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introductory chemistry atoms first
Introductory Chemistry Atoms First 5th Edition Steve Russo And Michael Silver - Solutions
Which hydrocarbon molecule is least unsaturated? Explain your answer. (a) —= (b) (c)
The difference between an alkane and an alkene is:(a) Neither has a triple bond between carbon atoms.(b) Alkanes are unsaturated whereas alkenes are saturated.(c) Alkanes have at least one double bond and alkenes have at least one triple bond.(d) Alkanes possess no multiple bonds and alkenes
The prefix (root name) in the name of a linear alkane (such as prop in the name propane) tells you the following:(a) How many carbon atoms are present in the molecule.(b) How many hydrogen atoms are present in the molecule.(c) How many C—C bonds are present in the molecule.(d) All of the above
Name the following functionalized hydrocarbons: OH
Name the following functionalized hydrocarbons: OH
Name the following functionalized hydrocarbons: NH₂
Name the following functionalized hydrocarbons: Br
Draw a line drawing for 3-methyl-2-pentanol.
(a) What functional group does the molecule ethanal contain? How can you tell?(b) Draw a dot diagram for the molecule.
Circle and name the functional group in each molecule: (a) (b) (c) OH
There is no molecule called ethanone. Explain why not.
Give the IUPAC name for each molecule in Practice Problem 17.18.Data from Practice Problem 17.18Circle and name the functional group in each molecule: (a) (b) (c) OH
What is catenation?
What are the three known allotropes of carbon? How do their structures differ from one another, and how are they similar?
Consider this incomplete drawing of a three carbon hydrocarbon:(a) Complete the drawing by adding hydrogen atoms.(b) Complete the drawing by changing one C—C single bond to a C=C double bond and then adding hydrogen atoms.(c) Complete the drawing by changing one C—C single bond to a C≡C
Explain why a carbon atom almost always forms four covalent bonds in a covalent substance. How is carbon monoxide an exception to this rule?
A hydrocarbon molecule consists of a chain of four carbon atoms. In this chain there are one C=C double bond and two C—C single bonds. What is the molecular formula? Draw a possible structure.
Both of these molecules have something very wrong with them and do not exist. Why not? Η Η Η C=C=C Η Η Η Η H-C-H-C-H Η H
The geometry about each carbon in a particular hydrocarbon molecule is tetrahedral. What does this say about the possibility of there being C=C or C≡C bonds in the molecule? Explain.
What is the name of the branch of chemistry devoted to carbon-based molecules? Why is it called this?
Draw the structural formula for a linear six carbon hydrocarbon that contains only C—C single bonds. Show all H and C atoms.
Draw as many different structural formulas as you can of a branched six-carbon hydrocarbon that contains only C—C single bonds. Show all H and C atoms.
A particular hydrocarbon molecule possesses a carbon atom bound to three other carbon atoms.(a) What does this tell you about this particular hydrocarbon?(b) Postulate some rules that tell whether a hydrocarbon will be linear or branched depending on the number of other carbon atoms a particular
Consider the following molecule, drawn two different ways:(a) Which way is a more accurate representation of the actual molecular geometry.(b) In fact, one of the above ways of drawing this molecule is incorrect. Which is it, and when then should a line drawing, or a portion of a line drawing, be
Why is it more correct to draw a linear hydrocarbon that contains only C—C single bonds as a zigzag rather than a straight line?
Consider the following two formulas, written in what is often called a condensed formula:One of them is branched and one of them is not. Turn them into line drawings; indicate which one is branched and which is linear, and then say how you can tell from just looking at a condensed formula if a
Consider the hydrocarbon(a) What is the length of the main chain?(b) What is the length of the branch? H H-C-H H-C-H H-C-H Η Η H=C=C=C=C-H Η H-C-H Η Η Η H-C-H Η
What is the source of most hydrocarbons, and what ethical issues are involved in burning hydrocarbons as fuel?
