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chemistry a molecular approach

Chemistry A Molecular Approach 5th Edition Nivaldo Tro - Solutions

A sample initially contains 1.6 moles of a radioactive isotope. How much of the sample remains after four half-lives?(a) 0.0 mol (b) 0.10 mol (c) 0.20 mol (d) 0.40 mol
Iron-59 is a beta emitter with a half-life of 44.5 days. If a sample initially contains 132 mg of iron-59, how much iron-59 is left in the sample after 265 days?a) 0.00 mgb) 2.13 mgc) 33.2 mgd) 66.0 mg
Calculate the mass defect and nuclear binding energy per nucleon (in MeV) for C-16, a radioactive isotope of carbon with a mass of 16.014701 amu.
An ancient bone contains 1/8 of the amount of carbon-14 found in living organisms. How old is the bone?(a) 5,715 years (one C-14 half-life) (b) 11,430 years (two C-14 half-lives)(c) 17,145 years (three C-14 half-lives) (d) 22,860 years (four C-14 half-lives)
An artifact has a carbon-14 decay rate of 8.55 disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon (8.55 dis/min · g C). Living organisms have carbon-14 decay rate of 15.3 dis/min · g C.How old is the artifact? (The half-life of carbon-14 is 5715 yr.)a) 4.81 * 103 yrb) 2.10 * 103 yrc) 3.20 * 103 yrd)
Californium-252 is bombarded with a boron-10 nucleus to produce another nuclide and six neutrons. Which nuclide forms?(a) Lawrencium-262 (b) Lawrencium-256(c) Californium-246 (d) Neptunium-236
An igneous rock contains a Pb-206/U-238 mass ratio of 0.372. How old is the rock? (U-238 decays into Pb-206 with a half-life of 4.5 * 109 yr.)a) 4.50 * 109 yrb) 6.42 * 109 yrc) 2.05 * 109 yrd) 2.32 * 109 yr
Suppose a person ingests equal amounts of two nuclides, both of which are beta emitters (of roughly equal energy). Nuclide A has a half-life of 8.5 hours and Nuclide B has a half-life of 15.0 hours. Both nuclides are eliminated from the body within 24 hours of ingestion. Which of the two nuclides
Calculate the nuclear binding energy per nucleon for cobalt-59, the only stable isotope of cobalt. The mass of cobalt-59 is 58.933198 amu.a) 517.3 MeVb) 8.768 MeVc) 19.16 MeVd) 1.011 * 10-5 MeV
Which problem is not associated with nuclear power generation?a) Danger of overheated nuclear core b) Waste disposal c) Global warming d) None of the above
Which structure is an isomer of the molecule shown here (and not just the same structure)? (a) CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH3 T CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 собрани -CH (c) CH-CH2- T CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH3 CH3 CH3 (b) CH3-CH-CH2 -CH | CH3 CH3 CH3 (d) CH3-CH-CH2-CH2 -CHz -CH2 T CH3
Write the structural formulas and carbon skeleton formulas for the five isomers of C6H14 (hexane).
Name this alkane: CH3 CH₂-CH-CH₂-CH3 T CH₂ T CH3
Which property of carbon is related to its ability to form a large number of compounds?a) Its tendency to form four covalent bondsb) Its ability to form double and triple bondsc) Its tendency to catenated) All of the above
Which molecule exhibits optical isomerism? H (a) H-C-cl Br (b) Br H H | | C-C-H cl H H H | | (c) Br C-c-c J-H CIH H Η (d) Br H 1 C-H ♫. ICIH C-C-Cl H Н
Name this alkane: CH₂-CH-CH₂-CH-CH₂-CH₂-CH-CH3 CH₂ I CH3 CH3 CH3
What is the correct formula for the alkane (noncyclical) containing eight carbon atoms?a) C8H16 b) C8H18 c) C8H14 d) C8H8
Which structure is not an isomer of CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3? a) CH3 T CH₂ CH3 T CH₂ CH₂ b) CH3 CH-CH₂-CH3 CH3 CH3 c) CH3-C-CH3 CH3 d) None of the above (all are isomers).
