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Questions and Answers of Chemical Principles

A standard solution is prepared for the analysis of fluoxymesterone \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{20} \mathrm{H}_{29} \mathrm{FO}_{3}ight)\), an anabolic steroid. A stock solution is first prepared by
Sodium hydroxide solution is usually standardized by titrating a pure sample of potassium hydrogen phthalate \(\left(\mathrm{KHC}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{4} \mathrm{O}_{4}ight.\), often abbreviated KHP), an
A student mixes four reagents together, thinking that the solutions will neutralize each other. The solutions mixed together are \(50.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) of \(0.100 \mathrm{M}\) hydrochloric acid, 100.0
A \(50.00-\mathrm{mL}\) sample of an ammonia solution is analyzed by titration with \(\mathrm{HCl}\). The reaction is\[\mathrm{NH}_{3}(a q)+\mathrm{H}^{+}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{NH}_{4}^{+}(a
Hydrochloric acid \((75.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) of \(0.250 \mathrm{M})\) is added to 225.0 \(\mathrm{mL}\) of \(0.0550 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Ba}(\mathrm{OH})_{2}\) solution. What is the concentration of the
Assign oxidation states to all of the following atoms.a. \(\mathrm{UO}_{2}{ }^{2+}\)b. \(\mathrm{As}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{3}\)c. \(\mathrm{NaBiO}_{3}\)d. \(\mathrm{As}_{4}\)e. \(\mathrm{HAsO}_{2}\)f.
Balance the following oxidation-reduction reactions, which occur in acidic solution, using the half-reaction method.a. \(\mathrm{Cu}(s)+\mathrm{NO}_{3}{ }^{-}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cu}^{2+}(a
Balance the following oxidation-reduction reactions, which occur in basic solution, using the half-reaction method.a. \(\mathrm{Al}(s)+\mathrm{MnO}_{4}{ }^{-}(a q) \longrightarrow
Balance the following equations by the half-reaction method.a. \(\mathrm{Fe}(s)+\mathrm{HCl}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{HFeCl}_{4}(a q)+\mathrm{H}_{2}(g)\)b. \(\mathrm{IO}_{3}{ }^{-}(a
Triiodide ions are generated in solution by the following (unbalanced) reaction in acidic solution:\[\mathrm{IO}_{3}^{-}(a q)+\mathrm{I}^{-}(a q) \longrightarrow \mathrm{I}_{3}^{-}(a q)\]Triiodide
The blood alcohol \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}ight)\) level can be determined by titrating a sample of blood plasma with an acidic potassium dichromate solution, resulting in the
You are given a solid that is a mixture of \(\mathrm{Na}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\) and \(\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4}\). A 0.205 -g sample of the mixture is dissolved in water. An excess of an aqueous
* The formate ion, \(\mathrm{CHO}_{2}{ }^{-}\), forms ionic compounds with many metal ions. Assume that \(9.7416 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{M}\left(\mathrm{CHO}_{2}ight)_{2}\) (where \(\mathrm{M}\)
In a study to see how closely gaseous ammonia obeys Boyle’s law, several volume measurements were made at various pressures using 1.0 mol of NH3 gas at a temperature of 0°C. Using the results
A sample of hydrogen gas (H2) has a volume of 8.56 L at a temperature of 0°C and a pressure of 1.5 atm. Calculate the moles of H2 present in this gas sample.
Suppose we have a sample of ammonia gas with a volume of 3.5 L at a pressure of 1.68 atm. The gas is compressed to a volume of 1.35 L at a constant temperature. Use the ideal gas law to calculate the
A sample of methane gas that has a volume of 3.8 L at 5°C is heated to 86°C at constant pressure. Calculate its new volume.
A sample of diborane gas (B2H6), a substance that bursts into flames when exposed to air, has a pressure of 345 torr at a temperature of –15°C and a volume of 3.48 L. If conditions are changed so
Quicklime (CaO) is produced by the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at STP from the decomposition of 152 g of CaCO3 according to the reaction
The mole fraction of nitrogen in air is 0.7808. Calculate the partial pressure of N2 in air when the atmospheric pressure is 760. torr.
A sample of solid potassium chlorate (KClO3) was heated in a test tube (see Fig. 5.10) and decomposed according to the following reaction:The oxygen produced was collected by displacement of water at
Calculate the impact rate on a 1.00-cm2 section of a vessel containing oxygen gas at a pressure of 1.00 atm and 27°C.
Calculate the collision frequency for an oxygen molecule in a sample of pure oxygen gas at 27°C and 1.0 atm. Assume that the diameter of an O2 molecule is 300 pm.
