Questions and Answers of General Chemistry

One of the many remarkable enzymes in the human body is carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and water with bicarbonate ion and protons. If it were not for this
One of the many remarkable enzymes in the human body is carbonic anhydrase, which catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and water with bicarbonate ion and protons. If it were not for this
What is meant by the term rate-determining step?
List four properties of a solution that depend on the total concentration but not the type of particle or particles present as solute.Write the mathematical expression that describes how each of
This figure shows the interaction of a cation with surrounding water molecules.Would you expect the energy of ion–solvent interaction to be greater for Na+ or Li+? Explain.
What molecular structural features cause high-density polyethylene to be denser than low-density polyethylene?
The molecular formula of n-decane is CH3(CH2)8CH3. Decane is not considered a polymer, whereas polyethylene is. What is the distinction?
Of the seven three-dimensional primitive lattices, which ones have a unit cell where all three lattice vectors are of the same length?
A white substance melts with some decomposition at . As a solid, it does not conduct electricity, but it dissolves in water to form a conducting solution. Which type of solid (molecular, metallic,
Indicate the type of crystal (molecular, metallic, ionic, or covalent- network) each of the following would form upon solidification:(a) InAs,(b) MgO,(c) HgS,(d) In,(e) HBr.
A particular liquid crystalline substance has the phase diagram shown in the figure. By analogy with the phase diagram for a non–liquid crystalline substance, identify the phase present in each
Ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH) is the major component of antifreeze. It is a slightly viscous liquid, not very volatile at room temperature, with a boiling point of 198°C. Pentane (C5H12), which has
The molecules shown in Figure 11.33 possess polar groups (that is, groupings of atoms that give rise to sizable dipole moments within the molecules).How might the presence of polar groups enhance the
Briefly explain the significance of the constants a and b in the van der Waals equation.
What property or properties of gases can you point to that support the assumption that most of the volume in a gas is empty space?
The molar mass of a volatile substance was determined by the Dumas-bulb method described in Exercise 10.55. The unknown vapor had a mass of 0.846 g; the volume of the bulb was 354 cm3, pressure 752
What change or changes in the state of a gas bring about each of the following effects?(a) The number of impacts per unit time on a given container wall increases.(b) The average energy of impact of
Which of the following statements best explains why nitrogen gas at STP is less dense than Xe gas at STP?(a) Because Xe is a noble gas, there is less tendency for the Xe atoms to repel one another,
The typical atmospheric pressure on top of Mt. Everest (29,028 ft) is about 265 torr. Convert this pressure to(a) atm,(b) mm Hg,(c) pascals,(d) bars,(e) psi.
(a) What does the term diamagnetism mean?(b) How does a diamagnetic substance respond to a magnetic field?(c) Which of the following ions would you expect to be diamagnetic: N,, 0,, Be,2*,C ?
Acetylsalicylic acid, better known as aspirin, has the Lewis structure(a) What are the approximate values of the bond angles labeled 1, 2, and 3?(b) What hybrid orbitals are used about the central
Give approximate values for the indicated bond angles in the following molecules:a.b.c.d. 1 H- 2.
What property of the electron causes electron domains to have an effect on molecular shapes?
The orbital diagram that follows presents the final step in the formation of hybrid orbitals by a silicon atom. What type of hybrid orbital is produced in this hybridization? 1 111 1111 3s Зр
(a) If these three balloons are all the same size, what angle is formed between the red one and the green one?(b) If additional air is added to the blue balloon so that it gets larger, what happens
Given the following bond-dissociation energies, calculate the average bond enthalpy for the Ti-Cl bond. AH(kJ/mol) TiCl4(g) TiCl;(g) TİC,(g) TICI(g) TiCl3(g) + Cl(g) TİCI,(g) + CI(g) TiCI(g) +
Which of the following bonds are polar:(a) B - F(b) Cl – Cl(c) Se – O(d) H – IWhich is the more electronegative atom in each polar bond?
By referring only to the periodic table, select(a) The most electronegative element in group 6A;(b) The least electronegative element in the group Al, Si, P;(c) The most electronegative element in
Which ionic compound is expected to form from combining the following pairs of elements:(a) Barium and fluorine,(b) Cesium and chlorine,(c) Lithium and nitrogen,(d) Aluminum and oxygen?
