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chemistry a molecular approach
Chemistry A Molecular Approach 5th Edition Nivaldo Tro - Solutions
Identify the two compounds that display stereoisomerism and draw their structures.a. 3-methyl-3-pentanol b. 2-methyl-2-pentanol c. 3-methyl-2-pentanol d. 2-methyl-3-pentanol e. 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol
There are eight structures with the formula C3H7NO in which the O is part of a carbonyl group. Draw the structures and identify the functional groups in each.
Explain why carboxylic acids are much stronger acids than alcohols.
Determine the one or two steps it takes to get from the starting material to the product using the reactions found in this chapter. a. H₂C H₂C OH OH c. CH3—CH,—C=CH, H₂C C CH₂-OH T b. CH3 -CH-CH₂-CH-CH3 T CH₂ - CH3 CH3 H₂C-C CH₂ || CH3-CH-CH₂-C-CH3 CH₂
The hydrogen at C-1 of 1-butyne is much more acidic than the one at C-1 in 1-butene. Explain.
Given the following synthesis of ethyl 3-chloro-3-methylbutanoate, fill in the missing intermediates or reactants. CH3-CH-CH₂ -CH₂-OH T CH3 CH3 (a) CH3 -CH-CH₂-C-0-CH₂-CH3 (b) CH3 CH3-C-CH₂-C-0-CH₂-CH3
For the chlorination of propane, the two isomers shown here are possible.Propane has six hydrogen atoms on terminal carbon atoms—called primary (1°) hydrogen atoms—and two hydrogen atoms on the interior carbon atom—called secondary (2°) hydrogen atoms.a. If the two different types of
There are two isomers of C4H10. Suppose that each isomer is treated with Cl2 and the products that have the composition C4H8Cl2 are isolated. Find the number of different products that form from each of the original C4H10 compounds. Do not consider optical isomerism.
Identify the compounds formed in the previous problem that are chiral.Previous problemThere are two isomers of C4H10. Suppose that each isomer is treated with Cl2 and the products that have the composition C4H8Cl2 are isolated. Find the number of different products that form from each of the
Nitromethane has the formula CH3NO2, with the N bonded to the C and without O—O bonds. Draw its two most important contributing structures.a. What is the hybridization of the C, and how many hybrid orbitals are in the molecule?b. What is the shortest bond?c. Between which two atoms is the
Free radical fluorination of methane is uncontrollably violent, and free radical iodination of methane is a very poor reaction.Explain these observations in light of bond energies.
There are two compounds with the formula C3H6, one of which does not have a multiple bond. Draw its structure and explain why it is much less stable than the isomer with the double bond.
Pick the more oxidized structure in each pair. || a. CH3 CH or CH3-CH₂-OH b. CH3 -CH₂-OH or CH3-CH3 || c. CH—CH, CH or CH3CH₂C-OH
Consider molecules that have two carbons and two chlorines.Draw the structures of three of these with no dipole moment and two with a dipole moment.
Determine whether each structure is chiral. a. Cl T HC-CH3 I CH3 c. CH3 CH₂-OH - b. CH3-CH-CH-CH3 -- d. Cl Cl CH3 T HC—CH, TI CH3 Br
Draw the structure and name a compound with the formula C8H18 that forms only one product with the formula C8H17Br when it is treated with Br2.
Have each group member select a different functional group.Individually, draw and name a compound containing your functional group. Pass your drawing to the group member on your right and your compound name to the group member on your left. Name the compound for the drawing you received and draw
Using complete sentences, compare and contrast each of the following. Mention at least two similarities and two differences for each.a. Salt and sugarb. Methane and 3-methylheptanec. Aldehydes and ketones
Ester compounds often have a sweet, pleasant odor. Many characteristic fruit scents are largely due to the natural presence of one or more ester compounds. As such, artificial scents for foods are often composed of complex mixtures of various esters. The exact identities and ratios of ingredients
The octane rating for gasoline is a measurement of how readily a fuel combusts compared to 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, an isomer of octane.a. Draw 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and verify that it is an isomer of octane.b. Draw four other isomers of octane.c. Select one of the isomers and draw it so that it
Working individually, have each group member select from the chapter a reaction characteristic of a particular organic functional group. Individually, write out your reaction with one of the following left as a blank: one reactant, one product, or reaction conditions.Pass your reaction to the group
What is biochemistry? What significant advances in biochemistry have helped diabetics?
What is a lipid? What roles do lipids play in living organisms?
What is a fatty acid? Draw the general structure of a fatty acid.
What effect do double bonds have within the hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid?
What are triglycerides? Draw a general structure of a triglyceride.
Explain the difference, in terms of both structure and properties, between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat.
Describe the basic structure of phospholipids and glycolipids. What functions do these lipids have in living organisms?
What is a steroid? List some functions of steroids.
What are carbohydrates? What role do they play in living organisms?
How do monosaccharides and disaccharides differ? Aldoses and ketoses?
