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Chemical Principles The Quest For Insight 7th Edition Peter Atkins, Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman - Solutions
Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following processes:(a) β+ decay of germanium-66;(b) Electron capture by iridium-190;(c) β+ decay of iodine-124;(d) Electron capture by niobium-92.
(a) How much energy is emitted in each α decay of plutonium-234? (234Pu, 234.0433mu; 230U, 230.0339mu).(b) The half-life of plutonium-234 is 8.8 h. How much heat is released by the a decay of a sample of plutonium-234 of mass 1.00 μg in a 24-h period?
Suppose a planet on which life is based on silicon instead of carbon has been discovered. However, a meteor strike destroyed most of the life on the planet. To determine how long ago the meteor strike occurred, the activity of silicon-32, which has a halflife of 1.6 * 102 a, was measured in samples
One fission reaction that takes place in nuclear reactors is(a) Calculate the energy released (in joules) when 5.0 g of uranium-235 undergoes this reaction. Th e masses of the isotopes are (b) Calculate the mass of coal that would have to be burned to release the same amount of energy. Assume
A sample of carbon of mass 250. mg from a piece of cloth excavated from an ancient tomb in Nubia undergoes 1.50 * 103 disintegrations in 10.0 h. If a current sample of carbon of mass 1.00 g shows 921 disintegrations per hour, how old is the piece of cloth?
Determine the particle emitted and write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following nuclear transformations:(a) Sodium-24 to magnesium-24;(b) 128Sn to 128Sb;(c) Lanthanum-140 to barium-140;(d) 228Th to 224Ra.
Technetium-99m is produced by a sequence of reactions in which molybdenum-98 is bombarded with neutrons to form molybdenum-99, which undergoes b decay to technetium-99m.(a) Write the balanced nuclear equations for this sequence.(b) Compare the neutron-to-proton ratio of the final daughter product
A current sample of carbon of mass 1.00 g shows 921 disintegrations per hour. If 1.00 g of charcoal from an archaeological dig in a limestone cave in Slovenia shows 5.50 * 103 disintegrations in 24.0 h, what is the age of the charcoal sample?
One fission reaction that takes place in nuclear reactors is(a) Calculate the energy released (in joules) when 5.0 g of uranium-235 undergoes this reaction. The masses of the isotopes are(b) Calculate the mass of coal that would have to be burned to release the same amount of energy. Assume that
Determine the particle emitted and write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following nuclear transformations:(a) Gadolinium-148 to samarium-144;(b) Fluorine-17 to oxygen-17;(c) Silver-112 to cadmium-112;(d) Plutonium-238 to uranium-234.
Actinium-225 decays by successive emission of three a particles.(a) Write the nuclear equations for the three decay processes.(b) Compare the neutron-to-proton ratio of the final daughter product with that of actinium-225. Which is closer to the band of stability?
Complete the following equations for nuclear reactions: 131 (a) B+? 2n + N (b) ? + Dn + 36 Ar (c) Mo + D ? + 7Tc (d) 45Sc + na + ?
Deoxyglucose labeled with fluorine-18 is commonly used in PET scans to locate tumors. Fluorine-18 has a half-life of 109 min. How long will it take for the level of fluorine-18 in the body to drop to 10% of its initial value?
What volume of helium at 1.0 atm and 298 K will be collected if 2.5 g of 222Rn is stored in a container able to expand to maintain constant pressure for 23 d? (222Rn decays to 218Po with a half-life of 3.824 d.)
Complete the following equations for nuclear decay reactions: (a) 202p+? (b) 7C ?+n+ 14 (c) 148 Ba 47La + ? + n 18Ne++? (d)
Technetium-99m (the m signifies a “metastable,” or moderately stable, species) is generated in nuclear reactors and shipped to hospitals for use in medical imaging. The radioisotope has a half-life of 6.01 h. If a sample of technetium-99m of mass 165 mg is shipped from a nuclear reactor to a
A nuclear waste storage facility is being proposed for your locality and you have been asked to prepare a recommendation for how highly radioactive fission products should be processed and stored. In your recommendation, discuss the benefits and drawbacks of at least three modes of nuclear waste
A sample of mass 1.40 g containing radioactive cobalt was kept for 2.50 a, at which time it was found to contain 0.266 g of 60Co. The half-life of 60Co is 5.27 a. What percentage (by mass) of the original sample was 60Co?
