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chemistry a molecular approach
Chemistry A Molecular Approach 5th Edition Nivaldo Tro - Solutions
Write an overall reaction from the two steps in the Claus process.Calculate the volume of H2S gas needed to produce 1.0 kg of S(s).
Determine the oxidation state of Xe and give the VSEPR structure for each compound.a. XeF2 b. XeF6 c. XeOF4
Describe the shape of each halogen compound.a. BrF4¯b. IF3c. BrO2¯ d. ClO4¯
When chlorine is bubbled through a colorless aqueous solution containing bromide ions, the solution turns red and the chlorine is reduced. Write a balanced equation for this reaction and identify the oxidizing and reducing agent.
Carbon tetrachloride is produced by passing chlorine gas over carbon disulfide in the presence of a catalyst. The reaction also produces S2Cl2. Write the balanced reaction and identify which element is oxidized and which element is reduced.
If 55 g of SiO2(s) glass is placed into 111 L of 0.032 M HF, is there enough HF to dissolve all of the glass? Determine which substance is the limiting reagent and calculate how much of the other reagent is left if the reaction proceeds to completion.
Describe the difference in the types of bonds (single, double, triple) and the shapes of the following two iodine ions: ICl4¯ and IO4¯.
From the compositions of lignite and bituminous coal, calculate the mass of sulfuric acid that could potentially form as acid rain from burning 1.00 * 102 kg of each type of coal.
Calculate the volume of CO2 released from heating and decomposing 88 g of sodium bicarbonate.
All of the halogens form oxoacids. The perhalic acids have the general formula of HXO4. Explain why HClO4 is a much stronger acid than HIO4.
The halogens form oxoacids with different amounts of oxygen.Explain why HClO4 is a stronger acid than HClO2.
Determine the ratio of effusion rates of HCl compared to each gas.a. Cl2 b. HF c. HI
Calculate the ratio of effusion rates for each pair of gases.a. 238UF6 and ClF b. 238UF6 and 235UF6
Sodium peroxide is a very powerful oxidizing agent. Balance the reaction of sodium peroxide with elemental iron to give sodium oxide and Fe3O4.
Find the amount (in moles) of C—C bonds that must be broken when 1.0 mole of C(g) is formed from C(diamond). Calculate the ΔH of sublimation of diamond from the data in Appendix II, Table B. Then do the calculation using the C—C bond energy in Table 10.3. Suggest a reason for the difference
Using the molecular orbital model for a diatomic molecule, explain the different bond lengths for the ions of oxygen. Also state which ion is diamagnetic. lon O₂+ 0₂ 0₂ 0₂²- -O Bond Length (pm) 112 121 133 149
Sulfur dioxide is a reducing agent. When it is bubbled through an aqueous solution containing Br2, a red-colored solution, it reduces the bromine to colorless bromide ions and forms sulfuric acid. Write a balanced equation for this reaction and identify the oxidizing and reducing agent.
The closo-borane with the formula B6H6 2¯ has the six B atoms at vertices, forming an octahedron structure with eight faces. The formula for the number of sides is 2n - 4, where n is the number of boron atoms. Determine the number of vertices and faces for each closo-borane. a. B₂H₂2- b.
Breathing air that contains 0.13% CO by volume for 30 minutes will cause death. CO can form by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds. Calculate the minimum volume of octane (C8H18, a component of gasoline, which has a density of 0.70 g/mL) that must burn to produce this composition
Given that the ΔH°f of 1 M H2SO3 is -633 kJ, use the data in Appendix II, Table B to calculate the ΔH° for the formation of a 1 M solution of SO2 in water from SO2(g). B. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 25 °C Substance AH (kJ/mol) AG (kJ/mol)
Use the data in Appendix II, Table B to calculate ΔH° for the formation of a 1 M solution of H2SO4 from SO3(g). B. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 25 °C Substance AH (kJ/mol) AG (kJ/mol) S°(J/mol.K) Aluminum Al(s) Al(g) Al³+ (aq) AICI
Calculate the standard enthalpy of reaction for reducing the different forms of iron oxide to iron metal and CO2 from the reaction of the oxide with CO. Identify which reaction is the most exothermic per mole of iron and explain why. a. Fe3O4 b. FeO c. Fe₂O3
Balance the equation for the production of acetylene (C2H2) from the reaction of calcium carbide with water. If the acetylene is burned to form water and carbon dioxide, how many kilojoules of energy are produced from the complete reaction of 18 g of calcium carbide?
