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introductory chemistry atoms first
Introductory Chemistry Atoms First 5th Edition Steve Russo And Michael Silver - Solutions
An even older asteroid is found. A rock from it yields 1.82 g of 23892U and 4.02 g of20682Pb. How old is this asteroid?
Could the nuclear reaction of Practice Problem 16.20 be used to produce a chain reaction? Fully explain your answer.Data from Problem 16.20Complete this nuclear reaction, and state whether it is fission or fusion. 23 Pu+nSr + ? + 3 n
Explain how you would determine whether the nuclear reaction of Practice Problem 16.20 is exothermic or endothermic.Data from Problem 16.20Complete this nuclear reaction, and state whether it is fission or fusion. 23 Pu+nSr + ? + 3 n
What do we mean when we say that an atom has a mass defect?
True or false?(a) The number of nucleons in an atom is equal to its atomic number.(b) The number of nucleons in an atom is equal to its mass number.(c) The number of protons in an atom is equal to its mass number minus its atomic number.(d) The number of neutrons in an atom is equal to its mass
Consider these facts regarding two hypothetical nuclei, one heavy and one light: (1) The heavy nucleus has a greater binding energy than the light nucleus. (2) The light nucleus is more stable than the heavy nucleus. Explain how both facts can be true.
Explain in terms of energy why a chemical reaction could never turn lead into gold.
Examine the plot of binding energy per mole of nucleons versus number of nucleons that appears on page 658. Where does your answer to Problem 16.30 put 146C relative to 126C and 136C? What does this imply about the stability of the 146C nucleus relative to that of the lighter isotopes?Data from
The mass of 1 mole of radioactive 146C is 14.003 24 g. Calculate its binding energy in kilojoules per mole of nucleons.
What is a radioactive atom?
True or false? Radioactive atoms have no mass defect or binding energy. Explain.
Why are neutrons thought to be important for making a nucleus stable?
As we go from light atoms to heavier ones, (a) What happens to the neutron-to-proton ratio?(b) Why does the answer to part (a) make sense?
Write the full symbols for the isotopes of oxygen having 8, 9, and 11 neutrons.
Calculate the n/p ratios for the isotopes in Problem 16.36.Data from Problem 16.36Write the full symbols for the isotopes of oxygen having 8, 9, and 11 neutrons.
What is the band of stability, and why do radioactive isotopes appear on it?
According to the band-of-stability graph on page 662, when would an atom with 60 protons in its nucleus be unstable? (Read the plot as best you can.)Graph from Page 662 Number of neutrons 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Island of stability Band of stability n/p=1 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Define half-life.
How many half-lives does it take for a 10-g sample of 12353I to drop to 0.039 g? What length of time is this? [The half-life of 12353I is 13.1 h.]
What is the ocean of instability?
If you were looking to find or create superheavy atoms, approximately what range of atomic number would you expect for their nuclei?
What can we say about the n/p ratios of nuclei that lie in the light brown band of stability above the dark brown center region representing nonradioactive nuclei?
Energy is always released during radioactive decay in the form of kinetic energy of ejected particles and gamma rays. What is the source of this energy?
What is meant by the term radioactive decay?
Write the full symbol for a neutron, a proton, an electron, and a positron.
Why is a positron referred to as antimatter?
How do we interpret the subscripts for the full symbols of an electron and a positron?
What kind of nucleus would be likely to convert a proton to a neutron, and why would it want to do that?
What kind of nucleus would be likely to convert a neutron to a proton, and why would it want to do that?
True or false? Radioactive decay ends up changing the elemental identity of the isotope undergoing decay. Explain.
What happens to an atom’s nucleus when it undergoes beta emission?
How is it possible for a nucleus to eject an electron when it contains no electrons?
The tantalum isotope 18673Ta is radioactive and decays by converting a neutron to a proton.(a) Where is this atom likely to lie in the band of stability?(b) Write a nuclear reaction for this decay process.(c) Which type of decay is this?
What happens when an atom’s nucleus undergoes:(a) Positron emission.(b) Electron capture.(c) Gamma emission.
Is there a difference between the product of 53Fe emitting a positron and the product of 53Fe emitting a beta particle? If yes, explain fully.
The tungsten isotope 16274W is radioactive and decays by converting a proton to a neutron.(a) Where is this atom likely to lie in the band of stability?(b) Write two nuclear reactions that describe this decay process.(c) Which type of decay is represented by each reaction you wrote in part (b)?