The formulas of three noncyclic hydrocarbons are listed below. Which of these is an alkene?(a) C4H10 (b) C3H4 (c) C5H10
Name this alkane: HO HD HD-HO-H₂-HD - HD
Arrange the compounds from least oxidized to most oxidized. (i) CH3 C CH3 (iii) CH3-CH₂-CH3 (a) iii
Which structure can exhibit optical isomerism? Η Η H Η a) H-C-C-C | | Η Η Η Η ||| b) H-C-C-C-H_d) CH H Η Cl Br Br Η TI T c) H-C-C-C-H | | | Η Η Η Br H Br | | | H¬C-C-C-Br Br H Br
Determine the products of each reaction. (a) CH₂CH₂CH=CH₂ + Br₂ (b) CH₂CH₂CH=CH₂ + HBr
Determine the type of reaction (substitution, dehydration, oxidation, or reaction with an active metal) that occurs in each case, and write formulas for the products. CH3 (a) CH3-CH-CH₂-CH₂-OH + HBr CH3 I (b) CH₂-CH-CH₂-CH₂-OH Na₂Cr₂O7 H₂SO4
Determine the product of the reaction: CH3 I CH3 -CH=C-CH3 + HBr CH3 T a) CH₂Br -CH=C-CH3 CH3 b) CH3 - CH₂ -CH-CH3 CH3 c) CH3 -CH=CH-CH3 Br CH3 d) CH3 - CH₂ -C-CH3 Br
Determine the product of the reaction: CH3-CH-CH₂-OH CH3 a) CH3-CH - CH3 Cl b) CH3-CH - CH3 I CH3 CI c) CH3–C–CH, - OH CH3 d) CH3-CH-CH₂ - Cl | CH3 + HCl
Which compound is an ester? a) CH3 - CH₂ -0 - CH3 O b) CH3-CH₂-C-OH c) CH3-C- CH3 O= d) CH3-C-0-CH₂CH3
Which compound is most likely to have a foul odor? a) b) CH3–CH, NH, c) CH3-CH₂-0-CH3 d) CH3-CH₂-CH₂-OH CH3-C-0-CH3
Closely examine the structure of glucose shown here. Does glucose exhibit optical isomerism (discussed in Section 22.3)? If so, which carbon atoms are chiral? 1ll CH H-C-OH 3 HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH H2C OH Glucose
Which compound is a lipid? a) HO b) c) CH₂ Н H C I с-с OH OH H3C-(CH2)12 Н 0 || OH 1 H2N - C - C-OH T CH₂ T CH₂ I S I CH3 OH d) H3C-CH2-0-CH2-CH3
Which type of lipid is most common in our diet?(a) Phospholipids (b) Triglycerides(c) Glycolipids (d) Steroids
Show the reaction by which valine, cysteine, and phenylalanine (in that order) link via peptide bonds. Designate valine as N-terminal and label the N-terminal and C-terminal ends in the resulting tripeptide. H | || H₂N-C-C-OH H3C-C-H CH3 Valine Η Ο | || H₂N-C-C-OH 1 CH₂ 1 SH Cysteine H |
Which compound is a carbohydrate? a) HO b) CH₂ H КУ нс / с-с OH OH OH H2N-с-с-OH | CH₂ HC c) H3C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2 d) H =Z H Н CH
Which compound is an amino acid? a) b) c) CH 1 H-C-OH HỌ —C-H CH₂ T CH3 HẠN–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH,—CH,—NH, H O | || H₂NCC-OH | CH₂ T CH₂ I C=O OH
Which type of carbohydrate functions as the main structural material in plants?(a) Glucose (b) Glycogen (c) Sucrose (d) Cellulose
How many different tripeptides can form from the three amino acids listed here? (The amino acids are indicated using the three-letter amino acid abbreviations from Table 23.3.) Ser, Ala, Gly (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 12
What level of protein structure is maintained by peptide bonds?(a) Primary (b) Secondary (c) Tertiary (d) Quaternary
The sequence of amino acids in a protein chain is an example of which kind of protein structure?a) Primary b) Secondaryc) Tertiary d) Quaternary
Assuming you have four different bases, how many amino acids can you code for with two-base sequences?(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 16 (d) 64
A section of DNA contains the bases ATTCGGAA. What is the correct sequence of bases in the complementary strand?a) CGGATTCC b) ATTCGGAAc) AAGGCTTA d) TAAGCCTT
A codon is a sequence within DNA that codes for what?a) An amino acid b) A proteinc) A carbohydrate d) A fat
Which of the functions listed is not attributed to proteins?a) Catalyze biochemical reactionsb) Transport substances from one place to anotherc) Mediate muscle contractiond) None of the above (all of these functions are attributed to proteins)
Which is a primary function of nucleic acids?a) Energy storageb) Coding the amino acid sequence for proteinsc) Oxygen transportd) Regulation of metabolic processes
Peptide bonds occur in which type of biochemical compounds?a) Lipids b) Carbohydratesc) Proteins d) Nucleic acids
How many nucleotides are required to code for all of the amino acids in a protein that contains 186 amino acids?a) 186b) 372c) 558d) 1
Write a balanced equation for the reaction of O2 and H2S to form elemental S (in the form of S8). Identify the change of the oxidation state for S.
