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introductory chemistry atoms first

Questions and Answers of Introductory Chemistry Atoms First

Make a line drawing for 2-aminohexane. Is this a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine?
The molecule methanal has the common name formaldehyde. Draw a dot diagram for it.
Draw the structural formulas for 1-chloropropane, 1-propanol, 1-aminopropane, 2-propanone, propanoic acid, and propanal. Then label each molecule indicating the type of functionalized hydrocarbon it
Make a line drawing for 2-propanone and give its common name.
Circle the portion of each molecule that is the functional group and name the molecule: (a) (c) CI наз OH (b) (P) HO
Consider acetic acid.(a) Draw a dot diagram for it and point out which hydrogen atom is acidic.(b) Why is only the H on the oxygen atom acidic?(c) Where are you likely to run across acetic acid
This compound is sold as Prozac, used for the treatment of depression:(a) Circle all the functional groups and name them.(b) What is the molecular formula of Prozac? F F—C-F 0 N Η
What classes of molecules contain a carbonyl, C=O?
Hydrocarbons are insoluble in water, but some alcohols, such as methanol, CH3OH, dissolve readily in water. Why?
A solution of methyl alcohol in water does not conduct electricity. Why not?
Which do you expect to be most water-soluble:(a) CH3CH2OH (b) CH3CH2CH3(c) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH Explain your answer.
There are three isomers that have the molecular formula C5H12. Draw the structural formula for each one. Which do you expect to have the lowest boiling point? Explain.
For each pair of molecules, indicate whether the two are identical, isomers, or completely unrelated. Η Η Η TIT (a) H-C-C-C-OH Η Η Η Η Η Η ΤΙΙ (b) HO-C-C-C-H Η Η Η Η Η
Write the molecular formula for each molecule: (a) Vanillin HO (b) Cholesterol HO (c) Vitamin C HO. HO HO (d) Cocaine Н ОН
There are four isomers that have the molecular formula C4H9Br. Draw the structural formula for each one. Name each compound using IUPAC rules.
Using the molecular formula C2H4Cl2, draw the structural formula of (a) A molecule that is polar (b) A molecule that is nonpolar.
Using the molecular formula C4H6Cl2, draw the structural formula of (a) A molecule that is polar, (b) A molecule that is nonpolar,(c) A molecule that contains only C—C single bonds.
Benzene is a hydrocarbon that has the molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule contains a six-carbon ring and three double bonds. Draw its structural formula.
Benzene (see Problem 17.126) is a planar molecule. How many isomers of benzene are there that:(a) Have one hydrogen atom replaced by a chlorine atom?(b) Have two hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorine
Name all the functional groups possible for molecules that have the molecular formulas(a) C4H10O, (b) C4H8O, (c) C4H8O2. Draw a structural formula for each functionalized hydrocarbon.
Consider the two alcohol molecules shown below:(a) Are they isomers? Justify your answer.(b) Molecule (a) is more soluble in water than molecule (b). Explain why. HO + (a) (9) OH
Examine the triglyceride, glycerol, and fatty acid shown in the introduction to this chapter.(a) What type of organic molecule is glycerol, and would you expect it to be soluble in water or not
An amide is a molecule in which a nitrogen atom is bound to a carbonyl. Shown below is the artificial sweetener known as saccharin.(a) Why is it called a sulfonamide?(b) What is its chemical formula?
An organic compound has the formula C6H6 and it possesses three C=C double bonds. Draw it.
Cyclic hydrocarbons contain at least one ring of carbon atoms. Of the cyclic hydrocarbonswhich are isomers? Explain why. 1 2 3 4
Relate the words saturated and unsaturated to the general formulas CnH2n + 2, CnH2n, and CnH2n – 2.
(a) Write the intact-compound equation and the net ionic equation for the neutralization reaction that occurs between aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide.(b) What salt would be
Balance the following chemical equations.CaH2 + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
Balance the following chemical equations.C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Balance the following chemical equations.HCl + Na2CO3 → NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Balance the chemical equation for the combustion of hexane, C6H14(l). The unbalanced equation is:C6H14(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Balance the chemical equation:C6H12(l) + O2(g) → H2C6H8O4(l) + H2O(l)
Balance the chemical equation:CH3NH2(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g) + N2(g)
Balance each equation and classify the reaction as combination, decomposition, single replacement, or double-replacement. Pb(NO3)2(s) Heat PbO(s)+NO(g)+O₂(g)
Balance each equation and classify the reaction as combination, decomposition, single replacement, or double-replacement.KBr(aq) + Cl2(aq) → KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
Balance each equation and classify the reaction as combination, decomposition, single replacement, or double-replacement. H H C=C H Cl + H Cl C=C Cl CI Catalyst H H C=C Cl Cl
To write a net ionic equation, you must(a) Write every species in solution.(b) Include the spectator ions.(c) Omit the spectator ions.(d) Write the precipitate with (aq) after it.