The following nuclides lie outside the band of stability. Predict whether each is most likely to undergo β decay, β+ decay, or α decay, and identify the daughter nucleus:(a) Copper-68;(b) Cadmium-103.
The radioactivity from a sample of Na2 14CO3 was measured by noting the time required for the count of disintegrations to reach 8000. Five times were recorded: 21.25, 23.46, 20.97, 22.54, and 23.01 min. Background radiation was measured by noting the time required for 500 counts to be registered.
A radioactive sample contains 3.25 * 1018 atoms of a nuclide that decays at a rate of 3.4 * 1013 disintegrations per 15 min.(a) What percentage of the nuclide will have decayed after 150 d?(b) How many atoms of the nuclide will remain in the sample?(c) What is the half-life of the nuclide?
The following nuclides lie outside the band of stability. Predict whether each is most likely to undergo β decay, β+ decay, or a decay, and identify the daughter nucleus:(a) Copper-60;(b) Xenon-140.
(a) Use a standard graphing program to plot the fraction of 14C remaining in an archaeological sample 40.0 ka old as a function of time. For convenience, use intervals of 1000 a. (b) Plot the natural logarithm of the fraction of 14C remaining against time. (c) After what period of time will
A radioactive isotope X with a half-life of 27.4 d decays into another radioactive isotope Y with a half-life of 18.7 d, which decays into the stable isotope Z. Set up and solve the rate laws for the amounts of the three nuclides as a function of time, and plot your results as a graph.
Identify the daughter nuclides in each step of the radioactive decay of uranium-235, if the string of particle emissions is α, β, α, β, α, α, α, β, α, β, α. Write a balanced nuclear equation for each step.
Radiopharmaceuticals have one of two general functions: (1) they may be used to detect or image biological problems such as tumors and (2) they may be used to treat an illness. Which type of radiation (α, β, or γ) would be the most suitable for(a) Detection and(b) Therapy? Justify your
Suppose that the nuclide Y in Exercise 10B.15 is needed for medical research and that 2.00 g of nuclide X was supplied at t = 0. At what time will Y be most abundant in the sample?Exercise 10B.15A radioactive isotope X with a half-life of 27.4 d decays into another radioactive isotope Y with a
Neptunium-237 undergoes an α, β, α, α, β, α, α, α, β, α, β sequence of radioactive decays. Write a balanced nuclear equation for each step.
Radioactive metal ions that have short half-lives are being intensely studied as pharmaceuticals. The strategy is to attach a well-designed ligand to the metal ion so that the complex very selectively aggregates in one particular type of body tissue. What properties of the ligand are important to
A positron has the same mass as that of an electron, but the opposite charge. When a positron emitted in a PET scan encounters an electron, annihilation occurs in the body: electromagnetic energy is produced and no matter remains. How much energy (in joules) is produced in the encounter? See Box
A chemist is studying the mechanism of the following hydrolysis reaction of the organic ester methyl acetate: CH3COOCH3 + H2O → CH3COOH + CH3OH. The chemist wants to decide if the O atom in the product methanol comes from the methyl acetate or the water. Propose an experiment using isotopes that
Complete the following nuclear equations: 17 (a) /N + ? 0 + p - (b) ? + n2Bk + e 97 (c) 24Am + n 24Cm + ? + y 95- 96 (d) C + n? + y
Sodium-24 is used for monitoring blood circulation.(a) If 2.0 mg of sodium-24 has an activity of 17.3 Ci, what is its decay constant and its half-life?(b) What mass of the sodium-24 sample remains after 2.0 d? The mass of a sodium-24 atom is 24mu.