Calculate the mean free path in a sample of oxygen gas at 27°C and 1.0 atm.
Figure 5.1 shows a picture of a barometer. Which of the following statements is the best explanation of how this barometer works?a. Air pressure outside the tube causes the mercury to move in the
Which statement best explains why a hot-air balloon rises when the air in the balloon is heated?a. According to Charles's law, the temperature of a gas is directly related to its volume. Thus the
Using postulates of the kinetic molecular theory, give a molecular interpretation of Boyle's law, Charles's law, and Dalton's law of partial pressures.
Show how Boyle's law and Charles's law are special cases of the ideal gas law.
At the same conditions of pressure and temperature, ammonia gas is lighter than air. Why is this true?
At \(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) a 1.00 - \(\mathrm{L}\) flask contains \(2.00 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{~mol}\) of \(\mathrm{N}_{2}\), \(1.80 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{mg}\) of \(\mathrm{O}_{2}\), and
A 20.0-L stainless steel container was charged with 2.00 atm of hydrogen gas and \(3.00 \mathrm{~atm}\) of oxygen gas. A spark ignited the mixture, producing water. What is the pressure in the tank
Equal moles of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are mixed in a flexible reaction vessel and then sparked to initiate the formation of gaseous water. Assuming that the reaction goes to completion, what is
The following equilibrium concentrations were observed for the Haber process at 127°C:a. Calculate the value of K at 127°C for this reaction.b. Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant at
For the synthesis of ammonia at 500°C, the equilibrium constant is 6.0 ×10–2 L2/mol2. Predict the direction in which the system will shift to reach equilibrium in each of the following cases. -3
Assume that the reaction for the formation of gaseous hydrogen fluoride from hydrogen and fluorine has an equilibrium constant of 1.15 × 102 at a certain temperature. In a particular experiment at
Arsenic can be extracted from its ores by first reacting the ore with oxygen (a process called roasting) to form solid As4O6, which is then reduced with carbon:Predict the direction of the shift of
Predict the shift in equilibrium position that will occur for each of the followingprocesses when the volume is reduced.a. The preparation of liquid phosphorus trichloride:b. The preparation of
The first four compounds listed in Table 2.1 contain only carbon and hydrogen. Predict the formulas for these compounds. TABLE 2.1 Relative Mass Data for Several Gases Containing Carbon Compound
Give the systematic name of each of the following compounds.a. CoBr2b. CaCl2 c. Al2O3d. CrCl3
Give the systematic name of each of the following compounds.a. Na2SO4b. KH2PO4 c. Fe(NO3)3d. Mn(OH)2 e. Na2SO3f. Na2CO3g. NaHCO3h. CsClO4i. NaOClj. Na2SeO4k. KBrO3
Given the following systematic names, write the formula for each compound.a. Ammonium sulfateb. Vanadium(V) fluoridec. Dioxygen difluoride d. Rubidium peroxidee. Gallium oxide
How would you go about finding the number of “chalk molecules” it takes to write your name on the board? Explain what you would need to do and provide a sample calculation.
An ion is formeda. By either adding or subtracting protons from the atom.b. By either adding or subtracting neutrons from the atom.c. By either adding or subtracting electrons from the atom.d. All
The designations 1A through 8A used for certain families of the periodic table are helpful for predicting the charges on ions in binary ionic compounds. In these compounds, the metals generally take
Copper is a very important metal used for water pipes, electrical wiring, roof coverings, and other materials. When a sample of natural copper is vaporized and injected into a mass spectrometer, the
Americium is an element that does not occur naturally. It can be made in very small amounts in a device called a particle accelerator. Compute the mass in grams of a sample of americium containing
A silicon chip used in an integrated circuit of a microcomputer has a mass of5.68 mg. How many silicon (Si) atoms are present in this chip?
Isopentyl acetate (C7H14O2), the compound responsible for the scent of bananas, can be produced commercially. Interestingly, bees release about 1 μg (1 × 10–6g) of this compound when they sting,
Penicillin, the first of a now large number of antibiotics (antibacterial agents), was discovered accidentally by the Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming in 1928, but he was never able to
A white powder is analyzed and found to contain 43.64% phosphorus and 56.36% oxygen by mass. The compound has a molar mass of 283.88g. What are the compound’s empirical and molecular formulas?
Caffeine, a stimulant found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and some medications, contains 49.48% carbon, 5.15% hydrogen, 28.87% nitrogen, and 16.49% oxygen by mass and has a molar mass of 194.2.