How do simple and complex carbohydrates differ?
How do cellulose, starch, and glycogen differ? Describe the function of each.
What roles do proteins play in living organisms? List specific examples.
Describe the basic structure of an amino acid. How are amino acids linked together to form proteins?
How do the properties of the R groups in amino acids relate to the properties of proteins?
Why are amino acids chiral?
Draw the structure of a neutral amino acid and its dipolar ion.
Draw the structure of any two amino acids, showing how they link together to form a dipeptide.
Why is protein structure important?
How do fibrous proteins and globular proteins differ?
Why does silicon form only single bonds with oxygen but carbon, which is in the same family as silicon, forms double bonds with oxygen in many compounds?
What is the difference between a rock and a mineral?
Briefly define each term.a. Orthosilicate b. Amphibole c. Pyroxened. Pyrosilicate e. Feldspar
Why is boron oxide often added to silica glass?
Why does boron form electron-deficient bonds? Provide an example.
Explain why solid CO2 is referred to as dry ice.
Nitric acid and phosphoric acid are two major chemical products of the chemical industry. Describe some of their uses.
What is the typical concentration of oxygen in dry air?
Describe how nitrogen can be separated from the other components of air.
Earth’s atmosphere originally did not contain oxygen. Explain how the atmosphere gained oxygen.
Silicon bonds to oxygen to form a tetrahedral shape in both the network covalent silica compound, SiO2, and in ionic silicate compounds. What is the oxidation state of Si in each of these structures? a. silica compound, SiO₂ c. pyrosilicates, Si₂0,6- b. orthosilicates, SiO4+
Name a benefit, a hazard, and a useful commercial application of ozone.
What is the oxidation state of Si in each of these structures? a. pyroxenes, SiO3²- c. phyllosilicates, Si₂05²- 6- b. amphiboles, Si4011
In the orthosilicate garnet, the formula unit has three SiO4 4¯units and is balanced by Ca2+ and Al3+ cations. Determine the formula unit of garnet.
In the pyroxene kanoite, the formula unit has two SiO32¯ units and is balanced by manganese and magnesium ions. Determine the formula unit of kanoite. Assume that the oxidation state of Mn is +2.
Kaolin is a clay material that is a phyllosilicate. Use charge balancing to determine how many hydroxide ions are in the formula for kaolin, Al2Si2O5(OH)x.
Tremolite is a double-chain silicate in the amphibole class. Use charge balancing to determine how many hydroxide ions are in the formula for tremolite, Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)x.
How are the silica tetrahedrons linked for ZrSiO4? Which class of silicates does this compound belong to?
Referring to the tables in Appendix IIB, determine whether or not hydrogen azide is stable at room temperature compared to its elements, H2 and N2. Is hydrogen azide stable at any temperature?
When hydrazine is dissolved in water, it acts like a base.a. Calculate the Kb for the overall reaction of hydrazine forming N2H62+.b. Calculate Ka1 for N2H5+.c. Calculate the concentration of hydrazine and both cations in a solution buffered at a pH of 8.5 for a solution that was made by dissolving
Calcium carbonate is insoluble in water. Yet, it dissolves in an acidic solution. Calculate the standard enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy change for the reaction between solid calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. What drives the reaction, the enthalpy change or the entropy change?
Solid fuel in the booster rockets for spacecraft consists of aluminum powder as the fuel and ammonium perchlorate as the oxidizing agent.If a rocket launch burns 2.200 * 103 kg of aluminum, calculate the energy produced in joules. Calculate the volume of the gas produced, assuming it was cooled
Explain why fine particles of activated charcoal can absorb more (as a filter) than large briquettes of charcoal.
The two major components of the atmosphere are the diatomic molecules of nitrogen and oxygen. Explain why pure nitrogen is used as a protective atmosphere in the laboratory and pure oxygen is much more reactive.
Explain why nitrogen can form compounds with many different oxidation numbers.
Describe how sodium dihydrogen phosphate can be used as a pH buffering agent.
Explain why H2S has a different bond angle and is much more reactive than H2O.
Explain why fluorine is found only with the oxidation state of -1 or 0, while the other halogens are found in compounds with other oxidation states.
Why do some substances burn in fluorine gas even if they do not burn in oxygen gas?
Name three advantages of making metal components from the powder metallurgical process.
Determine the composition, relative amounts, and phases present at points A and B on the Co–Cu phase diagram. Temperature (°C) 1000 900 800 700 600 500 Cu A Pure Cu Co-Cu D 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Co Co B с 70 80 90 100 Pure Co
Calculate the heat of reaction (ΔH°rxn) for the calcination of rhodochrosite.
Why does Mn form compounds with higher oxidation states than Cr?
Working individually, create a fill-in-the-blank question by rewriting a characteristic sentence or chemical reaction from Section 25.5, but leaving out the name of the metal focused on in the content selected. Take turns sharing questions with the rest of the group. Take turns in the group trying
Why is the +2 oxidation state so common for transition metals?