Predict the chemical formula of the ionic compound formed between the following pairs of elements: (a) Al and F,(b) K and S,(c) Y and O,(d) Mg and N.
What is the Lewis symbol for each of the following atoms or ions:(a) K,(b) As,(c) Sn2+,(d) N3-?
Write the Lewis symbol for atoms of each of the following elements:(a) Al,(b) Br,(c) Ar,(d) Sr.
What is the major advantage of the atomic force microscope over the similar scanning tunneling microscope?
Prior to Carothers’s work, the structures of materials such as rubber, silk, and wool were thought by some to be aggregates of small molecules held together by unknown forces. How did Carothers’s
A peptide contains six amino acids: L-arginine, L-proline, L-glutamic acid, L-glycine, L-asparagine, and L-glutamine. How many different peptides of this amino-acid composition are possible?
Draw the zwitterion structure for the amino acid leucine.
Draw the zwitterion structure for the amino acid serine.
Which of the following amino acids has a polar side chain? NH2 HANCH-CH-CH,CH-CH—СООН NH2 CH—СH—СH —CH—СООН CH3
If a sample of DNA isolated from a microorganism culture were analyzed and found to contain 1.5 mol of cytosine nucleotides and 0.5 mol of adenosine nucleotides, what would be the amounts of guanine
Valine has the structureDraw the zwitterion that would exist at neutral pH. H CH3CH-C-COOH -СООН CH3 NH2
Consider the following polymer:From which two monomers is the polymer made? -C(CH2)10ČNH(CH2)6 NHC(CH2)10CNH(CH2)6NH-
Consider the following polymer:From which two monomers is the polymer made? OCH,CH,OCCH,CH,COCH,CH,OCCH,CH,C
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is an addition polymer of vinyl chloride, CH2 = CHCl. Write the equation for the formation of the polymer.
Teflon is an addition polymer of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethene. Write the equation for the formation of the polymer.
The complementary base of thymine isa. Thymineb. Guaninec. Cytosined. Adeninee. Uracil
The bonding responsible for linking the two strands that constitute DNA isa. Covalent bondingb. Ionic bondingc. Ion–dipole bondingd. Hydrogen bondinge. Phosphate linkages
An example of an addition polymer isa. Polyesterb. Nylon-6,6c. Rubberd. Dacrone. Glucose
An amino acid must contain which of the following functional groups?a. Carboxyl and nitrob. Methyl and carboxylc. Alcohol and amidod. Amino and carboxyle. Ketal and amino
What are the structural forms of D-glucose present in the blood?
What is the difference in structure between-D-ribose and 2-deoxy-D-ribose?
Distinguish between secondary and tertiary structures of proteins.
Give the IUPAC name of each of the following.a.b. CH3 НССH,СHCHCН, CH3
You encounter a hydrocarbon with the name 2-ethyl-3- methylhexane. Is this a proper IUPAC name? If not, what is the proper IUPAC name? To answer this question, start by writing the condensed
Draw the condensed structural formulas for a primary, a secondary, and a tertiary alcohol, each containing five carbon atoms.
Name all of the functional groups present in the following molecule. CH НССH-CHCHСООН CH3
For following molecular model, where C atoms are black and H atoms are light blue:a. Write the molecular formula.b. Write the condensed structural formula.
Identify each of the following compounds as a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, or as an amide.a.b. CH3CH2CH2NH2 0=C-NH2
Identify each of the following compounds as a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine, or as an amide.a.b. CH3CH2NHCH2CH3 CH;NH
What is the common name of each of the following compounds?a.b. CH3 CH;OCCH3 CH3
What is the common name of each of the following compounds?a. CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH3b. CH3 Н-СОСН; CH3
Write the IUPAC name of each of the following hydrocarbons.a.b.b. CH3C = CCH2CH3 CH3CHC=CH CH3
Give the IUPAC name of each of the following compounds.a. CH3C = CCH3b. CH=CCHCH2CH3 CH3
Give the IUPAC names and include the cis or trans label for each of the isomers of CH3CH = CHCH3.