Which compound is a superoxide?(a) K2O(b) K2O2(c) KO2
What is the oxidation state of bromine in the compound NaBrO3?a) +2 b) -3 c) -4 d) +5
Calculate the oxidation state of Cl in each compound.(a) ClO3¯(b) HClO (c) Cl2
What is the molecular geometry of ICl4¯ ?a) Tetrahedral b) Square planarc) Octahedral d) Seesaw
Which element is oxidized in the reaction?a) Ca b) O c) S d) None of the above 2 CaO(s) + 2 SO₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2 CaSO4(s)
Write the balanced equation for the formation of ClF3 gas from the elemental halogens.
Determine the molecular geometry of IBr2¯.
Which carbon oxide does not exist?a) CO b) CO2 c) CO32¯d) CO4
Determine the molecular geometry of IF7.
Which element is extracted from the ground primarily in its elemental form?a) Boron b) Phosphorusc) Sulfur d) Fluorine
Identify the change of oxidation state for Cl in the production of chlorine dioxide from sodium chlorite. Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent.
Which substance forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water?a) CO b) H2COc) CH4 d) H2CO3
Two metals, A and B, form a substitutional alloy with the binary phase diagram shown here. What is the melting point of the alloy at a composition that is 75% A and 25% B?a) 1000 °Cb) 1300 °Cc) 1450 °Cd) 2000 °C Temperature (°C) 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 0 Pure A 25 Liquid Solid alloy 50 Mole
What is the name of the compound [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2?a) Pentaamminetrichlorocobalt(III) chlorideb) Pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloridec) Pentaamminechlorocobalt(II) chlorided) Pentaamminetrichlorocobalt(II) chloride
Describe the various levels of protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).
What types of interactions or bonds maintain each of the structures listed in the previous problem?Previous ProblemDescribe the various levels of protein structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).
Describe the secondary structures known as a-helix and β-pleated sheet.
What is the function of nucleic acids in living organisms?
What is the general structure of a nucleic acid?
The bases in nucleic acids are complementary. What does this mean?
What is a codon? A gene? A chromosome?
Do most cells contain complete copies of an organism’s DNA?Do most cells express all of the genes contained in their DNA?
Explain the mechanism by which DNA is replicated.
Determine whether or not each molecule is a lipid. If the molecule is a lipid, indicate the kind of lipid. If it is a fatty acid or a triglyceride, classify it as saturated or unsaturated a. CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3 b. sjessss H₂N-C-C-OH C. CH3 d.
Explain the mechanism by which proteins are synthesized from the information contained within DNA.
Determine whether or not each molecule is a lipid. If the molecule is a lipid, state the kind of lipid. If it is a fatty acid or a triglyceride, classify it as saturated or unsaturated. a. H₂C- HC
Determine whether or not each molecule is a fatty acid. If it is a fatty acid, classify it as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. a. CH3 b. CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ d. CH₂ CH₂ I=CH CH₂ CH₂ OH OH c. CH3 CH3
Which fatty acid is most likely to be a solid at room temperature? a. CH3 C. CH3 d. CH3 CH₂ OH CH₂ CH₂ CH CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ b. CH3 CH₂ CH=CH. CH₂ CH₂ CH=CH CH=CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ || CH₂-C-OH CH₂-C-OH CH₂ OH
Draw structures showing the reaction of glycerol with linoleic acid to form the triglyceride trilinolean. Would you expect this triglyceride to be a fat or an oil?
