Physical Chemistry 3rd edition Thomas Engel, Philip Reid - Solutions

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Fluorine-18 is a radioactive isotope that emits positrons and is used in PET scans (positron emission tomography). It has a half-life of 110 minutes. If a patient is given a 1.5 ng sample of 18F-, how much of the sample in molecules persists after a day?
Aluminum can be plated out of a solution containing Al3+ according to the half-reaction:Al3+ (aq) +3e- → Al (s)What mass of aluminum (in grams) will be plated by the flow of 50 A of current 10 hours?
An electrochemical cell is based on two half-reactions:Oxidation: Fe(s) → Fe2+ (aq, 0.010 M) + 2 e−Reduction: Br2 (l) + 2 e− → 2 Br− (aq, 1.0 M)Compute the cell potential.
Use the tabulated half-cell potentials to calculate K for the oxidation of nickel by chlorine:Cl2 (g) + Ni (s) → 2 Cl− (aq) + Ni2+ (aq)
Use tabulated standard half-cell potentials to calculate the standard cell potential for the reaction in an electrochemical cell at 25 °C:Zn2+ (aq) + H2O2 (aq) → Zn (s) + O2 (g) + 2 H+ (aq)
Use the tabulated free energies of formation to calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 298 K:H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g)
Consider the reaction:CH3Cl (g) + Cl2 (g) → CH2Cl2 (l) + HCl (g)Use the standard free energies of formation to determine ΔG°rxn for this reaction at 25°C.
Consider the reaction:NO (g) + ½O2 (g) → NO2 (g)Calculate ΔG°rxn at 25 °C and determine whether the reaction is spontaneous.
Consider the combustion reaction for calcium:2 Ca (s) + O2 (g) → 2 CaO (s) ΔH = -1270 kJ, ΔS = -365 J/Ka) Calculate ΔG at 25 °C and determine whether the reaction is spontaneous.b) Determine at what temperature (if any) the reaction is spontaneous.
A 250-mL portion of a solution that contains 1.5 mM Cu(NO3)2 is mixed with a solution that is 0.100 M NaCN. After equilibrium is reached, what concentration of Cu2+ (aq) remains?
Calculate the molar solubility of calcium sulfate CaSO4 in a solution containing 0.20 M Na2SO4.
Calculate the molar solubility of iron carbonate FeCO3 in pure water.
A 1.0 L buffer solution contains 0.15 mol acetic acid and 0.10 mol sodium acetate. The Ka for acetic acid is 1.8 × 10-5. Calculate the pH of the solution before and after a 0.010 mol sample of NaOH is added to the buffer. (Ignore any change in volume upon adding the NaOH.)
Find the pH of a 0.500 M NaCN solution. The salt dissociates completely into Na+ and CN-, and the Na+ has no acid or base properties.
Find the [OH-] and pH of a 0.500 M NH3 solution.
Find the percent ionization of a 1.00 M formic acid solution.
Find the [H3O+] and pH of a 1.00 M formic acid solution.
Calculate the pH of each solution and indicate whether the solution is acidic or basic at 25 °C.a) [H3O+] = 0.012 Mb) [H3O+] = 3.7 × 10-7 Mc) [OH-] = 0.0046 Md) [OH-] = 8.1 × 10-8 M
Consider the reaction:2 H2S (g)→ 2 H2 (g) + S2 (g) Kc = 1.67 × 10-7A reaction mixture initially contains [H2S] = 0.010 M. Find the equilibrium concentrations of H2 and S2.
Consider the reaction:N2O4 (g) → 2 NO2 (g) Kc = 0.36A reaction mixture initially contains [N2O4] = 0.100 M. Find the equilibrium concentrations of N2O4 and NO2.
Consider the reaction:2 COF2 (g) →CO2 (g) + CF4 (g) Kc = 2.00In an equilibrium mixture, the concentration of COF2 is 0.35 M and the concentration of CO2 is 0.144 M. What is the equilibrium concentration of CF4?
Consider the reaction:CO (g) + 2 H2 (g) →CH3OH (g)A reaction mixture initially contains [CO] = 0.600 M and [H2] = 1.20 M. At equilibrium, the CO concentration is found to be 0.100 M. Find the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
The decomposition of ozone is given by the equation:O3 (g) → O2 (g) + O (g)The rate constant at 700 K was measured as 4.85 × 104 M-1s-1 and at 800 K was 3.58 × 105 M-1s-1. Find the activation energy in kJ/mol.