Determine the color and approximate wavelength absorbed most strongly by each solution.a. Blue solution b. Red solutionc. Yellow solution
When a positron and an electron annihilate one another, the resulting mass is completely converted to energy. Calculate the energy associated with this process in kJ/mol.
How many protons and neutrons are there in the isotope 2713Al?(a) 27 neutrons; 13 protons (b) 13 neutrons; 27 protons (c) 13 neutrons; 14 protons (d) 14 neutrons; 13 protons
Which daughter nuclide forms when polonium-214 undergoes alpha decay? a) 28Rn 218p 86 b) 21 At c) Bi 83 d) 21pb 82
The sign of ΔHrxn and ΔSrxn for several different reactions are given. In which case is the reaction spontaneous at all temperatures? a) ΔΗxn 0; ΔStxn>0 d) ΔΗxn>0; ΔSixn
Arrange these gases in order of increasing standard molar entropy: SO3, Kr, Cl2. (a) Kr< Cl₂ < SO3 (c) SO3 Cl₂ < Kr (b) Kr< SO3 < Cl₂ (d) Cl₂ < Kr< SO3
Use Table 20.1 to calculate ΔG° for the reaction. 2 MnO4 (aq) + Cd(s) - a) +30.9 kJ 2 MnO42 (aq) + Cd²+ b) -30.9 kJ c) -185 kJ (aq) d) +185 kJ
Consider the reaction at 298 K:Calculate ΔGrxn under these conditions:Is the reaction more or less spontaneous under these conditions than under standard conditions? 2 NO(g) + O₂(8) O₂(g) 2 NO₂(8) AGxn-71.2 kJ
A solution contains both NaI and NaBr.Which oxidizing agent could you add to the solution to selectively oxidize I–(aq) but not Br-(aq)?(a) Cl2 (b) H2O2 (c) CuCl2 (d) HNO3
Use the tabulated electrode potentials to calculate K for the oxidation of copper by H+ (at 25 °C): Cu(s) + 2 H+ (aq) 2+ Cu²+ (aq) + H₂(8)
Write the nuclear equation for the alpha decay of Ra-224.
Write the nuclear equation for each type of decay.(a) Beta decay in Bk-249 (b) Positron emission in O-15 (c) Electron capture in I-111
Which nuclear equation accurately represents the beta decay of Xe-133? a) 133Xe 54 b) 133xe 544 133Cs + je 55 1331 + e 53 c) 133xe + je 133Xe+e- 54 d) ¹33Xe → 1331 53- 129 → ¹22Cs + He
If the room next door contains an alpha emitter, a beta emitter, and a gamma emitter, all with similar activities, which particles are you most likely to detect in the room you are in?(a) Alpha particles (b) Beta particles (c) Gamma particles
Consider the graphical representation of a series of decays shown here.The arrow labeled x and the arrow labeled y each correspond to what kind of decay?(a) x corresponds to alpha decay and y corresponds to positron emission.(b) x corresponds to positron emission and y corresponds to alpha
Predict whether each nuclide is more likely to decay via beta decay or positron emission.(a) Mg-28 (b) Mg-22 (c) Mo-102
Plutonium-236 is an alpha emitter with a half-life of 2.86 years. If a sample initially contains 1.35 mg of Pu-236, what mass of Pu-236 is present after 5.00 years? SORT You are given the initial mass of Pu-236 in a sample and asked to find the mass after 5.00 years. STRATEGIZE Use the integrated
Which nuclide is most likely to undergo beta decay?a) Si-22 b) Rb-91 c) Ar-35 d) Co-52
A skull believed to belong to an ancient human being has a carbon-14 decay rate of 4.50 disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon (4.50 dis/min · g C). If living organisms have a decay rate of 15.3 dis/min · g C, how old is the skull? (The decay rate is directly proportional to the amount of
A nuclide has a mass number of 116. The atomic mass of the element listed in the periodic table is 102.9. Will the element undergo beta decay or positron emission?(a) Beta decay (b) Positron emission
Which form of radioactive decay would you be most likely to detect if it were happening in the room next to the one you are currently in?a) Alpha b) Betac) Gamma d) Positron emission
The chart shows the mass of a decaying nuclide versus time.What is the half-life of the decay?a) 15 min b) 25 minc) 35 min d) 70 min Mass Nuclide (g) 30- 25 DO 20- 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 Time (minutes) 100 120 140
A meteor contains 0.556 g of Pb-206 to every 1.00 g of U-238. Assuming that the meteor did not contain any Pb-206 at the time of its formation, determine the age of the meteor. Uranium-238 decays to lead-206 with a half-life of 4.5 billion years. SORT You are given the current masses of Pb-206 and
Consider this graph representing the decay of a radioactive nuclide.What is the half-life of the nuclide?(a) 625 years (b) 1250 years (c) 2500 years (d) 3125 years
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