What kind of nucleus would be likely to eject two neutrons and two protons?
The thorium isotope 23290Th is radioactive and decays by ejecting two protons and two neutrons from its nucleus.(a) Where is this atom likely to lie in the band of stability?(b) Write a nuclear reaction for this decay process.(c) Which type of decay is this?
Name two forms in which energy can be carried away from a nucleus undergoing radioactive decay.
How do you check to see if a nuclear reaction is balanced?
Pockets of trapped helium gas are found near some deposits of radioactive ores. How can you explain this?
What happens to the mass number and the atomic number of an atom when its nucleus:(a) Ejects a beta particle?(b) Ejects a positron?(c) Undergoes electron capture?(d) Ejects an alpha particle?
Thorium-232 decays by the following sequence of emissions: α, β, β, α, α, α, β, α, β, α. What is the final product of this sequence of emissions (give its full atomic symbol)?
Explain how simply examining the periodic table allows you to predict the daughter isotope in:(a) Alpha decay(b) Beta decay(c) Positron emission(d) Electron capture
Why doesn’t gamma emission change the elemental identity of a nucleus?
Complete this nuclear reaction, and name the decay process: com Be + ?→→Li
Postulate a sequence of radioactive decays that converts the lead isotope 20782Pb to an isotope of gold.
Complete this nuclear reaction, and name the decay process: 47 Ca→? + Sc 47 21
Complete this nuclear reaction, and name the decay process: 235U→He + ?
Complete this nuclear reaction, and name the decay process: ?¹B + e
Complete this nuclear reaction, and name the decay process: 40 -je ?→→Ar + 184
Suppose you have 100 g of 12353I. How much of it will be left after 26.2 h? After 39.3 h? [The half-life of 12353I is 13.1h.]
Would 146C be useful in dating a fossil that is 120 million years old? Explain.
Given the half-life of 146C, why is any of it present in the environment?
Measurements show that the percentage of 146C in a particular artifact today is 22.8%. What is the approximate age of the artifact in years?
Measurements show that a sample of rock contains 14.90 g of 23892U and 26.50 g of 20682Pb.[See Practice Problem 16.17 for molar masses.](a) To date this rock, what assumption must be made about where the 23892 Pb came from?(b) How many atoms of each isotope are present in the rock?(c) How many
For a fission or fusion reaction to be exothermic, what must be true about the mass defects of the products compared to the mass defect of the reactants? Explain fully.
Explain the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Complete the nuclear fission reaction in which U-235 is hit by one neutron to yield Xe-144 and 2 neutrons, and also explain if the reaction you wrote could lead to a chain reaction.
Complete this fission reaction: 239, 23Pu + on→? + 94Pu 140 54 5 Xe
Why does nuclear fission often proceed as a chain reaction?
Complete this fusion reaction: Be + He? + y
The hydrogen in our Sun is undergoing fusion and turning into helium. Billions of years from now, the hydrogen will run out and the helium atoms will fuse, forming heavier atoms. Eventually, these heavier atoms will also fuse. Interestingly, when astronomers examine the remnants of burnt-out stars,
What is the definition of critical mass?
In a nuclear power plant, what is the job of the heat produced in the fission reactions?
Discuss the benefits and problems associated with using nuclear fission to produce electricity.
Why can’t a nuclear reactor explode like a nuclear bomb?
Why are such high temperatures needed to initiate nuclear fusion?
At the end of their life cycles and before they explode into supernovas, the cores of some stars become so hot and dense that they can start to fuse helium atoms together to make heavier elements. How is this fact important given that modern theory tells us that the universe began as mostly
What are the advantages of fusion reactors over fission reactions, and why are there as yet no fusion reactors operating on Earth to generate power?
Of the types of radioactive decay studied in this chapter, which is least likely to damage you upon external exposure? Which is most likely? Explain fully.
How does radiation damage living organisms?
Radioactivity is often called ionizing radiation. Why?
Briefly discuss the medical uses of radioactivity presented in this chapter.
Which has the larger binding energy per mole of nucleons, 42He (molar mass 4.00150 g/mol) or 63Li (molar mass 6.01348 g/mol)? [Useful masses: proton, 1.00730 g/mol; neutron, 1.00870 g/mol; electron, 0.00055 g/mol]
Consider the radioactive decay of radium to radon:(a) Write the complete equation.(b) What type of decay is this?(c) Explain why radium-226 is likely to undergo the type of decay you named in part (b).(d) How much energy is released, in kilojoules, when 1 mole of 22688Ra decays? [Molar masses:
Would fusing two 56Fe atoms together to produce 112Te be an exothermic reaction or an endothermic reaction? Justify your answer.