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the reaction:H2O2 (aq) → H2O (l) + 0.5 O2 (g) The reaction follows first-order decay with a rate constant of 3.68 h-1. If the initial concentration is 30.0 ppm, what is peroxide concentration after 2.00 hours?
A solution contains 0.481 mol of Na2SO4 and 10.0 mol water. Calculate the vapor pressure of the solution at 25°C. The vapor pressure of pure water at 25 °C is 23.8 torr.
A solution is prepared from 445 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) and 500 g of water. This solution represents one that is 50% by volume ethylene glycol. At what temperature will the water in this solution boil?
A solution is prepared by dissolving 114 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 0.500 kg of water. The final volume of the solution is 590 mL. Calculate each value for this solution: a) molarity b) morality c) percent by mass d) mole fraction e) mole percent.
What pressure of nitrogen is required to keep the nitrogen concentration in a bottle of water at 0.12 M at 25 °C? Is this a reasonable value?
A form of iron crystallizes with a body-centered unit cell. The radius of iron is 124 pm. Calculate the density of this form of iron in g/cm3.
Octane has a normal boiling point of 125.5oC and a heat of vaporization (ΔHvap) of 38.8 kJ / mol. What is the vapor pressure of octane at 20oC?
Calculate the energy in kJ necessary to vaporize 100 g of water at its boiling point.
A polar molecule will exhibit dipole–dipole forces. Which molecules will show dipole–dipole forces?a) CHF3b) OCSc) H2S
Draw an MO energy diagram and determine the bond order for O22-. Is it diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
Use molecular orbital theory to predict the bond order in HeH+, the cation of a helium and hydrogen atom.
Write a hybridization and bonding scheme for SO42−.
Predict the geometry and bond angles of SOCl2.
Hydrogen is considered an optimal fuel since it burns without forming any carbon dioxide.2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (g)Use bond energies to calculate ΔHrxn.
Write a Lewis structure for NO2-.
Write a Lewis structure for CH3Cl.
Determine whether the bond between each pair of atoms will be pure covalent, polar covalent or ionic:a) S and O b) Al and Fc) C and Brd) Mg and Cl
Write a balanced equation for each of these cases:a) The reaction between sodium metal and bromine gas.b) The reaction between potassium metal and water.c) The reaction between hydrogen gas and chlorine gas.d) The reaction between calcium and water.
On the basis of periodic trends, choose the SMALLER atom from each pair:a) Sr or Ca b) Ar or Kr c) Ca or K d) O or F
Write the electron configurations of these elements and identify the core and valence electrons.a) Srb) Ar c) Ca d) Zn
Write the electron configurations of these elements:a) Sb) Arc) Cad) Zn
Determine the wavelength of light emitted when an electron in a hydrogen atom makes a transition from an orbital in n = 5 to n = 4.
A 1-second pulse of a red laser pointer with a wavelength of 635 nm contains 5.0 mJ of energy. How many photons does it contain?
In Brazil, vehicles are fueled almost entirely by ethanol C2H6O, produced from sugar cane. Calculate the heat (in kJ) produced by ethanol for each 1.00 kg of CO2 produced.
Use the standard enthalpies of formation to determine ΔH°rxn for the reaction:Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Calcium metal reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the balanced equation:Ca(s) + 2 HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)A 0.150 g sample of Ca metal is combined with enough HCl to make 100.0 mL of solution in a coffee-cup calorimeter. The calcium reacts and the temperature of the
A cigarette lighter contains 2.90 g of butane, C4H10. Calculate the heat (in kJ) associated with the complete combustion of the butane in the lighter.C4H10 (g) + 13/2 O2 (g) → 4 CO2 (g) + 5 H2O (g) ΔHrxn = -2658 kJ
When 1.10 g of ethanol (C2H6O) undergoes combustion in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature rises from 22.32°C to 29.48°C. Find ΔErxn for the combustion of ethanol in kJ/mol. The heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter, determined in a separate experiment is 4.70 kJ/°C.
