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chemistry a molecular approach
Chemistry A Molecular Approach 5th Edition Nivaldo Tro - Solutions
Identical amounts of two different nuclides, an alpha emitter and a gamma emitter, with roughly equal half-lives are spilled in a building adjacent to your bedroom. Which of the two nuclides is likely to pose the greater health threat to you while you sleep in your bed? If you accidentally wander
Complete the table of particles involved in radioactive decay. Particle Name alpha particle gamma ray positron proton Symbol Mass Number He je oy on 1p 0 1 Atomic Number or Charge -1
Have each group member study a different mode of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma, positron emission, or electron capture) and present it to the group. Each presentation should include a description of the process, a description of how the atomic and mass numbers change, and at least one
Write all the balanced nuclear equations for each step of the nuclear decay sequence that starts with U-238 and ends with U-234. Refer to Figure 21.6 for the decay processes involved.FIGURE 21.6 A Decay Series Number of neutrons
Two students are discussing whether or not the total mass changes during a nuclear reaction. The first student insists that mass is conserved. The second student says that mass is converted into energy. Explain the context in which each student is correct and how that fact is applied to solve
A common isotope used in medical imaging is technetium- 99m, which emits gamma rays.A sample initially containing 0.500 mg of technetium-99m is monitored as a function of time. Based on its rate of gamma ray emission, a graph, showing the mass of active technetium-99m as a function of time, is
Radon-220 undergoes alpha decay with a half-life of 55.6 s.Assume there are 16,000 atoms present initially and make a table showing how many atoms will be present at 0 s, 55.6 s, 111.2 s, 166.8 s, 222.4 s, and 278.0 s (all multiples of the half-life). Now calculate how many atoms will be present at
What kinds of molecules often trigger our sense of smell?
What is organic chemistry?
What is unique about carbon and carbon-based compounds?Why did life evolve around carbon?
Why does carbon form such a large diversity of compounds?
Why does silicon exhibit less diversity of compounds than carbon does?
Describe the geometry and hybridization about a carbon atom that forms a. Four single bonds.b. Two single bonds and one double bond.c. One single bond and one triple bond.
What are hydrocarbons? What are their main uses?
What are the main classifications of hydrocarbons? What are their generic molecular formulas?
Explain the differences between a structural formula, a condensed structural formula, a carbon skeleton formula, a ball-and-stick model, and a space-filling model.
What are structural isomers? How do the properties of structural isomers differ from one another?
What are optical isomers? How do the properties of optical isomers differ from one another?
Define each term related to optical isomerism: enantiomers, chiral, dextrorotatory, levorotatory, racemic mixture.
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?
What are the key differences in the way that alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are named?
Explain geometric isomerism in alkenes. How do the properties of geometric isomers differ from one another?
Describe and provide an example of a hydrocarbon combustion reaction.
What kinds of reactions are common to alkanes? List an example of each.
Explain Markovnikov’s rule and give an example of a reaction to which it applies.
What is the structure of benzene? What are the different ways in which this structure is represented?
What kinds of reactions are common to aromatic compounds?Provide an example of each.
What is a functional group? List some examples.
What is the generic structure of alcohols? Write the structures of two specific alcohols.
Explain oxidation and reduction with respect to organic compounds.
What kinds of reactions are common to alcohols? Provide an example of each.
What are the generic structures for aldehydes and ketones?Write a structure for a specific aldehyde and ketone.
What kinds of reactions are common to aldehydes and ketones?List an example of each.
What are the generic structures for carboxylic acids and esters?Write a structure for a specific carboxylic acid and ester.
What kinds of reactions are common to carboxylic acids and esters? Provide an example of each.
What is the generic structure of ethers? Write the structures of two specific ethers.
What is the generic structure of amines? Write the structures of two specific amines.
Based on the molecular formula, determine whether each compound is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne.a. C5H12 b. C3H6 c. C7H12 d. C11H22
Based on the molecular formula, determine whether each compound is an alkane, alkene, or alkyne.a. C8H16 b. C4H6 c. C7H16 d. C2H2
Write structural formulas for each of the nine structural isomers of heptane.
Determine whether each compound exhibits optical isomerism. a. CC14 b. CH3–CH2–CH–CH,—CH,—CH, CH3 CH3 C. H CH3-C-Cl NH₂ d. CH3CHCICH3
Write structural formulas for any 6 of the 18 structural isomers of octane.