Chromium compounds exhibit a variety of bright colors. When solid ammonium dichromate, (NH4)2Cr2O7, a vivid orange compound, is ignited, a spectacular reaction occurs, as shown in the two photographs
Baking soda (NaHCO3) is often used as an antacid. It neutralizes excess hydrochloric acid secreted by the stomach:Milk of magnesia, which is an aqueous suspension of magnesium hydroxide, is also used
Nitrogen gas can be prepared by passing gaseous ammonia over solid copper(II) oxide at high temperatures. The other products of the reaction are solid copper and water vapor. If 18.1 g of NH3 is
Potassium chromate, a bright yellow solid, is produced by the reaction of solid chromite ore (FeCr2O4) with solid potassium carbonate and gaseous oxygen at high temperatures. The other products of
Consider the equation \(\mathrm{A}+2 \mathrm{~B} ightarrow \mathrm{AB}_{2}\). Imagine that 10 moles of A is reacted with 26 moles of \(B\). Use a scale from 0 to 10 to express your level of agreement
What information do we get from a formula? From an equation?
A sample of liquid heptane \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{7} \mathrm{H}_{16}ight)\) weighing \(11.50 \mathrm{~g}\) is reacted with \(1.300 \mathrm{~mol}\) of oxygen gas. The heptane is burned completely
Atoms of three different elements are represented by \(\mathrm{O}\), \(\square\), and \(\Delta\). Which compound is left over when three molecules of \(\mathrm{O} \Delta\) and three molecules of
Consider the equation \(3 \mathrm{~A}+\mathrm{B} ightarrow \mathrm{C}+\mathrm{D}\). You react 4 moles of A with 2 moles of \(\mathrm{B}\). Which of the following is true?a. The limiting reactant is
How many atoms of nitrogen are present in \(5.00 \mathrm{~g}\) of each of the following?a. Glycine, \(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{O}_{2} \mathrm{~N}\)b. Magnesium nitridec. Calcium
There are several important compounds that contain only nitrogen and oxygen. Calculate the mass percent of nitrogen in each of the following.a. \(\mathrm{NO}\), a gas formed by the reaction of
Adipic acid is an organic compound composed of \(49.31 \%\) \(\mathrm{C}, 43.79 \% \mathrm{O}\), and the rest hydrogen. If the molar mass of adipic acid is \(146.1 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{mol}\), what
Give the balanced equation for each of the following.a. The combustion of ethanol \(\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}ight)\) forms carbon dioxide and water vapor. A combustion reaction
Balance the following equations.a. \(\mathrm{Cr}(s)+\mathrm{S}_{8}(s) \longrightarrow \mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{~S}_{3}(s)\)b. \(\mathrm{NaHCO}_{3}(s) \xrightarrow{\text { Heat }} \mathrm{Na}_{2}
Consider the reaction between \(\mathrm{NO}(g)\) and \(\mathrm{O}_{2}(g)\) represented below.What is the balanced equation for this reaction and what is the limiting reactant? 0 NO NO
One of the reasons why thermonuclear weapons have to be serviced regularly is the nuclear decay of the tritium, 3H, that they contain. Suppose you are monitoring the decay of tritium.What mass of a
Evaluate the decay constant for (a) Tritium, t1/2 = 12.3 a;(b) Lithium-8, t1/2 = 0.84 s; (c) Nitrogen-13, t1/2 = 10.0 min.
When radioactive nuclides are used in medicine and industry, it is important to know what daughter nuclide to expect, as that nuclide might also be radioactive. Suppose you are working in a medical
If you were a scientist working on the development of nuclear fusion reactions you would have to know how much energy is stored in a nucleus as its binding energy. Calculate the nuclear binding
When the nucleons rearrange in the following daughter nuclei, the energy changes by the amount shown and a γ-ray is emitted. Determine the frequency and wavelength of the γ-ray in each
The Sun emits radiant energy at the rate of 3.9 * 1026 J · s–1. What is the rate of mass loss (in kilograms per second) of the Sun?
State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, explain why.(a) The dose equivalent is lower than the actual dose of radiation because it takes into account the different effects
Suppose you are working in a carbon dating laboratory and are examining a piece of wood found in an archaeological site in Arizona. You find that a carbon sample of mass 1.00 g from the piece of wood
Suppose you are a member of a scientific team in a nuclear power plant. You would need to be able to predict how much energy to expect from given fission reactions. When uranium-235 nuclei are
Evaluate the half-life of (a) Potassium-40, k = 5.3 * 10–10 a–1;(b) Cobalt-60, k = 0.132 a–1; (c) Nobelium-255, k = 3.85 * 10–3 s–1.