Give the IUPAC names and include the cis or trans label for each of the isomers ofCH3CH = CHCH2CH3.
Give the condensed structural formula for each of the following compounds.a. 3-ethyl-2-penteneb. 4-ethyl-2-methyl-2-hexene
For each of the following, write the IUPAC name.a.b. CH3CH2 С-СНСH,CH, CH3CH2
Write an equation for a possible substitution reaction of propane, C3H8, with Br2.
Write an equation for a possible substitution reaction of ethane, C2H6, with Cl2.
Write the condensed structural formula of the following alkane. H H H H-C-H Н-С—С C-H H H H
Why would you expect the melting points of the alkanes to increase in the series methane, ethane, propane, and so on?
Explain why you wouldn’t expect to find a compound with the formula CH5.
What is the correct IUPAC name for the following compound?a. 2-ethyl-3-hexanolb. 3-ethyl-2-butanolc. 3-methyl-2-pentanold. 3-methyl-4-pentanole. 2-ethyl-3-butanol CH,CH3 CH;CH,CHCH3 ОН
The correct formula for butane isa. C2H6b. C8H18c. CH4d. C4H10e. C3H6
Which of the following could exist as a cis–trans isomer?a. CH3CH2CH2CH3b.c.d. CH3CHCHCH3e. none of these CH;CHCH,CH3 CH3
How many isomers exist that have the formula C4H8?a. Twob. Threec. Fourd. Fivee. Six
An aldehyde contains the carbonyl group. Ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters also contain the carbonyl group. What distinguishes these latter compounds from an aldehyde?
What would you expect to be the major product when two molecules of HCl add successively to acetylene? Explain.
Give condensed structural formulas of all possible substitution products of ethane and Cl2.
Fill in the following table. Hydrocarbon Source Use Methane Octane Ethylene Acetylene
Draw structural formulas of the five isomers of C6H14.
What is the name of K2[MoOCl]4?
Is it possible for a square planar complex to have optical isomers?
The hexaaquascandium(III) ion, [Sc(H2O)6]3+, is colorless. Explain why this might be expected.
The [Co(en)3]3+ ion has a maximum absorption at 470 nm. What color do you expect for this ion?
The [Co(SCN)4]2 ion has a maximum absorption at 530 nm. What color do you expect for this ion?
A complex has a composition corresponding to the formula CoBr2Cl∙4NH3. What is the structural formula if conductance measurements show two ions per formula unit? Silver nitrate solution gives an
Compounds A and B are known to be stereoisomers of one another. Compound A has a violet color; compound B has a green color. Are they geometric or optical isomers?
What is the number of unpaired electrons in the low-spin complex [Co(NH3)6]Cl3a. 0b. 1c. 2d. 3e. 4
What is the correct name for the coordination compound [Cr(en)2(CN)2]Cl?a. Chromium(III) (diethylenediamine)biscyano chlorideb. Dicyanobis(ethylenediamine)chromium(III) chloridec.
Which of the following is most likely a tetrahedral complex?a. [Zn(NH3)2Cl2]b. [Co(NH3)3Cl3]c. [Co(NH3)6]2+d. [Ni(H2O)6]SO4e. [Co(en)2(H2O)Cl]2+
What is the coordination number of cobalt in the complex [Co(en)(NH3)2Cl2]ClO4?a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5e. 6
A complex absorbs red light from a single electron transition. What color is this complex?
Describe the formation of a coordinate covalent bond between a metal-ion orbital and a ligand orbital.
Describe the formation of a coordinate covalent bond between a metal-ion orbital and a ligand orbital.
Explain the difference in behavior of d and l isomers with respect to polarized light.
What three properties of coordination compounds have been important in determining the details of their structure and bonding?
Define the term bidentate ligand. Give two examples.
Write balanced equations for the reactions of chromium(III) oxide with a strong acid.
Write balanced equations for the reactions of Cr and Cu metals with HCl(aq). If no reaction occurs, write NR.
Iron, cobalt, and nickel are similar in properties and are sometimes studied together as the “iron triad.” For example, each is a fairly active metal that reacts with acids to give hydrogen and

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