Determine whether each compound exhibits optical isomerism. a. CH3CH₂CHCICH 3 NH3 & Br b. CH3CC1₂CH3 CH3 1 CH, O d. CH3-C- CH || CH₂ C-OH
Determine whether the molecules in each pair are the same or enantiomers. a. CH3CH₂ -Cl Cl- CH3 c. CH3 CH H H H b. H.Ca no-Trai, CI HO CH3 HO CI CH3 10 H3C H || CH₂ H CH3 CH₂CH3 CH3 H₂C H -C CH₂ HC ill CH3 CH3 CH3
Determine whether the molecules in each pair are the same or enantiomers. CH3 a. HC cl HO b. Hạ Ch Н H₂N H3 c. CH3 Br н -CH CH3 cl Br CCl3 CH3 та CH3 OH Н CH3 NH₂ Clc Н C. CH3 HC, CH3 CH3
Name each alkane. a. CH3 CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH3 b. CH3 CH₂-CH-CH3 CH3 CH3 T c. CH3 —CH—CH, d. CH3 T T CH3 CH-CH3 T CH–CH,—CH, CH, CH3-CH-CH₂-CH-CH₂-CH3 T CH₂ CH3
Name each alkane. a. CH3-CH-CH3 CH3 CH3 I CH3 T b. CH3—CH−CH,-CH-CH, CH3 CH3 | | C. CH3-C-C-CH3 | | CH3 CH3 CH3 T 1 CH3 I CH3 CH3 1 CH₂ d. CH3—CH—CH,—CH-CH –CH,—CH, CH3 -
Draw a structure for each alkane.a. 3-ethylhexaneb. 3-ethyl-3-methylpentanec. 2,3-dimethylbutaned. 4,7-diethyl-2,2-dimethylnonane
Complete and balance each hydrocarbon combustion reaction. a. CH₂CH₂CH3 + 0₂- b. CH₂CH₂CH=CH₂ + 0₂ c. CH=CH + O2 →
Draw a structure for each alkane.a. 2,2-dimethylpentaneb. 3-isopropylheptanec. 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexaned. 4,4-diethyloctane
Complete and balance each hydrocarbon combustion reaction. a. CH,CH,CH,CH, + O, b. CH₂=CHCH3 + 02 c. CH=CCH₂CH3 + O₂
List all the possible products for each alkane substitution reaction. a. CH3CH3 + Br₂ b. CH3CH₂CH3 + Cl₂ c. CH₂Cl₂ + Br₂ d. CH3-CH-CH3 + Cl₂ 1 CH3
List all the possible products for each alkane substitution reaction. a. CH4 + Cl₂ b. CH3CH₂Br + Br₂ C. CH3CH₂CH₂CH3 + Cl₂ d. CH3CHBr2 + Br₂
Name each alkene. a. CH,=CH–CH,—CH, CH3 CH3 T T CH3-CH-C=CH-CH3 CH,=HC—CH–CH,—CH, CH3 b. c. CH3 CH I CH3 CH3 I d. CH3-CH-CH=C-CH3 CH₂ - CH3
Name each alkene. a. CH3 CH₂ -CH=CH-CH₂ - CH3 b. CH3-CH-CH=CH-CH3 I CH3 CH3 T CH₂ T C. CH3—CH…CH=C-CHCH3 CH3 I CH3 CH3 d. CH3-C-CH=C-CH₂CH3 T CH3 CH3
Write structural formulas for each of the possible isomers of n-hexene that are formed by moving the position of the double bond.
Write structural formulas for each of the possible isomers of n-pentyne that are formed by moving the position of the triple bond.
