shows five identical light bulbs A-E connected to a battery. Initially, some of the bulbs light up because the two terminals of each bulb are connected to opposite terminals of the
You and a colleague want to light a light bulb using a parallel-plate capacitor as a power source. Your colleague objects to this design, stating that the bulb cannot light up if the circuit is not
Which of the light bulbs (if any) in Figure P31.10 are connected in series to each other?Data from Figure P31.10 B E F K L e H
(a) In the circuit of Figure P31.11, do all four bulbs light up? (b) Rank the bulbs according to how brightly they light up, brightest first.Data from Figure P31.11 R B C D e e e R 2R R
All the power sources (batteries or capacitors) in Figure P31.12 start with a potential difference of \(9.0 \mathrm{~V}\) between their terminals, and all of them run down (decrease in potential
When light bulbs \(A\) and \(B\) are connected in series to a battery, bulb A glows brightly and bulb B glows dimly. You remove bulb B so that the circuit contains just the battery and bulb
Bulb B produces twice as much light and thermal energy as bulb \(A\), and bulb \(C\) produces three times as much light and thermal energy as bulb \(\mathrm{A}\). The bulbs are connected in series to
Wires \(\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}\), and \(\mathrm{C}\) meet at a junction. The current in wire \(\mathrm{A}\) is \(3.2 \mathrm{~mA}\) into the junction, and the current in wire \(\mathrm{B}\) is \(4.3
Which (if any) of the light bulbs in Figure P31.17 are connected to other bulbs in parallel?Data from Figure P31.17 (e) (e) e H (e) e E (e)
Which of the light bulbs in Figure P31.18 are connected to each other in series? Which are connected to each other in parallel?Data from Figure P31.18 A e D e B
In the circuit of Figure P31.20, bulb \(\mathrm{A}\) is bright and bulb B is dim. Which bulb \((a)\) has the greater potential difference across it, \((b)\) carries the greater current, and \((c)\)
(a) Draw a circuit diagram for the circuit shown in Figure P31.21, which consists of a battery and four identical light bulbs. (b) Do all the bulbs light up? (c) Which bulb is brightest? Dimmest? (d)
Decades ago, holiday lights were wired in series, so that if one bulb in a string burned out, all the lights in the string went dark because the burned-out bulb interrupted the circuit. Today's
Are the lights in a house wired in series, in parallel, or a combination of the two?
In Figure P31.24, the wire connecting the positive battery terminal to the top end of the resistor is \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) long, and the wire connecting the negative battery terminal to the bottom
Once the switch in the circuit in Figure P31.25 is closed, the circuit can be used to charge the capacitor. Sketch the electric field inside wire \(\mathrm{A}(a)\) when the switch is open, \((b)\) at
A cylindrical wire initially has resistance \(R\) and length \(\ell\). The wire is clamped in place at its midpoint, and the portion to the left of the clamp remains unchanged. The portion to the
You want to use a length of insulated rigid metal rod to discharge the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor without allowing the electric field in the rod to exceed 1000 N/C. The area \(A\) of each

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