Carbon suboxide, C3O2, is a linear molecule with the two oxygen atoms at the end and double bonds between each carbon and oxygen atom.a. Draw the Lewis structure for C3O2.b. State the type of hybridization of each carbon atom.c. Calculate the heat of reaction for the reaction of carbon suboxide
Explain why SO2 is used as a reducing agent but SO3 is not.
Explain why the interhalogen molecule BrCl3 exists but ClBr3 does not.
Have each group member select a different element from this list:B, C, N, O, and F. Have all group members look up the following values for their elements: valence electron configuration, covalent atomic radius, effective nuclear charge, first ionization energy, and Pauling electronegativity. All
Provide a detailed chemical description of your birthstone or favorite gem. If two members of the group share a birthstone, have one select another gem, so that no two group members work with the same gem. Is your gem a silicate? What type?Share your findings with your group. Does your group agree
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) smells like rotten eggs; its smell can be detected at concentrations as low as 0.02 ppm. Well water, which is drawn from underground depths of 30–250 meters (100–800 feet), is sometimes contaminated with hydrogen sulfide.The contamination arises from bacterial
As a group, create a single schematic drawing of a factory that uses the Haber–Bosch process and the Ostwald process to make NH4NO3 fertilizer. The factory may only take in N2(g), H2(g), and O2(g). Pass your diagram around the group and have each group member add one step in the process. Where
Ask each group member to work individually to write out two or three reactions from one section of the chapter. Replace the symbol for the element that is the topic of that section with a blank or an X. Take turns playing “identify the mystery element” as follows. One person shares his or her
Working individually, find a sentence in the chapter that uniquely describes a particular main-group compound. As in the previous question, take turns reading your sentences to the group saying “blank” in place of the name of the compound and giving group members a chance to identify the
Determine the composition and phase present at point A on Figure 25.5. Temperature 1500 1400 1300 1200- 1100 1000- 900 Liquid 1084 °C A D Solid alloy C B. 1455 °C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Mole percent nickel Pure Cu Pure Ni A FIGURE 25.5 Cu-Ni Phase Diagram Because copper and nickel have
Which statement about metals is generally false?(a) Most metals occur naturally as pure elements in the earth’s crust.(b) Most metals have high electrical conductivity.(c) Most metals are opaque (you cannot see through them).(d) Most metals are malleable.
Which metal is naturally found in its elemental state?a) Goldb) Titaniumc) Chromiumd) Iron
Determine the composition and phase present at point B on Figure 25.5. Temperature 1500 1400 1300 1200- 1100 1000- 900 Liquid 1084 °C A D Solid alloy C B. 1455 °C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Mole percent nickel Pure Cu Pure Ni A FIGURE 25.5 Cu-Ni Phase Diagram Because copper and nickel have
Why is vanadium present in oil from some sources?
Which reaction is an example of pyrometallurgy? a) Ti¹+ (aq) + 4 OH(aq) →TiO₂(s) + 2 H₂O(1) heat b) 2 MnCO3(s) + O2(g) 2 MnO₂ (s) + 2 CO₂(g) c) Ni(s) + 4 CO(g) → d) 3 MnO₂ (s) + 4 Al(s) 3 Mn(s) + 2 Al₂O3(s) Ni(CO)4(g)
Which type of metallurgical process uses electrolysis to extract a metal from its ore?(a) Pyrometallurgy (b) Hydrometallurgy (c) Powder metallurgy (d) Electrometallurgy
Determine the composition, relative amounts, and phases present at point B on Figure 25.7. Temperature (°C) 1900 1800 1700 1600- 1500 1455 °C 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 C Nickel alloy solid (face-centered cubic) 0 Pure Ni Liquid A FIGURE 25.7 region 1345
List three categories of metallurgical processes.