Name each alkene. a. CH3-CEC-CH3 CH3 b. CH3-C=C-C-CH₂CH3 CH3 c. CH=C–CH—CH,—CH, CH3 CH-CH3 T CH3 CH3 T d. CH3 -CH-C=C-CH-CH₂ 1 CH₂ T CH3 T CH₂ CH3
Name each alkene. a.CH=C–CH–CH3 T CH3 CH3 I - b.CH3–C=C–CH-CH–CH, CH3 CH3
Draw the correct structure for each compound.a. 4-octyneb. 3-nonenec. 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentyned. 5-ethyl-3,6-dimethyl-2-heptene
List the products of each alkene addition reaction. a. CH3 -CH=CH-CH3 + Cl₂ b. CH3-CH-CH=CH-CH3 + HBr T CH3 c. CH3 -CH₂-CH=CH-CH3 + Br₂ CH3 d. CH3 -CH-CH=C-CH3 + HCl T CH3
Draw the correct structure for each compound.a. 2-hexeneb. 1-heptynec. 4,4-dimethyl-2-hexened. 3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-pentene
What are the products of each alkene addition reaction? a. CH3 CH -CH=CH₂ + Br₂ 1 CH3 b.CH₂=CH-CH3 + Cl₂ CH3 I C. CH3-C-CH=CH₂ + HCI CH3 CH3 d. CH3 -CH-CH=C-CH3 + HBr T CH3-CH3
Complete each hydrogenation reaction. catalyst a. CH₂=CH-CH3 + H₂ b. CH3-CH-CH=CH₂ + H₂ T CH3 c. CH3—CH—C=CH, + Hạ T T CH3 CH3 catalyst catalyst
Complete each hydrogenation reaction. a. CH3 —CH,—CH=CH, + H CH3 CH3 I catalyst b. CH3 -CH₂-C=C-CH3 + H₂ c. CH3—CH,—C=CH, + Hạ CH3 catalyst catalyst
Name each monosubstituted benzene. a. CH3 0 b. Br C. Cl
Name each monosubstituted benzene. a. H₂C-CH3 b. F C. CH3 H3C-C-CH3
Name each compound in which the benzene ring is best treated as a substituent. CH3 | a. CH3—CH=CH-CH-CH=CH-CH2–CH3 T CH₂CH3 b. CH,—CH—CH=CH–CH,—CH,—CH, CH3 c. CH,—C=C–CH-CH-CH–CH,—CH3 T CH3 CH3
Name each compound in which the benzene ring is best treated as a substituent. a. H3C-CH₂-CH-CH-CH₂-CH3 H3C b. CH,—CH,—CH,—CH,C=C–CH3 CH3 | c. CH3—CH=CH-C=CH–CH–CH,—CH3 T CH3 CH3
Name each disubstituted benzene. a. Br Br b. CH₂ - CH3 CH₂ - CH3 C. F
Name each disubstituted benzene. a. Br Cl b. CH₂ - CH3 C.
What are the products of each aromatic substitution reaction? a. b. H H H H H+ Br₂ H FeBr3 CH3 T + CH3-CH-Cl AICI,
Draw the structure for each compound.a. Ethylbenzeneb. 1-iodo-2-methylbenzenec. Para-diethylbenzene
What are the products of each aromatic substitution reaction? a. b. H H H H H + Cl₂ H FeCl3 CH3 I + CH3-C-Cl CH3 AIC13
List the products of each alcohol reaction. CH3 a. CH3-C- OH CH3 CH3 H₂SO4 Na₂Cr₂O7 b. CH3 -CH-CH₂-CH₂-OH H₂SO4 C. CH3-CH₂-OH + HCl CH3 d. CH3 CH-CH₂-OH + Na
List the products of each alcohol reaction. a. CH3 CH₂-CH₂-OH b. CH3 -CH-CH₂-OH T CH3 c. CH3-CH₂-OH + Na CH3 + HBr H₂SO4 d. CH3-C-CH₂ - CH₂-OH T CH3 Na₂Cr₂O7 H₂SO4
Draw the structure for each alcohol.a. 2-butanolb. 2-methyl-1-propanolc. 3-ethyl-1-hexanold. 2-methyl-3-pentanol
Name each alcohol. a. CH3-CH2-CH2 -OH CH2 -CH3 1 b. CH3 -CH-CH2 -СН — СН3 I OH CH3 CH3 1 c. CH3-CH-CH2 -CH-CH2-CH-CH3 HO T OH T d. HzC-CH2 - С -СН2 — СН3 H3C
Name each aldehyde or ketone. a. CH3 -C- CH₂ - CH3 b. CH3—CH,—CH,—CH,–CH CH3 CH3 T C. CH3-C-CH₂-CH-CH₂-C-H CH3 d. CH3-CH-CH₂-C-CH3 CH₂ CH3 ||
Determine the product of the addition reaction. CH3–CH,—CH,—CH + H—C=N NaCN
Draw the structure of each aldehyde or ketone.a. Hexanalb. 2-pentanonec. 2-methylbutanald. 4-heptanone