Complete these equations representing nuclear reactions: 121 51 27 (a) Sb +He→? 13Al+He →? + on + H (b) 238 (c) 2U + n→→? + -je 0
Polonium-210 is an alpha emitter and has a half-life of 138 days.(a) Write the equation for the radioactive decay of polonium-210.(b) How long will it take before only 5.00% of the original amount of 210Po in a sample remains?
Rubidium-87, a beta emitter, is a product of positron emission.(a) Identify the parent nucleus of 87Rb.(b) When the parent nucleus named in part (a) decays, does the n/p ratio increase or decrease?
Which isotope in each pair is more likely to decay by electron capture?(a) 13B or 8B (b) 209Bi or 194Bi
The isotopes 17F, 20F, and 21F are all radioactive, decaying either by beta emission or by positron emission. Name the decay process for each isotope.
Consider the fission reaction(a) What is the missing fission product represented by the question mark?(b) What is it about this reaction that allows for a chain reaction?(c) How much energy, in kilojoules, is released per gram of 235U? [Molar masses: 235U, 235.0439 g/mol; 89Rb, 88.8913 g/mol;
Suppose you discovered a new radioactive decay mode for which the daughter had a mass number seven lower than the parent, and was three places to the left of the parent in the periodic table. What particle(s) would the parent nucleus have to eject to accomplish such a decay?
A painting supposedly by Rembrandt (1609–1669) was found to contain 96.1% of the amount of 14C found in a living plant. Could this painting have been done by Rembrandt? [The half-life of 14C is 5715 years.] Justify your answer.
Thorium-232 undergoes the following decays successively: parent 232Th decays to six alpha particles plus daughter 1, then daughter 1 decays to four beta particles plus daughter 2. Identify daughter 2.
Two possible mechanisms for a certain reaction are:Red oxygen is the nonradioactive isotope oxygen-18, and analysis of the products reveals that all of the 18O ends up in the water.(a) Which mechanism is correct, and which bond(s) in each reactant must be broken to form the products?(b) If your
In the ore of what metal would you look for thorium? Explain.
(a) Write the reaction for the beta decay of tritium.(b) Like 14C, tritium is formed by nuclear reactions in the upper atmosphere. What is the missing product here:(c) The half-life of tritium is only 12.26 years, and yet there is always some present on Earth (about 1 atom in every 1018 H atoms is
Past the “bismuth buoy,” β radiation will not render a radioactive nucleus nonradioactive. Explain why. Number of neutrons 200 180 160 140 120 100 Nonradioactive nuclei 80 60 40 20 Ocean of instability Island of n/p = 1, stability Bismuth buoy 83 + 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Number of
What type of radioactive decay is depicted here? Also, write a fully balanced nuclear reaction for the decay. "Be 7Li
What type of radioactive decay is depicted here? Also, write a fully balanced nuclear reaction for the decay. HE ³ He
What type of radioactive decay is depicted here? Also, write a fully balanced nuclear reaction for the decay. 241 Am 237NP
What type of radioactive decay is depicted here? Also, write a fully balanced nuclear reaction for the decay. 11C 11B
Consider the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium:identical subatomic particles (a) What are the two identical subatomic particles?(b) During this transformation, mass is lost and converted into energy, releasing 2.56 × 109 kJ per mole of helium formed. How many gallons of gasoline would you
According to the following plot, would splitting (fissioning) 4He into two deuteriums (2D) release or absorb energy? Also, would mass be gained or lost upon the fission, and how much in grams? [1 MeV = 1.602 × 10–13 Jucleon); a joule is a kg m2/s2] Binding energy per nucleon (in
Explain why the process of nuclear fusion will not release energy if the atoms fused are larger than 56Fe.
Given four nuclei: 2010A, 179B, 2812C, and 22686D, which is likely to emit a β– particle, and which is likely to emit a β+ particle? Explain your choices.
Over time, 3.00 g of 13255Cs decays by b- emission to produce stable xenon. If the half-life of 13255Cs is 55 days, how much 13255Cs will be left after 150 days?
Polonium-210, an alpha emitter, has a halflife of 138.4 days. Suppose you were to collect the helium gas originating from the alpha particles. How many milliliters of helium gas at standard temperature and pressure would you collect from 1.000 g of polonium dioxide, PoO2, in a period of 138.4 days?
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