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chemistry a molecular approach
Chemistry A Molecular Approach 5th Edition Nivaldo Tro - Solutions
The amino acid sequence in one section of a protein is shown here. It represents which kind of structure?-Lys-Glu-Thr-Ala-Ala-Ala-Lys-Phe-Glu-
Determine whether or not each structure is a nucleotide.For each nucleotide, identify the base as A, T, C, or G. a. -O-CH2 HC NH₂ CH- T OH CH CH CH T H b. NH₂
A dimeric protein is composed of two individual chains of amino acids. The way these two chains fit together is an example of which kind of structure?
Determine whether or not each structure is a nucleotide. For each nucleotide, identify the base as A, T, C, or G. a. с. HC H₂N NH HN CH₂ HC CH- T OH Н CH CH b. d. HO H HO H₂C-OH и н H OH но | || H2N-C-C-N- T CH3 OH H Н 0 | || -C-C-OH 11 H CH₂ T OH
Draw the structures of the two purine bases in nucleic acids.
Draw the structures of the three pyrimidine bases in nucleic acids.
Draw the DNA strand that is complementary to the DNA strand shown here. TGTA C G C
Draw the DNA strand that is complementary to the DNA strand shown here. A T G A C T G
A monomeric protein contains 154 amino acids. How many codons code for these amino acids? How many nucleotides?
A dimeric protein contains 142 amino acids in one strand and 148 in the other. How many codons code for these amino acids?How many nucleotides?
Determine the class of biochemical compound that contains each type of linkage.a. Peptide bonds b. Plycosidic linkage c. Ester linkage
Name the type of polymer associated with each monomer.a. Nucleotide b. Amino acid c. Saccharide
What is the difference between a codon and a nucleotide?A codon and a gene?
Which amino acids in Table 23.3 are most likely to be involved in hydrophobic interactions? TABLE 23.3 Common Amino Acids Η Ο || | Η Ο || | H₂N-C-C-OH H Glycine (Gly) HO | || H₂N-C-C-OH H-C-CH3 CH₂ CH3 Isoleucine (Ile) H₂N-C-C-OH T CH3 H Alanine (Ala) H C-OH Proline
The amino acid alanine has the condensed structural formula shown here:Determine the VSEPR geometry about each internal atom and make a three-dimensional sketch of the molecule. NH,CH(CH3)COOH
What is the difference between a fatty acid and a triglyceride?A triglyceride and a phospholipid?
The amino acid serine has the condensed structural formula shown here:Determine the VSEPR geometry about each internal atom and make a three-dimensional sketch of the molecule. NH₂CH(CH₂OH)COOH
Determining the amino acid sequence in a protein usually involves treating the protein with various reagents that break up the protein into smaller fragments that can be individually sequenced. Treating a particular 11-amino acid polypeptide with one reagent produced the fragments:Treating the same
Treating a particular polypeptide with one reagent (as described in the previous problem) produced the fragments:Treating the same polypeptide with a different reagent produced the fragments:What is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide?Previous ProblemDetermining the amino acid sequence in a
Sickle-cell anemia is caused by a genetic defect that substitutes valine for glutamic acid at one position in two of the four chains of the hemoglobin protein. The result is a decrease in the water solubility of hemoglobin. Examine the structures of valine and glutamic acid and explain why this
Naturally occurring D-glucose is one of a pair of enantiomers.Its mirror image is L-glucose. Draw the two cyclic six-membered isomers of L-glucose that differ in the configuration around C1 and indicate which is a and which is β.
Calculate the mass percent of phosphorus in a strand of DNA that consists of equal amounts of each of the four N-bases.
The double helical structure of DNA disrupts on heating but re-forms on cooling. Use thermodynamic reasoning to account for these observations.
One way to fight viral infections is to prevent a virus from replicating its DNA. Without DNA replication, the virus cannot multiply. Some viral drug therapies cause the introduction of fake nucleotides into cells. When the virus uses one of these fake nucleotides in an attempt to replicate its
From the structural formula of cholesterol, determine (a) The composition and (b) The number of chiral centers.
Glucose transport across the red blood cell membranes (erythrocyte membrane) is a well-studied system. One laboratory project obtained the data shown here for glucose transport.The kinetics of glucose transport through the membrane follows the Michaelis–Menten equation:The Michaelis–Menten
Draw each molecule and identify the chiral centers within them.a. Riboseb. Galactosec. 5-deoxyribose
Eukaryotic DNA is equipped with special ends called telomers.Telomers are made up of hexanucleotide sequences that repeat at the ends of the DNA. For example, human DNA features repeating AGGGTT sequences. Functionally, telomers protect the ends of chromosomes from being treated as a broken piece
Write the major equilibrium that is established in a solution of glycine at pH = 2 and at pH = 10. The pKa of the COOH group is 2.3, and the pKa of the NH3+ group is 9.6. Determine the relative concentrations of each member of the relevant conjugate acid–base pair at pH = 2 and pH = 10. Calculate
How many different tetrapeptides can form from four different amino acids?