Based on the data shown here, which pair of metals is likely to form a substitutional alloy?a) Sc and W b) Cu and Cr c) Cu and Sc d) Cr and W Metal Atomic Radius Sc 162 pm 135 pm 128 pm 128 pm W 3 Cu Cr Crystal Structure Hexagonal Closest packed Body-centered cubic Face-centered
An interstitial alloy contains a nonmetal (X) that occupies one-eighth of the tetrahedral holes of the cubic closest-packed structure of the metal (M). What is its formula?(a) MX (b) M2X (c) MX2 (d) M4X
Determine the composition, relative amounts, and phases present at point C on Figure 25.7. Temperature (°C) 1900 1800 1700 1600- 1500 1455 °C 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 C Nickel alloy solid (face-centered cubic) 0 Pure Ni Liquid A FIGURE 25.7 region 1345
Why is Ni not considered a common metal, even though it composes over 2% of the total mass of Earth and only Fe and Mg have a higher percent composition of Earth’s total mass?
Two metals, A and B, form a substitutional alloy with the binary phase diagram shown here. Determine the composition and relative amounts of the two phases present at 50% composition and 1500 °C.a) The A-rich bcc phase is 80% A and 20% B; the B-rich fcc phase is 37% A and 63% B; the mixture
Metal elements are found in both minerals and ores. Describe the difference between a mineral and an ore.
Ores contain minerals and gangue. Describe the difference between a mineral and gangue.
An interstitial alloy contains a nonmetal (X) that occupies one-fourth of the octahedral holes in the closest-packed lattice of the metal (M). What is the formula for the alloy?a) M4Xb) MX4c) M2Xd) MX2
Calcination, roasting, and smelting are three pyrometallurgical processes. Compare and contrast the processes.
Which metal is commonly used to make electrical wires?a) Zincb) Cobaltc) Manganesed) Copper
What compound has been historically used to leach gold from gold ores? Why is this process being discontinued?
Which metal is commonly used to make parts for aircraft engines?a) Zincb) Titaniumc) Nickeld) Silver
Calculate the mass percent of chromium in the mineral chromite (FeCr2O4).a) 83.97%b) 46.46%c) 86.78%d) 36.13%
Describe the difference between body-centered cubic and facecentered cubic structures.
What is a common use for zinc?a) Galvanization of steelb) Lightweight aircraft partsc) Paint pigmentsd) Production of magnets
Describe the difference between a substitutional alloy and an interstitial alloy.
Why was copper one of the first metals that humans used?
Describe why bronze was one of the first alloys that humans used.
Both brass and bronze contain copper. Describe the difference between these two alloys.
List the properties of copper that make it appropriate for electric wires and the properties that make it appropriate for water pipes.
Describe three typical properties of metals.
Describe whether each property is generally higher or lower for metals compared to nonmetals.a. Thermal conductivity b. Electrical resistivity c. Transparency d. Ductility
List four metal elements that each individually compose more than 1% of Earth’s crust.
List four metals that occur as elements in their natural state in Earth’s crust.
List the name and formula of one important mineral source for each of these metals: Fe, Hg, V, and Nb.
List the name and formula of one important mineral source for each of these metals: Ti, Zn, U, and Ta.
Two ores of magnesium are MgCO3 and Mg(OH)2. Write balanced equations for the calcination of these two minerals to form MgO.
Give the definition of a flux and identify the flux in the reaction. SiO(s) + MgO(s) →→→ MgSiO3(1)
Two ores of copper are CuO and CuS. Write balanced equations for the roasting of CuO with C to form Cu metal and the roasting of CuS with O2 to form CuO.
Give the definition of a slag and identify the slag in the reaction. SiO₂ (s) + MgO(s) - MgSiO3 (1)
Provide a general description of how hydrometallurgy is used to extract metals from ores.
Provide a general description of how electrometallurgy is used to extract metals from ores.
How is Al2O3 separated from other oxides using the Bayer process? What soluble form of aluminum forms from Al2O3 during the Bayer process?