Determine the product of the addition reaction. CH3 C CH₂-CH3 + HCN NaCN
Name each carboxylic acid or ester. a. CH3—CH,—CH,-C-0–CH3 b. CH3 -CH₂-C-OH c. CH3 -CH-CH₂CH₂ -CH₂-C-OH T CH3 || d. CH3—CH,—CH,—–CH,-C-0-CH-CH3
Determine the products of each carboxylic acid reaction. a. CH3 -CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-C-OH b. CH₂ T CH₂ OH C-OH CH₂!! heat + CH3 CH₂OH - H₂SO4
Draw the structure of each carboxylic acid or ester.a. Pentanoic acidb. Methyl hexanoatec. 3-ethylheptanoic acidd. Butyl ethanoate
Determine the products of each carboxylic acid reaction. || a. CH3CH₂-C-OH+ NaOH || b. CH3CH₂-CH₂-C-OH + CH3 -CH₂-CH₂-OH H₂SO4
Name each ether. a. CH3 CH₂-CH₂-O-CH₂-CH3 b. CH, CH, —CH, CH, CH, O–CH, CH, c. CH3 —CH, —CH, 0–CH,—CH, CH3 d. CH3CH, 0-CH,CH, CH, CH3
Draw the structure for each ether.a. Ethyl propyl etherb. Dibutyl etherc. Methyl hexyl etherd. Dipentyl ether
Classify each amine reaction as acid–base or condensation and list its products. a. CH3NHCH3 + HCI b. CH3CH₂NH₂ c. CH3NH₂ + H₂SO4 + CH₂CH₂COOH
Draw the structure for each amine.a. Isopropylamineb. Triethylaminec. Butylethylamine
List the products of each amine reaction. a. N(CH₂CH3)3 + HNO3 H I b. CH3 NCH-CH3 + HCN L CH3 H T c. CH3-N CH CH3 + | CH3 CH3 CH3 CH-CH₂-C-OH - ↑
Identify each organic compound as an alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic hydrocarbon, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine, and provide a name for the compound. a. HzC-HC-CH2 -С-0-СН3 CH3 CH3 T b. CH3-CH2-CH - CH2 -0-СН2-СН3 c. H2C-CH3 CH3 d.
Identify each organic compound as an alkane, alkene, alkyne, aromatic hydrocarbon, alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, or amine, and provide a name for the compound. H3C a. HzC-HC-С=С-СН3 | CH3 CH3 1 CH3 CH3 T b. CH3-C-CH2-CH -СН2-СН3 T CH3
Determine whether the two structures are isomers or the same molecule drawn in two different ways. a. CH3 -CH₂-C-0-CH3 b. || CH3-C-0-CH₂-CH3 c. CH3 -HC-CH-CH3 IT CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3-HC-CH-CH3 | CH3
Determine whether the two structures are isomers or the same molecule drawn two different ways. a. CH3 -CH₂-CH-CH₂-CH3 T CH3 b. CH3 T CH₂ T CH3 -CH₂-CH-CH3 CH3 T CH3CH-CH₂-0-CH₂-CH3 CH3 T CH,—CH,—CH,–0–CH, CH,
What minimum amount of hydrogen gas, in grams, is required to completely hydrogenate 15.5 kg of 2-butene?
Classify each organic reaction as combustion, alkane substitution, alkene addition or hydrogenation, aromatic substitution, or alcohol substitution, elimination, or oxidation. a. 2 CH3CH =CH₂ + 90₂ b. CH3CH₂CH3 + Cl₂ c. CH3 CH₂ -CH-CH₂-OH d. + 1₂ CH3 Fel3 6 CO₂ +
How many kilograms of CO2 does the complete combustion of 3.8 kg of n-octane produce?
Determine the products of each reaction. a. CH3 — CH, C=CH, + Hạ CH3 b. CH3 CH₂-CH₂CH₂-OH + HCl CH3 1 c. CH3— CH,—CH–CH, C-OH + H 1 d. CH3 -CH₂-N-CH₂-CH3 + HCI CH3 CH₂OH
Draw the structure that corresponds to each name and indicate which structures can exist as stereoisomers.a. 3-methyl-1-pentene b. 3,5-dimethyl-2-hexene c. 3-propyl-2-hexene
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