Could the genetic code have been based on just three bases and three-base codons? Explain why or why not.
The genetic code is random, which means that a particular codon could have coded for a different amino acid. The genetic code is also nearly universal, meaning that it is the same code in nearly all organisms (and in the few where it differs, it does so only slightly). If scientists ever find life
Compare and contrast cornstarch with cotton balls, which are made of almost pure cellulose. Include at least three ways in which they are similar and three ways in which they are different. Mention aspects you have observed in daily life and aspects on the molecular scale.
With group members acting as atoms, molecules, or molecular fragments, act out the formation of a peptide bond.
Use the tabulated key to decipher the mRNA encoded message.Group members may split up the message and decode separate parts, but each part must be decoded by at least two group members (to prevent errors). Describe how the process your group uses to decode the message is significant for
Describe how a common object or toy (e.g., a train, building blocks, or beads on a string) could represent a protein. Describe how amino acids and peptide bonds are represented in your analogy. Also describe the representation of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure in your
Lactose is a disaccharide sugar present in milk. Lactose is composed of two monosaccharides, galactose and glucose, that are joined together by a β-glycosidic bond. The β-glycosidic bond forms between the hydroxyl group on C-1 of galactose and C-4 of glucose.When lactose is digested, the
Working individually, draw an accurate structure for one of the following (don’t tell other group members which one you choose): a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, a polysaccharide, a fatty acid, a triglyceride, a steroid, an amino acid, or a dipeptide. After each group member has completed
Write the formula for anorthite, a crystal in which Al atoms substitute for one-half of the Si atoms and the charge is balanced by Ca2+ ions.
An aluminosilicate is composed of a crystal in which Al atoms substitute for three-fourths of the Si atoms in the silica structure. The negative charge of the AlO2¯ groups is balanced by Na+ ions. What is the formula of the aluminosilicate? a) Na(AISI30g) c) Na3(Al3SiO8) b) Na₂(Al₂Si₂O8) d)
Which element is a p-block element?(a) Ca (b) S(c) Ag (d) U
Why does BN form compounds similar to those formed by elemental carbon?
The silicate chrysotile is an amphibole with the formula Mg6Si4O11(OH)x. Use charge balancing to calculate the value of x in the formula.
Which species is most likely to be an example of a nido-borane?(a) B10H14 (b) B8H82¯(c) B4H10
Use charge balance to determine x in the formula for the sorosilicate bertrandite, Be4Si2O7(OH)x.a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
What is the main characteristic that determines whether or not an element is a main-group element?
Predict the silicate structure for the mineral spudomene, LiAlSi2O6, and show that the formula is charge neutral.
What is the correct formula for potassium carbide?(a) KC2(b) K2C2(c) K2C
Which element is important in the manufacturing of glassware intended for heating?a) Carbon b) Nitrogenc) Phosphorus d) Boron
Does the metallic characteristic of a main-group element increase or decrease as we move down a family? Explain why.
The carbonates of metal ions other than group 1A are insoluble in water. Which action would increase their solubility?(a) Adding acid to the solution (b) Adding base to the solution (c) Increasing the amount of the solid carbonate in the solution
Predict the silicate structure for the mineral thortveitite, Sc2Si2O7, and show that the formula is charge neutral.
Fertilizers commonly contain compounds of which element?a) Nitrogen b) Aluminumc) Fluorine d) Boron
How are the silica tetrahedrons linked for CaSiO3? Which class of silicates does this compound belong to?
Predict the structure and give the charges on the cations in one of the minerals in the hornblende family, Ca2Mg4FeSi7AlO22(OH)2.
Predict the structure and label the charges on the cations in the mineral hedenbergite, CaFeSi2O6.
A major source of boron is the mineral kernite, Na2[B4O5(OH)4] · 3H2O. Calculate how many grams of boron can be produced from 1.0 * 103 kg of a kernite-bearing ore if the ore contains 0.98% kernite by mass and the process has a 65% yield.
An uncommon mineral of boron is ulexite, NaCaB5O9 · 8H2O.How many grams of boron can be produced from 5.00 * 102 kg of ulexite-bearing ore if the ore contains 0.032% ulexite by mass and the process has an 88% yield?
Explain why the bond angles in BCl3 and NCl3 are different.
Predict the number of vertices and faces on each closo-borane. 2- a. B6H6²- b. B₁2H₁2²
Explain why the bond between B and Cl in the molecule BCl3 is shorter than would be expected for a single B—Cl bond.
Predict the number of vertices and faces on each closo-borane. a. B₂H₂2- b. B, H,2-
Describe the differences among a closo-borane, a nido-borane, and an arachno-borane.
Describe how boron is used in the nuclear industry.
Describe the difference between regular charcoal and activated charcoal.
Explain why the structure of charcoal allows carbon to act as a good filter while the diamond structure does not.
Describe the difference between an ionic carbide and a covalent carbide. Which types of atoms will form these carbides with carbon?