When copper is purified using an electrochemical cell, which electrode has the pure copper and which electrode has the impure copper? Explain how gold is obtained from this process.
Describe the difference between sponge-powdered iron and wateratomized powdered iron.
Describe the difference in the processing of sponge-powdered iron and water-atomized powdered iron.
Determine the composition of each vanadium alloy.a. One-half of the V atoms are replaced by Cr atoms.b. One-fourth of the V atoms are replaced by Fe atoms.c. One-fourth of the V atoms are replaced by Cr atoms, and one fourth of the V atoms are replaced by Fe atoms.
Referring to Table 25.2, explain why you might expect Cr and Fe to form miscible alloys. TABLE 25.2 The Crystal Structures of the 3d Elements Metal Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co 8 235 Ni Cu Zn Natural Crystal Structure at Room Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure Hexagonal closest packed Hexagonal closest
Determine the composition of each cobalt alloy.a. One-third of the Co atoms are replaced by Zn atoms.b. One-eighth of the Co atoms are replaced by Ti atoms.c. One-third of the Co atoms are replaced by Zn atoms, and one-sixth of the Co atoms are replaced by Ti atoms.
Referring to Table 25.2, explain why you might expect Co and Cu to not form miscible alloys. TABLE 25.2 The Crystal Structures of the 3d Elements Metal Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co 8 235 Ni Cu Zn Natural Crystal Structure at Room Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure Hexagonal closest packed Hexagonal
Determine the composition and phases present at points A and B on the Cr–Fe phase diagram. Temperature (°C) 1800 1300 800 D Pure Fe A Cr-Fe Liquid B Solid € 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Cr Pure Cr
Determine the composition and phase present at points C and D on the Cr–Fe phase diagram (see Problem 35 for diagram).Problem 35Determine the composition and phases present at points A and B on the Cr–Fe phase diagram. Temperature (°C) 1800 1300 800 D Pure Fe A Cr-Fe Liquid B Solid € 0 10
Determine the composition, relative amounts, and phases present at points C and D on the Co–Cu phase diagram (see Problem 37 for phase diagram).Problem 37Determine the composition, relative amounts, and phases present at points A and B on the Co–Cu phase diagram. Temperature
The elements Mn and Si are added to steel to improve its properties in electric motors, and some C is often found as a detrimental impurity. Which of these elements fills interstitial holes in the Fe lattice, and which substitutes for the Fe in the lattice?
The elements Si and P are added to steel to improve its properties in electric motors, and some N is often found as a detrimental impurity. Which of these elements fills interstitial holes in the Fe lattice, and which substitutes for the Fe in the lattice?
Determine the formula for each interstitial alloy.a. Nitrogen occupies one-half of the octahedral sites of a closest-packed Mo structure.b. Hydrogen occupies all of the tetrahedral sites of a Cr closestpacked structure.
Determine the formula for each interstitial alloy.a. Nitrogen occupies one-fourth of the octahedral sites of a closest-packed Fe structure.b. Hydrogen occupies one-half of the tetrahedral sites of a Ti closest-packed structure.
Identify the metal found in each mineral.a. Sphalerite b. Malachite c. Hausmannite
Name at least one important mineral that is a source for each metal.a. Fe b. Co c. Cr
The extraction of Mn from pyrolusite with aluminum produces pure Mn metal and Al2O3. Calculate the heat of reaction (ΔH°rxn).
Describe the effects of adding Cr to steel and give a use for chromium–steel alloys.
Describe the effects of adding Mn to steel and give a use for manganese–steel alloys.
Calculate the mole percent and mass percent of Ti in the minerals rutile and ilmenite.
Calculate the mole percent and mass percent of Mn in the minerals pyrolusite and rhodochrosite.
Why is it important to use an inert atmosphere to surround the metal when arc-melting titanium?
Titanium is a very reactive metal. Explain why titanium has a high corrosion resistance to seawater and can be used for the production of ship components.
Which compound of Ti is the most important industrial product of titanium metal? Describe an application for this compound.
Describe how Zn is used to protect the surface of steel products.What is the name of this process?
Describe the Bayer process.
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