Convert each line drawing to a structural formula, then give the molecular formula and describe the hydrocarbon as being linear or branched: (a) (c) (b)
Hydrocarbons are often represented by line drawings. How is it possible to look at a line drawing and deduce the molecular formula of the compound?
Make a line drawing for the hydrocarbon in Problem 17.37.Data from Problem 17.37Consider the hydrocarbonWhat is the length of the main chain?What is the length of the branch? H H-C-H H-C-H H-C-H Η Η H=C=C=C=C-H Η H-C-H Η Η Η H-C-H Η
Make a line drawing for: (a) Η Η C=C Η Η Η Η Η Η Η ΤΤΤΤΤΙ (b) H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H (c) Η Η Η Η Η Η Η Η Η Η H -C-H Η
Give the IUPAC names for: (a) (b) H | H¬C-H H-C-H Η Η Η Η Η | | | ΤΙ (c) H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-H | 1 | Η Η Η Η Η C U=U-I C Η H Η | Η Η
A functionalized hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon that:(a) Has many useful functions.(b) Possesses one or more heteroatoms (atoms other than C and H).(c) Is cyclic instead of linear.(d) Has weaker-than-normal bonds.
Draw the structural formula, showing all C and H atoms, for 6-methyl-4-propyl-2-octene.
An organic acid (a carboxylic acid) has the following functional group:(a) OH(b) COOH(c) CO(d) CHO
This line drawing is numbered and named incorrectly. First, correct the numbering error, and then, give the correct name for the molecule. LO 2 5-Propyl-2-heptene
Define the terms saturated and unsaturated as applied to hydrocarbons.
Which molecule in Problem 17.39 is unsaturated?Data from Problem 17.39Convert each line drawing to a structural formula, then give the molecular formula and describe the hydrocarbon as being linear or branched: (a) (c) (b)
Which molecule is more unsaturated and why?: (a) (b)
Suppose you are asked to make molecule (a) of Problem 17.44 even more unsaturated by removing H atoms to form a third double bond.(a) Why can’t this be the molecule you form?(b) Show a line drawing of the molecule you form.Data from Problem 17.44Which molecule is more unsaturated and why?:
A molecule contains 5 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms. Is it saturated or unsaturated? Explain how you know.
Is the compound C7H14 unsaturated or saturated? How can you tell?
Which of these hydrocarbons are isomers? (a) (b) (c) (d)
In order for two molecules to be isomers, what must be true about their molecular formulas, their structural formulas, and their properties?
Are H2O and H2O2 isomers? Explain.
What is wrong with using common names for hydrocarbon molecules?
What kind of hydrocarbons are called aliphatic and where does the word aliphatic come from?
What endings are added to the root alk- to name hydrocarbons containing all C—C single bonds, hydrocarbons containing one or more C=C double bonds, and hydrocarbons containing one or more C≡C triple bonds?
What do the letters in the acronym IUPAC stand for?
What is meant by the expression homologous series? Give an example of one.
How is the general molecular formula for alkenes different from that for alkanes? Explain the basis of this difference.
Name the alkanes that do not use Greek prefixes in their names, and draw the structural formula for each.
The common name for ethyne is acetylene. Draw a dot diagram and a line drawing for this compound, and indicate whether it is more or less unsaturated than ethene.
Define the prefixes meth-eth-prop-and but-. Then draw line diagrams for 5-methyldecane, 5-ethyldecane, 5-propyldecane, and 5-butyldecane.
Is C22H46 an alkane, an alkene, or an alkyne? How can you tell?
The IUPAC name for C3H6 needs no number in it, but the IUPAC name for C4H8 does. Explain.
Do propane, propene, and propyne belong to a homologous series? Explain.
Draw the structural formula and line drawing for 2-hexene.
What is the relationship between the molecules 2-hexene and 3-hexene? Justify your answer.
Explain why the molecules 1-hexene, 2-hexene, and 3-hexene exist, but the molecules 4-hexene and 5-hexene do not.
True or false? We always number hydrocarbons from left to right because that is how we read. Explain your answer, and include an example to back up your explanation.