The blood plasma volume in a cardiology patient was measured by injecting 5.0 mL of aqueous human serum albumin labeled with 125I (t1/2 = 59.4 d). The activity of the sample was 5.1 μCi. After 20. min, blood was withdrawn from the patient and centrifuged to obtain the plasma. The activity of 10.0
Complete the following nuclear equations: (a)? + pNa + y (b) H + p H + ? 15- 12, (c) 5N + p 2C + ? 241 (d) 20Ne + ? Mg + y 10- 12-
Do nuclei that are positron emitters lie above or below the band of stability? Which of the following isotopes might be suitable for PET scans? Explain your reasoning and write the equation for the decay:(a) 18O; (b) 13N; (c) 11C;(d) 20F; (e) 15O. See Box 10A.1. Box 10A.1 WHAT HAS THIS TO DO
Complete the following equations for nuclear transmutation: 4 (a) Ne + a ? + 0 10 (b) 20Ne +20Ne? + 0 + y 10 10- (c) Ca + ?y + 22 Ti 20 (d) Al + H ? + 23 Al 28 13
Measurements of the tritium levels in aqueous solutions can be used to determine their age. The activity of the tritium in a bottle of wine was found to be 8.3% of that of a sample of fresh grape juice from the same region where the wine was bottled. How old is the wine?
A nutrient solution containing sulfur-35, which has a half-life of 88 d, is being used to study chemical reactions in which sulfur is used by bacteria. The sample has an activity of 10.0 Ci. What mass of sulfur-35 is present in the nutrient solution? The molar mass of sulfur-35 is 35.0 g · mol–1.
Complete the following equations for nuclear transmutation: 10- (a) ? + ye+20Ne Tiele + ? 22 (b) 248 (c) 24Am + ? 4 n +100 Fm (d)? + nie + 2Cm 244
The biological half-life of a radioisotope is the time required for the body to excrete half of the radioisotope. The effective half-life is the time required for the amount of a radioisotope in the body to be reduced to half its original amount, as a result of both the decay of the radioisotope
One explanation for the existence of elements heavier than iron is the rapid neutron-capture process (r-process). In the r-process proposed to occur in supernovae, many highspeed neutrons smash into an iron nucleus. Some of these neutrons are captured, resulting in a highly unstable nucleus that
Write a nuclear equation for each of the following transformations:(a) 257Rf produced by the bombardment of californium-245 with carbon-12 nuclei;(b) The first synthesis of 266Mt by the bombardment of bismuth-209 with iron-58 nuclei. Given that the first decay of meitnerium is by α emission, what
Barium-140 (t1/2 * 12.8 d) released in the fire at the Chernobyl nuclear plant has been found in some agricultural products in the region. The biological half-life of barium-140 in the human body is 65 d. What is the effective half-life (see Exercise 10.20) of barium-140?Exercise 10.20The
It has been claimed that the neon present in meteorites was generated by nuclear reactions. One such reaction occurs when a silicon-28 atom is bombarded by cosmic-ray protons.When one of these energetic protons is absorbed, the result is an isotope of neon, three protons, a neutron, and an α
A person with pernicious anemia lacks “intrinsic factor,” a compound required for the absorption of vitamin B12 and its storage in the liver. The diagnosis is confirmed with the Schilling test.In this test the patient is given a small dose of vitamin B12 labeled with radioactive 57Co or 58Co,
Write a nuclear equation for each of the following processes:(a) Oxygen-17 produced by a-particle bombardment of nitrogen-14;(b) Americium-241 produced by neutron bombardment of plutonium-239.
What will be the systematic name and atomic symbol given to(a) Element 126;(b) Element 136;(c) Element 200?
You will often come across labels on pharmaceuticals and in other contexts that are expressed in IUPAC names, and it is a part of your scientific training to be able to interpret them.(a) Name the compound shown as (21) and(b) Write the structural formula of 2-ethyl-1, 1-dimethylcyclohexane.PLAN
What will be the systematic name and atomic symbol given to(a) Element 118;(b) Element 127;(c) Element 202?
Recognizing the monomer units in polymers is important for understanding how the polymers are prepared. Suppose you are studying the properties of various polymer materials and want to relate their properties to the building blocks used in their synthesis. Write the formulas of(a) The monomers of
Many of the compounds found in commercial preparations are listed by their formal names, and it is essential to be able to interpret them in terms of their structures. Many of these compounds are aromatic or have aromatic regions. Name (a) Compound (6) and the three dimethylbenzenes (xylenes), in
You are working in a pharmaceutical research lab and need to retrieve reagents from storage. The compounds are arranged alphabetically, so you need to determine the names from the structural formulas given in the synthetic procedures you are testing. Name the
Name the following compounds: H C (a) CHCH .. H,C (b) CH, CH CH,
Sketch three repeating units of the polymer formed from (a) CH2=C(CH3)2; (b) CH2=CHCN; (c) Isoprene, H,C CH, CH
Why do branched-chain alkanes have lower melting points and boiling points than unbranched alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms?