When the nucleons rearrange in the following daughter nuclei, the energy changes by the amount shown and a γ-ray is emitted. Determine the frequency and wavelength of the γ-ray emitted in the decay
(a) For the fusion reaction 6 D → 2 4He + 2 1H + 2 n, 3 * 108 kJ of energy is released by a certain sample of deuterium, D (D denotes 2H). What is the mass loss (in grams) for the reaction? (b)
State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, explain why.(a) Fissile nuclei can undergo fission when struck with slow neutrons, whereas fast neutrons are required to split
The activity of a sample of a radioisotope was found to be 2150 disintegrations per minute. After 6.0 h, the activity was found to be 1324 disintegrations per minute. What is the half-life of the
Isotones are nuclides that have the same number of neutrons. Which isotopes of argon and calcium are isotones of potassium- 40?
Calculate the binding energy per nucleon (J · nucleon–1) for (a) 62Ni, 61.928 346mu;(b) 239Pu, 239.0522mu;(c) 2H, 2.0141mu;(d) 3H, 3.016 05mu.(e) Which nuclide is the most stable?
(a) How many radon-222 nuclei (t1/2 = 3.82 d) decay per minute to produce an activity of 4.0 pCi?(b) A bathroom in the basement of a home measures 2.0 m * 3.0 m * 2.5 m. If the activity of
A sample of pure cobalt-60 has an activity of 1 μCi.(a) How many atoms of cobalt-60 are present in the sample?(b) What is the mass in grams of the sample?
Which isotopes of krypton and selenium are isotones (see Exercise 10A.3) of bromine-80?Exercise 10A.3Isotones are nuclides that have the same number of neutrons. Which isotopes of argon and calcium
Calculate the binding energy per nucleon (J · nucleon–1) for(a) 98Mo, 97.9055mu;(b) 151Eu, 150.9196mu;(c) 56Fe, 55.9349mu;(d) 232Th, 232.0382mu.(e) Which nuclide is the most stable?
Tritium undergoes b decay, and the emitted b particle has an energy of 0.0186 MeV (1 MeV = 1.602 * 10–13 J). If a sample of tissue of mass 1.0 g absorbs 10% of the decay products of 1.0 mg of
(a) What percentage of a carbon-14 sample remains after 3.00 ka?(b) Determine the percentage of a tritium sample that remains after 12.0 a.
Calculate the energy released per gram of starting material in the fusion reaction represented by each of the following equations: (a) D DHe + n (D, 2.0141m; 'He, 3.0160m) (b) He + D He + H (H,
Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following decays:(a) β decay of boron-12;(b) α decay of bismuth-214;(c) β decay of technetium-98;(d) α decay of radium-226.
It is found that 20. mmol 222Rn (t1/2 = 3.82 d) has seeped into a closed basement with a volume of 2.0 3 103 m3.(a) What is the initial activity of the radon in picocuries per liter (pCi ·
Calculate the energy released per gram of starting material in the nuclear reaction represented by each of the following equations: (a) 'Li + Hn + Be (H, 0.0078m; 'Li, 7.0160m; 'Be, 7.0169m) (b) 59
(a) What percentage of a strontium-90 sample remains after 8.5 a?(b) Determine the percentage of an iodine-131 sample that remains after 6.0 d.
Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following processes:(a) α decay of francium-221;(b) α decay of radon-212;(c) β decay of actinium-228;(d) Electron capture by
A radioactive sample contains 32P (half-life, 14.28 d), 33S (half-life, 87.2 d), and 59Fe (half-life, 44.6 d). After 90 d, a sample that originally weighed 8.00 g contains 0.0254 g of 32P, 1.466 g of
Potassium-40, which is presumed to have existed at the formation of the Earth, is used for dating minerals. If three-fifths of the original potassium-40 exists in a rock, how old is the rock?
Write the balanced nuclear equation for each of the following processes:(a) Positron emission by indium-109;(b) Positron decay of magnesium-23;(c) Electron capture by lead-202; (d) Electron
Sodium-24 (23.990 96mu) decays to magnesium-24 (23.985 04mu).(a) Write a nuclear equation for the decay.(b) Determine the change in energy that accompanies the decay.(c) Calculate the change in the
Uranium-238 decays through a series of a and b emissions to lead-206, with an overall half-life for the entire process of 4.5 Ga. How old is a uranium-bearing ore that is found to have a 238U/206Pb
A piece of wood, found in an archaeological dig, has a carbon-14 activity that is 62% of the current carbon-14 activity. How old is the piece of wood?

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