Determine whether or not each structure is a carbohydrate. If the molecule is a carbohydrate, classify it as a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or trisaccharide. а. C. || CH H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH H-C-OH HO HO Н OH H₂C-OH Н Н Н OH н н HO H2C OH н н H OH b.
Determine whether or not each structure is a carbohydrate. If the molecule is a carbohydrate, classify it as a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or trisaccharide. a. b. с. HO CH₂ OH CH-O Кон VI HC CH- H3C CH H-C-OH HO-C-H T CH₂ T CH3 OH CH CH₂ HC -CH₂ HHC CH-O /
Draw structures showing the reaction of glycerol with myristic acid to form the triglyceride trimyristin. Would you expect this triglyceride to be a fat or an oil?
Classify each saccharide as an aldose or a ketose. Also classify each as a triose, tetrose, pentose, and so on. a. с. HO. HO CH₂ I/H OH С- T H HC -o H NI HC т оно HO–CH,−C OH H-C-OH I HO-CH2 b. HC H-C-OH H-C-OH H-C-OH T H₂C OH d. Н H OH С T н Н T H C C OH OH
Classify each saccharide as an aldose or a ketose. Also classify each as a triose, tetrose, pentose, and so on. a. || CH I H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH HO-C-H CH₂ OH CH | H-C-OH c. HO-CH2 b. d. HO Н, CH₂ C H OH Н H2C H H C- OH OH ОН ОН HO Н -С Z-U- HC I H / OH H OH
How many chiral carbon atoms are in each of the structures in Problem 39?Problem 39Classify each saccharide as an aldose or a ketose. Also classify each as a triose, tetrose, pentose, and so on. a. с. HO. HO CH₂ I/H OH С- T H HC -o
How many chiral carbon atoms are in each of the structures in Problem 40?Problem 40Classify each saccharide as an aldose or a ketose. Also classify each as a triose, tetrose, pentose, and so on. a. || CH I H-C-OH HO-C-H H-C-OH HO-C-H CH₂ OH CH | H-C-OH c. HO-CH2 b. d. HO Н, CH₂ C
Draw structures for the straight-chain and ring forms of glucose.
Draw the products that result from the hydrolysis of the carbohydrate pictured on the right. HO H Н- H₂C-OH н н HO OH HH HO H₂C OH н н H OH OH H
Draw structures for the straight-chain and ring forms of fructose.
Draw the products that result from the hydrolysis of the carbohydrate pictured on the right. HO H Н. H₂C-OH AH HO OH н н HO H₂C-OH н н H OH HO-H2C- Н ОН CH₂OH H₂ н Н OH H
Draw the structure of sucrose. Label the glucose and fructose rings in this disaccharide.
Lactose is a disaccharide of glucose and galactose. Draw the structure of lactose.
Draw each amino acid in its dipolar ion form.a. Thr b. Ala c. Leu d. Lys
Draw each amino acid in its dipolar ion form.a. Val b. Phe c. Tyr d. Cys
Draw the structures of the two enantiomers of alanine.
Draw the structures of the two enantiomers of cysteine.
How many different tripeptides can form from serine, glycine, and cysteine? List the amino acid sequence of each one.
How many dipeptides can form from leucine and serine? List the amino acid sequence for each one.
Draw the reaction by which serine and tyrosine form a peptide bond.
Draw the reaction by which valine and asparagine form a peptide bond.
Draw a structure for each tripeptide.a. Gln-Met-Cys b. Ser-Leu-Cys c. Cys-Leu-Ser
Draw a structure for each tetrapeptide.a. Ser-Ala-Leu-Cys b. Gln-Met-Cys-Gly c. Gly-Cys-Met-Gln
A phenylalanine amino acid on a protein strand undergoes hydrophobic interactions with another phenylalanine amino acid that is 26 amino acid units away. The resulting fold in the protein is an example of which kind of structure?
An amino acid on a protein strand forms a hydrogen bond to another amino acid that is four amino acid units away. The next amino acid on the chain does the same, hydrogen-bonding to an amino acid that is four amino acids away from it. This pattern repeats itself over a significant part of the

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