Inflating one’s lungs requires the inflator to do pressure–volume work on the surroundings. If the lungs are inflated from a volume of 2.5 L to 5.5 L against an external pressure of 1.10 atm, how much work is done?
An unknown gas effuses at a rate that is 0.578 times that of nitrogen gas at the same temperature. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas in g/mol.
Calculate the root mean square velocity of oxygen molecules at 100 °C.
How many grams of water form when 2.41 L of oxygen gas at STP completely react with an appropriate amount of H2?2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g)
Methanol (CH3OH) can be synthesized by the reaction: CO(g) + 2 H2(g) → CH3OH(g) What volume (in liters) of methanol gas, measured at a temperature of 473 K and a pressure of 820 mmHg, is produced from 100.0 g of carbon monoxide CO?
A 1.50-L mixture of helium, neon, and argon has a total pressure of 754 mmHg at 310 K. If the partial pressure of helium is 431 mmHg and partial pressure of neon is 211 mmHg, what mass of argon is present in the mixture?
A sample of gas has a mass of 0.205 g. Its volume is 0.112 L at a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 740 mmHg. Find its molar mass.
Calculate the density of oxygen gas at 37.4 °C and a pressure of 720 mmHg.
Calculate the volume in L occupied by 1.43 mol of oxygen gas at a pressure of 3.25 atm and a temperature of 298 K.
A normal systolic blood pressure value is 110. mmHg. What is the pressure in pascal?
The titration of a 20.0-mL sample of an HCl solution of unknown concentration requires 8.32 mL of a 0.150 M NaOH solution to reach the equivalence point. What is the concentration of unknown HCl in M?
Write an equation for the precipitation reaction that occurs (if any) when solutions of calcium chloride and potassium carbonate are mixed.
What volume (in L) of 2.50 M NaCl Solution is required to completely react with 0.150 L of a 0.150 M AgNO3 solution according to the reaction:NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
To what volume should you dilute 0.300 L of a 6.00 M KOH solution to obtain a 2.50 M KOH solution?
How many liters of 1.50 M KOH Solution Contains 0.455 mol of KOH?
If 37.6 g of LiBr is dissolved in enough water to make 2.50 L of solution, what is the molarity of the solution?
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 can be synthesized by the reaction:N2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → 2 NO2 (g) Starting with 46.3 g N2 and 92.0 g O2, find the theoretical yield of NO2 in grams.
Humans use the glucose molecule as an energy source in the body:C6H12O6 (aq) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l)How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced for every 100.0 g of glucose metabolized?
Write the balanced equation for the combustion of octane (C8H18), a liquid vehicle fuel component, in which it combines with oxygen to form gaseous carbon dioxide and gaseous water.
Upon combustion, a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen produced 2.59 g CO2 and 1.19 g H2O. Find the empirical formula of the compound.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) has the empirical formula of C3H4O3 and a molar mass of 176.13 g/mol. Find its molecular formula.
A laboratory analysis of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) produced the mass percent composition:C………40.98%H………4.58%O………54.50%Find the empirical formula.
Fuel cells convert molecules to energy without actually burning them. One technology hopes to use hydrogen taken from ethanol C2H6O, which in turn is produced from grain. What mass of hydrogen (in grams) is contained in 1.00 gallon of ethanol? (The density of ethanol is 0.789 g/mL.)
The calcium in antacid tablets that contain calcium carbonate CaCO3 is touted as a good source of dietary calcium for bones. The mass percent of calcium in calcium carbonate is 40.04%. How much calcium does one obtain by consuming two antacid tablets that each contains 850 mg CaCO3? The recommended
Calculate the mass percent of calcium in calcium CaCO3.
An ibuprofen tablet contains 200 mg of the painkiller whose formula is C13H18O2. How many ibuprofen molecules does it contain?
An iron sphere contains 8.55 × 1022 iron atoms. What is the radius of the sphere in centimeters? The density of iron is 7.87 g/cm3.
What mass of iron (in grams) contains 1.20 × 1022 atoms of Fe? A paperclip contains about that number of iron atoms.
Calculate the number of grams of silver in an American Silver Eagle coin that contains 0.288 moles of silver.
Calculate the number of moles of iron in a sample that has 3.83 ✖ 1023 atoms of iron.