Name these linear hydrocarbon molecules and redraw the line drawing for the alkyne so as to more correctly represent its molecular geometry. (a) (c) (b) (d)
What should be your first task in naming any hydrocarbon molecule?
Give the molecular formula and line drawing for:(a) Propene(b) 1-octene(c) Hexane(d) 2-butyne(e) 1-butyne(f) 2,3-dimethylbutane
Which of the molecules in Problem 17.72 represent a pair of isomers? Discuss their differences in terms of bonds and/or linear versus branched.Data from Problem 17.72Give the molecular formula and line drawing for:(a) Propene(b) 1-octene(c) Hexane(d) 2-butyne(e) 1-butyne(f) 2,3-dimethylbutane
Where do we start numbering carbons on a main chain when both branches and C=C or C≡C bonds are present?
What is wrong with the name 2-methyl-4-hexene? What is the correct name?
Why can’t the molecule 2,2-dimethyl-1-butene exist?
Give the IUPAC name for: (a) (c) (b)
Give the line drawing and molecular formula for:(a) 3-methylpentane(b) 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene(c) 3-methyl-1-pentene(d) 5-methyl-1-hexyne
For each of the following two hydrocarbon molecules, tell how many branches each molecule has, name those branches, and then name the entire molecule. (a) 十 (b)
Make a line drawing of 5,5-dimethyl-1-hexene. What would be wrong with calling this compound 2,2-dimethyl-5-hexene?
True or false? The longest continuous chain of carbons in a hydrocarbon is always the chain to use in naming a hydrocarbon. Explain your answer.
Although it was not discussed in the chapter, it is possible for a hydrocarbon molecule to have more than one site of unsaturation. One such molecule is 1,3-butadiene; the di- tells us there are two double bonds in the molecule. Give the molecular formula and line drawing for this molecule.
The alkanes containing one, two, three, and four carbons are gases at room temperature. However, as alkanes get larger, they become liquids and then solids at room temperature. Why?
Most of gasoline consists of liquid hydrocarbons. If you examine the exhaust pipe of a running automobile you will observe that liquid water continually comes out of it. In addition, a gas is emitted that is known to contribute to the warming of our planet. Explain where the water and the gas come
What do we mean by the expression functional group?
Explain how halogenated hydrocarbons are named.
Explain how hydrocarbons containing an NH2 group are named.
Name the molecules: (a) (c) Cl Cl CI (b) Br
Explain how hydrocarbons containing an OH group are named.
Name the molecules: (a) (c) HO HO (b) NH₂
Draw the Teflon molecule.
Why is chlorine an important functional group?
Why have Freons been banned?
What class of compounds does the general formula R—OH represent? What does the R represent?
How can you convert R—Cl to R—OH?
A student claims there are three isomers of propanol: 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 3-propanol. Is he correct? Explain.
Draw all the isomers of the alcohols having the molecular formula C4H10O.
A functional group you did not learn about is called an acid chloride, shown below. Notice how the amine reacts with it. Give a reason or reasons for why the nitrogen atom of the amine seeks out the carbonyl atom of the acid chloride and can form a bond to it. :0: R Cl Acid
Wood alcohol is toxic to humans but not to horses. Explain why, and also explain why wood alcohol poisoning in humans is treated by having the patient consume ethanol.
This line drawing may look like a flying bat, but it is really a functionalized hydrocarbon. Give its molecular formula and name.
Name the ethers: (a) (b) (c)
Draw the structural formula of butyl propyl ether and give its molecular formula.
Give the common name and line drawing for ethanoic acid.
Write the equilibrium reaction associated with molecules of the type R—COOH. To which side does the equilibrium lie? What does this imply?
Show how a carboxylic acid, R—COOH, reacts with a tertiary amine, NR3.
Write an equilibrium to show how a primary amine, H2NR, makes water basic. To which side does the equilibrium lie? What does this imply?
Diethylamine is a secondary amine having the formula C4H11N. Draw a dot diagram for this compound.
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