Referring to the phase diagram in Section 12.8, describe what happens to the phase of CO2 during each process.a. Reducing the pressure on solid CO2 that is at -80 °C b. Decreasing the temperature on CO2 gas that is held at a pressure of 20 atm c. Increasing the temperature on solid CO2 that is
Referring to the phase diagram in Section 12.8, describe what happens to the phase of CO2 during each process:a. Reducing the temperature from the critical pointb. Increasing the pressure on CO2 gas that is held at a temperature of -50 °Cc. Increasing the temperature on solid CO2 that is held at a
Silicon carbide is produced by heating silicone polymers, forming methane gas, hydrogen gas, and silicon carbide. Balance the reaction of heating [(CH3)2Si]8 to form silicon carbide.
Predict the products for each reaction and write a balanced equation. a. CO(g) + CuO(s) b. SiO₂ (s) + C(s) c. S(s) + CO(g)
Predict the products for each reaction and write a balanced equation. a. CO(g) + Cl₂(g) b. CO₂(g) + Mg(s) c. S(s) + C(s)
Give the oxidation state for carbon in:a. CO b. CO2 c. C3O2
Write a balanced reaction for the gas release reaction of Alka-Seltzer, sodium bicarbonate with citric acid, C6H8O7. (The acid is a triprotic acid and consists of a chain of three carbon atoms, each with a carboxylic acid group, COOH.)
Explain the process of fixing nitrogen.
Explain why the diatomic nitrogen atom is unusable by most plants. Where do plants get nitrogen?
Describe the differences in the allotropes of white and red phosphorus.Explain why red phosphorus is more stable.
Referring to the tables in Appendix IIB, determine if dinitrogen monoxide is stable at room temperature compared to its elements, O2 and N2. Is dinitrogen monoxide stable at any temperature?Appendix IIB Substance Aluminum Al(s) Al(g) Al³+ (aq) AICI3(s) Al₂O3(s) Barium Ba(s) Ba(g) Ba²+
Describe how red and black phosphorus are made from white phosphorus.
Saltpeter and Chile saltpeter are two important mineral sources for nitrogen. Calculate the mass percent of nitrogen in each mineral.
Apatite is a main mineral source for the production of phosphorus.Calculate the atomic and mass percent of P in the mineral apatite.
Predict the products for each reaction and write a balanced equation. a. NH4NO3(aq) + heat b. NO₂(g) + H₂O(1) PC13 (1) + O₂(8)
Predict the products for each reaction and write a balanced equation. a. NO(g) + NO₂(g) b. heating PH3 c. P4(s) + 5 O₂(g)
Rank the nitrogen ions from the one with N in the highest oxidation state to the one with N in the lowest. N3, N₂H5, NO3, NH4+, NO₂
Determine the oxidation state of N in the compounds in the reaction for the formation of nitric acid. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. 3 NO₂(g) + H₂O(1) →→→ 2 HNO3(1) + NO(g)
Draw the Lewis structures for the phosphorus halides PCl3 and PCl5. Describe their VSEPR shape.
Dinitrogen pentoxide is an ionic compound formed from the ions NO2+ and NO3¯. Give the oxidation state of N in each ion and the VSEPR shape for each of the ions.
Ammonium carbonate is produced from the reaction of urea, CO(NH2)2 with water. Write a balanced equation for this reaction and determine how much urea is needed to produce 23 g of ammonium carbonate.
Explain why phosphine, PH3, is less polar than ammonia.
Reacting oxygen with white phosphorus can form either P4O6 or P4O10. State the conditions that determine which product forms.
P4O10 is one of the most effective drying agents, having the ability to extract water from other molecules. The P4O10 forms phosphoric acid. Write balanced reactions for the reaction of P4O10 with:a. HNO3, forming N2O5b. H2SO4, forming SO3
Name the major source of the element oxygen and describe how it is produced.
Explain why either greatly decreasing or increasing the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is dangerous.
Identify each compound as an oxide, peroxide, or superoxide.a. LiO2 b. CaO c. K2O2
Identify each compound as an oxide, peroxide, or superoxide.a. MgO b. Na2O2 c. CsO2
Explain why the viscosity of liquid sulfur increases with increasing temperature initially, but then decreases upon further increases in temperature.
Sulfur dioxide is a toxic sulfur compound. List one natural source and one industrial source that produce SO2.
Calculate the maximum mass (in grams) of each metal sulfide that will dissolve in 1.0 L of a solution that is 5.00 * 10 - 5 M in Na2S.a. PbS b. ZnS
A coal source contains 1.1% sulfur by mass. If 2.0 * 104 kg of coal is burned and forms oxides, calculate the mass of CaSO4(s) that is produced from “scrubbing” the SO2 pollutant out of the exhaust gas. Assume that all of the sulfur in the coal is converted to calcium sulfate.
Write the equation for roasting iron pyrite in the absence of air to form elemental sulfur. Calculate the volume of S2 gas that can be produced from roasting 5.5 kg of iron pyrite. Assume that all of the sulfur in the iron pyrite is converted to S2 gas.
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