Use the data in Appendix 2A to write balanced equations and calculate the heat released when(a) 1.00 mol and(b) 1.00 g of each of the following compounds is burned in excess oxygen: propane, butane, and pentane. Is there a trend in the amount of heat released per mole of molecules or per gram of
Write the general formula of each of the following types of compounds, using R to denote an organic group:(a) Amine;(b) Alcohol;(c) Carboxylic acid;(d) Aldehyde.
Draw line structures of the following molecules and identify each as an alkane, alkene, or alkyne:(a) CH3CCCH3; (b) CH3CH2CH2CH3;(c) CH2CHCH2CH3;(d) CH3CHCHCH2CCCH3;(e) CH2CHCH2CHCH2.
Name the following compounds: (a) CHCH (b) CHCH CHCHCH CHCH CHCHCH
Sketch three repeating units of the polymer formed from(a) 1,1-dichloroethene;(b) 1-phenyl-2-methylethene;(c) CH3CH=CH2CF3.
Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing boiling point: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3, CH3CH2CH(CH3)2, C(CH3)4. Explain your reasoning.
Give the molecular formula and identify each of the following molecules as being an alkane, alkene, or alkyne: (a) (b) (c) (d)
Write the general formula of each of the following types of compounds, using R to denote an organic group:(a) Ether;(b) Ketone;(c) Ester;(d) Amide.
Draw the structural formula of(a) Methylbenzene, more commonly known as toluene;(b) p-chlorotoluene;(c) 1,3-dimethylbenzene;(d) 4-chloromethylbenzene.
Write the balanced chemical equation for the fluorination of methane to difluoromethane. Use bond enthalpies (Tables 4E.2 and 4E.3) to estimate the enthalpy of this reaction. The corresponding reaction using chlorine is much less exothermic. To what can this difference be attributed? TABLE 4E.2
A polyamide has the repeating unit —(COC6H12CONHC6H4NH)n—. Identify the monomers of the polyamide.
Classify each of the following reactions as addition or substitution and write its chemical equation:(a) Chlorine reacts with methane when exposed to light;(b) Bromine reacts with ethene in the absence of light.
Identify each type of compound:(a) R—O—R;(b) R—CO—R;(c) R—NH2;(d) R—COOR.
Name each of the following unbranched alkanes:(a) C3H8;(b) C4H10;(c) C7H16;(d) C10H22.
How many different products containing two carbon atoms are possible in the reaction of chlorine with ethane?Do any of the products exist as optical isomers?
Suppose you have synthesized a new compound. Even if the combustion analysis agrees with the empirical formula of the compound you had intended to prepare, you might have made an isomer of the desired compound instead. Therefore, it is useful to be able to identify all possible isomers. Draw
Draw the structural formula of(a) p-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene);(b) 1,2-dibromobenzene;(c) 3-phenylpropene; (d) 2-ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene.
A polyester has the repeating unit —(OCH2C6H4COOCH2C6H4CO)n—. Identify the monomers of the polyester.
Classify each of the following reactions as addition or substitution and write its chemical equation:(a) Hydrogen reacts with 2-pentene in the presence of a nickel catalyst;(b) Hydrogen chloride reacts with propene.
Identify each type of compound:(a) R—CH—;(b) R—CO—H;(c) R—C—NHR;(d) R—OH.
Name each of the following unbranched alkanes:(a) C9H20;(b) C6H14;(c) C11H24;(d) C12H26.
How many different products that retain the threemembered ring are possible in the reaction of chlorine with cyclopropane? Do any of the products exist as stereoisomers?