A solution of sodium sulfate is combined with a solution of barium chloride. Does a precipitation reaction occur? If so, which salt precipitates?
Aqueous solutions of lead nitrate and sodium sulfate combine to produce a precipitate.(a) What are the spectator ions?(b) Write the net ionic equation for this precipitation reaction.
Aqueous solutions of nickel(II) nitrate and ammonium phosphate combine to produce a precipitate.(a) What are the spectator ions?(b) Write the net ionic equation for this precipitation reaction.
It takes one molecule of NaOH to neutralize one molecule of HCl, but it takes two molecules of NaOH to neutralize one molecule of H2SO4. Explain why this is true.
Tap water contains dissolved oxygen gas, O2(aq). Adding heat to tap water causes the dissolved oxygen to leave. Which of the two equations below represents a chemical reaction, and which does not?
Write the intact-compound equation and the net ionic equation for the neutralization of aqueous hydrofluoric acid by aqueous calcium hydroxide. What is the name of the salt that forms?
Someone claims that a substance has undergone a chemical reaction. What would they have to demonstrate in order to prove this?
Recall the reaction to make the superconductor described at the beginning of this chapter. What could be done to show that the product of the chemical reaction is truly a new compound and not just a
Consider the following reaction. Describe it in terms of which bonds must be broken and which bonds must be formed. Η Η TT 2Cl—Cl + H-C-C-H Η Η Η Η IT H=C=C-H + 2H-Cl T CI CI
Under what circumstances (if any) does it not take energy to break a chemical bond?
For most gas-phase chemical reactions, where does the energy come from to break covalent bonds in reactant molecules?
Balance this chemical equation by inspection:Al2Cl6 + H2O → Al(OH)3 + HCl
Consider the following chemical equation:C2H2 + O2 → H2O + CO2(a) Balance this chemical equation by inspection.(b) Translate the balanced equation into words.The compound C2H2 is called acetylene
John writes the chemical equation O2 + O2 → 1 1/3O3.Sue claims that is not a chemical reaction because there is no chemical change, saying “Oxygen is on both sides of the arrow!” Sue also says
Balance this chemical equation and assign it a reaction type:SO2(g) + O2(g) → SO3(g)
Write a net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction, if any, that occurs when aqueous solutions of the following ionic compounds are mixed:(a) Pb(NO3)2 and NaCl(b) Ba(NO3)2 and NiSO4(c) NaCl
“Hard” water is hard because it contains Ca2+ (aq) and Mg2+ (aq) ions. It can be softened by adding borax powder, which is sodium tetraborate, Na2B4O7. Adding borax removes the Ca2+ (aq) and Mg2+
Consider the following unbalanced chemical equation:C5H10O2(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)(a) Balance this equation.(b) Classify the reaction type and explain.(c) Because one of the reactants is
Balance this chemical equation by inspection:Fe2O3 + C → Fe + CO2
Describe how you would explain to someone how a chemical reaction changes one set of compounds into another.
A student writes the following chemical equation. Is it a valid chemical equation? Explain.2Fe2O3(s) + 3C(s) → 3 CO2(g) + 2 Au(s)
What is wrong with changing the subscripts in a chemical formula to balance a chemical equation?
Balance this chemical equation by inspection:C2H4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O
Aqueous solutions of iron(III) sulfate and barium hydroxide are combined. Does a precipitate form? If yes, write a net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction.
Aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and potassium carbonate are combined. Does a precipitate form? If yes, write a net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction.
You need calcium sulfate, but there is none in the lab. However, there are lots of other ionic compounds on the shelves.(a) Propose a synthesis for calcium sulfate.(b) Write a complete ionic equation
When an aqueous solution of ammonium sulfate is added to an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate, a precipitate forms.(a) Write a net ionic equation for the precipitation.(b) Write the precipitation
Write (a) A reaction with all species intact and using (aq), (s), or (l) for the reaction between aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid and calcium hydroxide. (b) What salt is formed as a result of
Ammonium ions (NH4+) behave as an acid.(a) Write an equation that shows NH4+ (aq) behaving as an acid when it reacts with aqueous hydroxide ion.(b) What are the products of neutralizing an aqueous
You need to prepare some calcium nitrate.(a) Write an intact-molecule balanced equation for an acid–base neutralization reaction that could be used to prepare calcium nitrate.(b) Write the net
Balance each equation and assign each a reaction type: (a) SiO₂(s) + C(s) →Si(s) + CO(g) H (b) H-C-Ö-H+H-Cl: H H H-C-C1:+H-Ö-H T H (c) Al(s) + O₂(g) →
Aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide and iron(III) nitrate are combined.(a) Does a precipitation reaction occur? Explain.(b) If it does, write a net ionic equation for the reaction.
Aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and potassium carbonate are combined.(a) Write the formulas for both reactants.(b) Does a precipitation reaction occur? Explain.(c) If it does, write a net ionic
Describe what happens when CaCl2(s) and NaNO3(s) are added to the same beaker of water. What, if anything, dissolves, and what, if anything, precipitates?
Na+ (aq), Pb2+ (aq), and Ba2+ (aq) are all present in the same solution. Fully describe a procedure whereby you could separate these ions from one another.
Heptane, C7H16, is one of the components of gasoline. Burning heptane in air yields carbon dioxide and water. Balance the equation for this reaction: C₂H16(1) + O₂(g) →CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)
Fe3+ (aq), Ca2+ (aq), and Ba2+ (aq) are all present in the same solution. Fully describe a procedure whereby you could separate these ions from one another
The burning of ethanol, C2H5OH, in air yields carbon dioxide and water. Balance the equation for this reaction: C₂H5OH(1) + O₂(g) →CO₂(g) + H₂O(g)
Indicate which bonds are broken and which are formed when each reaction occurs: (a) N₂ + 3 Br2 → 2 NBr3 (b) P4 + 6H₂→ 4 PH3 (c) KF+ Nal→KI + NaF (d) CH4 + Cl₂ →CH3Cl + HCI
Sodium chloride reacts with bromine gas, Br2, to produce sodium bromide plus chlorine gas. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
Indicate whether each compound is soluble or insoluble in water:(a) BaCO3(b) K2S(c) CaSO4(d) Mg(NO3)2(e) (NH4)3PO4
Write the balanced chemical equation for the production of P2O5 from P and O2.
When a precipitate forms in water, the water often becomes warmer. What is the source of the heat energy that warms the water?
The compound CH3COOCH3 (methyl acetate) is not an acid, but the compound CH3COOH (acetic acid) is.(a) Which of the hydrogen atoms in acetic acid is the acidic hydrogen (the one that becomes H+ (aq)
Write the complete ionic equation and the net ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when the following solutions are mixed, and name the salt formed in each case: (a) HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) (b)
Consider a gas-phase reaction.(a) Cooling the mixture of reactants can slow and even stop the chemical reaction. Explain why this is so.(b) Increasing the number of reactant molecules in the flask
Translate this balanced chemical equation into words: CH4 + 20₂→CO₂ + 2 H₂O Methane
Balance this chemical equation by inspection:KClO3 → KCl + O2
Balance this chemical equation and assign it a reaction type:N2O5(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g)
Balance this chemical equation and assign it a reaction type:CO(g) + NO(g) → CO2(g) + N2(g)
Balance this chemical equation and assign it a reaction type:Fe(NO3)3(aq) + Na2S(aq) → Fe2S3(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Balance this chemical equation and assign it a reaction type:Li(s) + N2(g) → Li3N(s)
Under the proper conditions, hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(l), can be converted to water and oxygen gas. Write a balanced equation for this reaction and assign it a reaction type.
Compare and contrast combination reactions and decomposition reactions. Give an example of each.
Draw a beaker that shows the result of dissolving methanol, CH3OH, in water and a second beaker that shows the result of dissolving sodium phosphate in water. Indicate all species present in solution
Fill in this table: Name Sodium phosphate Iron(II) carbonate Mercury(II) chloride Formula Ba(CH3CO₂)2 (NH4)2S Co(OH)2 HgCl Soluble or insoluble in water?
Write a net ionic equation for the precipitation reaction, if any, that occurs when aqueous solutions of the following ionic compounds are mixed:(a) Bi(NO3)3 and NaOH(b) K2SO4 and SrI2(c) Cu(CH3COO)2
Draw a beaker that shows the result of combining aqueous solutions of Na2S and nickel(II) nitrate. Indicate which ions are in solution, and write the formula for the precipitate that forms. Write a
You need nickel(II) hydroxide, but there is none in the lab. However, there are lots of other ionic compounds on the shelves. Propose a synthesis for nickel(II) hydroxide.
You dissolve some silver nitrate in your tap water from home, and the water turns cloudy. What chemical species might be in your tap water?
An aqueous solution of hydrosulfuric acid, H2S(aq), reacts with an aqueous solution of NaOH(aq).(a) Write the complete ionic equation for the acid–base neutralization that occurs. (b) What salt
When an aqueous solution of H2S(aq) is mixed with an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate, a black precipitate of CuS forms.(a) Write and balance the full reaction equation for the reaction of
Suppose you had oxalic acid, H2C2O4, and you wanted to make sodium oxalate, Na2C2O4. How might you do this?

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