What is the mass in grams of an ice cube that is 1.1 inches per side?
An experimental automobile has a 100.0 liter fuel tank filled with ethanol. How many pounds does the fuel add to the mass of the car?
Calculate the number of cubic meters of concrete necessary to support a deck if each of 14 concrete piers require 4750 cubic inches.
Convert 1.76 miles to meters.
An experiment is performed in which the rate constant for electron transfer is measured as a function of distance by attaching an electron donor and acceptor to pieces of DNA of varying length. The measured rate constant for electron transfer as a function of separation distance is as
In Marcus theory for electron transfer, the reorganization energy is partitioned into solvent and solute contributions. Modeling the solvent as a dielectric continuum, the solvent reorganization energy is given by:where Î”e is the amount of charge transferred, d1 and d2 are the ionic
One can use FRET to follow the hybridization of two complimentary strands of DNA. When the two strands bind to form a double helix, FRET can occur from the donor to the acceptor, allowing one monitor the kinetics of helix formation (for an example of this technique, see Biochemistry 34 (1995),
One complication when using FRET is that fluctuations in the local environment can affect the S0–S1 energy gap for the donor or acceptor. Explain how this fluctuation would impact a FRET experiment.
In a FRET experiment designed to monitor conformational changes in T4 lysozyme, the fluorescence intensity fluctuates between 5000 and 10,000 counts per second. Assuming that 7500 counts represent a FRET efficiency of 0.5, what is the change in FRET pair separation distance during the reaction? For
The pyrene/coumarin FRET pair (r0 = 39 Å) is used to study the fluctuations in enzyme structure during the course of a reaction. Computational studies suggest that the pair will be separated by 35 Å in one conformation, and 46 Å in a second configuration. What is the expected difference in FRET
Oxygen sensing is important in biological studies of many systems. The variation in oxygen content of sapwood trees was measured by del Hierro and coworkers [ J. Experimental Biology 53 (2002): 559] by monitoring the luminescence intensity of [Ru(dpp)3]2+ immobilized in a sol-gel that coats
A central issue in the design of aircraft is improving the lift of aircraft wings. To assist in the design of more efficient wings, wind-tunnel tests are performed in which the pressures at various parts of the wing are measured generally using only a few localized pressure sensors. Recently,
In this problem you will investigate the parameters involved in a single-molecule fluorescence experiment. Specifically, the incident photon power needed to see a single molecule with a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio will be determined.a. Rhodamine dye molecules are typically employed in such
For phenanthrene, the measured lifetime of the triplet state (τ p) is 3.3 s, the fluorescence quantum yield is 0.12, and the phosphorescence quantum yield is 0.13 in an alcohol–ether glass at 77 K. Assume that no quenching and no internal conversion from the singlet state occurs. Determine k p,
If 10% of the energy of a 100.-W incandescent bulb is in the form of visible light having an average wavelength of 600. nm, how many quanta of light are emitted per second from the light bulb ?
The quantum yield for CO(g) production in the photolysis of gaseous acetone is unity for wavelengths between 250 and 320 nm. After 20.0 min of irradiation at 313 nm, 18.4 cm3 of CO(g) (measured at 1008 Pa and 22°C ) is produced. Calculate the number of photons absorbed, and the absorbed intensity
If τ f = 1 × 10−10 s and k ic = 5 × 108 s–1, what is Φ f ? Assume that the rate constants for intersystem crossing and quenching are sufficiently small that these processes can be neglected.
A likely mechanism for the photolysis of acetaldehyde isDerive the rate law expression for the formation of CO(g) based on this mechanism. CH CHO (s) + iv CH;-(g) + CНО-(g) CH,- (9) + сн,сноe) —А усH,(8) + сH,Cо- (g) →CH¼(g)+ CH;CO• CH;CO. (g)- CO(g) + CH3• (g) CH- (8) +
Sunburn is caused primarily by sunlight in what is known as the UVB band, or the wavelength range from 290 to 320 nm. The minimum dose of radiation needed to create a sunburn (erythema) is known as an MED (minimum erythema dose). The MED for a person of average resistance to burning is 50.0 mJ

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Physical Chemistry 3rd edition Thomas Engel, Philip Reid - Solutions

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