Many pharmaceuticals are highly specific in the sense that they are active only if they have the correct chirality. In some cases, a compound with the wrong chirality might be lethal. It is vitally important to be able to distinguish molecules with different chiralities. A bromoalkane is formed
(a) Draw all the isomeric dichloromethylbenzenes.(b) Name each one and indicate which are polar and which are nonpolar.
Write the structural formulas of the monomers of each of the following polymers, for which one repeating unit is shown:(a) Polyvinylchloride (PVC), —(CHClCH2)n—; (b) Kel-F, —(CFClCF2)n—.
The dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes to produce alkenes is always carried out in a nonaqueous solvent, usually ethanol. Give two reasons why water cannot be used as the solvent for the reaction.
Name the following compounds:(a) CH3CHClCH3;(b) CH3CH2C(CH3)ClCH2CHClCH3;(c) CH3CI3;(d) CH2Cl2.
Name the following substituents:(a) CH3—;(b) CH3(CH2)3CH2—; (c) CH3CH2CH2—;(d) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2—.
Two structural isomers can result when hydrogen bromide reacts with 2-pentene. (a) Write their structural formulas. (b) What name is given to this type of reaction?
View the animation of the alkene addition mechanism associated with Fig. 11B.3 on the website for this book.(a) In the addition of HCl to propene an intermediate is formed. Is that intermediate positively or negatively charged? How is the charge eliminated?(b) Suggest a two-step mechanism for the
(a) Draw all the isomeric diaminodichlorobenzenes.(b) Name each one and indicate which are polar and which are nonpolar.
Write the structural formulas of the monomers of each of the following polymers, for which one repeating unit is shown:(a) A polymer used to make carpets, —OC(CH3)2CO)n—;(b) —CH(CH3)CH2)n—;(c) A polypeptide, —(NHCH2CO)n—.
Name the following compounds:(a) CH3CCl2CH3;(b) CH2CHCH2CH2Br;(c) CH3CCCH2CH(OH)CH3;(d) CH3OCH2CH2CH2CH3.
Name the following substituents:(a) CH3(CH2)7CH2—;(b) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2—;(c) CH3CH2—;(d) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2—.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the production of 2,3-dichlorohexane from 2-hexyne.(b) What name is given to this type of reaction?
Draw resonance structures of cyanobenzene (C6H5CN) that show how it functions as a meta-directing substituent.
Give the systematic name of each of the following compounds. If geometrical isomers are possible, write the names of each one:(a) CH2=C(CH3)2;(b) CH3CH=C(CH3)CH2CH3;(c) HC≡CCH2CH2CH2CH3;(d) CH3CH2C≡CCH2CH3;(e) CH3CH2CH2C≡CCH3.
Draw the structural formula of two units of the polymer formed from(a) The reaction of oxalic acid (ethanedioic acid), HOOCCOOH, with 1,4-diaminobutane, H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2;(b) The polymerization of the amino acid alanine (2- aminopropanoic acid).
Write the formulas of the following compounds and state whether each one is a primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol or a phenol:(a) 1-chloro-2-hydroxybenzene;(b) 2-methyl-3-pentanol;(c) 2,4-dimethyl-1-hexanol;(d) 2-methyl-2-butanol.
Give the systematic name of(a) CH3CH2CH3;(b) CH3CH3;(c) CH3(CH2)3CH3;(d) (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of bromocyclohexane with sodium ethoxide in ethanol.(b) Draw structural formulas of the cyclic reactant and product.(c) What name is given to this type of reaction?
One can prepare bromonitrobenzenes either by nitrating bromobenzene or by brominating nitrobenzene. Will these two reactions give the same product (or product distribution)? If not, how will the products differ?
Draw the structural formula of two units of the polymer formed from(a) The reaction of terephthalic acid with 1,2- diaminoethane, H2NCH2CH2NH2;(b) The polymerization of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. HO Terephthalic acid OH HO 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid OH
Give the systematic name of each of the following compounds. If geometrical isomers are possible, write the names of each one:(a) CH3CH2CH=CHCH3;(b) CH3C(CH3)=CHCH3;(c) (CH3)2C=CHCH2CH3;(d) HC≡CCH2CH(CH2CH2CH3)CH3;(e) CH3CH2C≡CCH(CH3)CH2CH3.
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