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physical chemistry

Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes 4th edition Richard M. Felder, ‎ Ronald W. Rousseau, ‎ Lisa G. Bullard - Solutions

As described in Problem 9.21, the manufacture of ethanol from corn starch involves fermentation using a yeast that converts sugars from the starch to ethanol and carbon dioxide in a complicated series of reactions. Taking the sugars to be represented by maltose (molecular weight = 342:3 g/mol), the
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) can be produced by the fermentation of sugars derived from agricultural products such as sugarcane and corn. Some countries without large petroleum and natural gas reserves—such as Brazil—have found it profitable to convert a portion of their agricultural output to
Metallic iron is produced in the reaction between ferrous oxide and carbon monoxide:The flowchart shown below depicts this process for a basis of 1 mol FeO fed at 298 K.(a) We wish to explore the effects of the variables n0 (the molar feed ratio of CO to FeO), T0 (the feed temperature of the carbon
Fuel cells have been proposed as an alternative energy technology for use in stationary and transportation applications. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device in which hydrogen reacts with oxygen from the air to produce water and DC electricity. The most flexible fuel cell design is the proton
The thermal decomposition of dimethyl etheris to be carried out in an isothermal 2.00-liter laboratory reactor at 600°C. The reactor is charged with pure dimethyl ether at a pressure of 350 torr. After about two hours, the reactor pressure is 875 torr.(a) Has the reaction proceeded to completion
Normal heptane is dehydrocyclicized to toluene and hydrogen in a continuous vapor-phase reaction:Pure heptane at 400°C is fed to the reactor. The reactor operates isothermally at 400°C and the reaction goes to completion. Data: The average heat capacity of n-heptane between 25°C and 400°C is
In the production of many microelectronic devices, continuous chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes are used to deposit thin and exceptionally uniform silicon dioxide films on silicon wafers. One CVD process involves the reaction between silane and oxygen at a very low pressure.The feed gas,
Trichloroethylene, a widely used degreasing solvent for machine parts, is produced in a two-step reaction sequence. Ethylene is first chlorinated to yield tetrachloroethane, which is dehydrochlorinated to form trichloroethylene.The standard heat of formation of liquid trichloroethylene is 276:2
The standard heat of the reactionΔHr = 69:36 kJ.(a) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic at 25°C? Would you have to heat or cool the reactor to keep the temperature constant? What would the temperature do if the reactor ran adiabatically? What can you infer about the energy required to break
The standard heat of the combustion reaction of liquid n-hexane to form CO2(g) and H2O(l), with all reactants and products at 77°F and 1 atm, is ΔHr = 1:791 × 106 Btu. The heat of vaporization of hexane at 77°F is 13,550 Btu/lb-mole and that of water is 18,934 Btu/lb-mole.(a) Is the reaction
The standard heat of combustion of liquid n-octane to form CO2 and liquid water at 25°C and 1 atm is ΔĤc = 5471 kJ/mol.(a) Briefly explain what that means. Your explanation may take the form “When ______ (specify quantities of reactant species and their physical states) react to form ______
The standard heat of the reactionis ΔHr = 904:7 kJ.(a) Briefly explain what that means. Your explanation may take the form “When ______ (specify quantities of reactant species and their physical states) react to form ______ (quantities of product species and their physical state), the change in
Taking as references pure liquid sulfuric acid at 77°F and pure liquid water at 32°F and without using Figure 8.5-1, calculate Ĥ(Btu/lbm) for each of the following substances. For each substance, also report the value you would read from Figure 8.5-1.(a) H2O (l, 120°F)(b) H2SO4 (l, 200°F)(c) $140 120 100 80 60 40 20 -20 200°F -40 180 -60 -80 60 32°F 80 -100 40 -120 0.90 1.00 0.80 -140 0.70 0.50 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.10 0.20 Mass fraction of H,SO, A(Btu/lb, solution) Freezing line$
Aqueous sulfuric acid solutions containing 15.0 wt% H2SO4 and 80.0 wt% H2SO4 are mixed to form a 30.0 wt% product solution. The 15% solution was in a laboratory in which the temperature was 77°F. The 80% solution had just been taken from a storage cabinet in an air conditioned stockroom and was at $140 120 100 80 60 40 20 -20 200°F -40 180 -60 -80 60 32°F 80 -100 40 -120 0.90 1.00 0.80 -140 0.70 0.50 0.60 0.40 0.30 0.10 0.20 Mass fraction of H,SO, A(Btu/lb, solution) Freezing line$
A stirred tank with volume Vt(L) is charged with Vl(L) of a liquid, B. The space above the liquid (volume Vg = Vt - Vl) is filled with a pure gas, A, at an initial pressure P0(atm). The initial system temperature is T0(K). The stirrer in the tank is turned on, and A begins to dissolve in B. The
Fifty milliliters of 100% H2SO4 at 25°C and 84.2mL of liquid water at 15°C are mixed. The heat capacity of the product solution is 2.43 J/(g °C).(a) Estimate the maximum temperature attainable by the product solution and state the conditions under which this temperature would be attained, using
Two hundred kilograms per hour of an aqueous solution containing 20.0 mole% sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2) enters an evaporative crystallizer at 60°C. When the solution is exposed to the low pressure in the evaporator, 16.9% of the water evaporates, concentrating the remaining solution and causing
An 8-molar hydrochloric acid solution [SG = 1:12, Cp = 2:76 J/(g °C)] is produced by absorbing hydrogen chloride [HCl(g)] in water. Liquid water enters the absorber at 25°C and gaseous HCl is fed at 20°C and 790 torr absolute. Essentially all of the HCl fed to the column is absorbed. Take one
Sodium hydroxide is dissolved in enough water to make up a 20.0 mole% solution.(a) If the NaOH and water are initially at 77°F (25°C), how much heat (Btu/lb product solution) must be removed for the solution also to be at 77°F. Assume the process is carried out at constant pressure, so that Q =
The heat of solution of ammonia in water at 1 atm is(a) Calculate the enthalpy change that accompanies the dissolution of 200 mol of NH3 in 400 mol of water at 25°C and 1 atm.(b) If you actually bubbled 200 mol of ammonia at 25°C through 400 mol of water initially at 25°C and calculated the heat
Spray cooling is a technique for cooling and either humidifying or dehumidifying air by contacting it with a spray of liquid water.
Spray cooling is a technique for cooling and either humidifying or dehumidifying air by contacting it with a spray of liquid water.
Spray cooling is a technique for cooling and either humidifying or dehumidifying air by contacting it with a spray of liquid water.
Spray cooling is a technique for cooling and either humidifying or dehumidifying air by contacting it with a spray of liquid water.
Asolution of sugar in water is to be concentrated from 5 wt%sugar to 20%sugar. The solution is at about 45°C when it is fed continuously to a bubble column. Air at 45°C with a dew point of 4°C is bubbled through the column and emerges saturated. The humidification of the air may be considered
Air at 45°C (dry bulb) and 10% relative humidity is to be humidified adiabatically to 70% relative humidity.(a) Use the psychrometric chart to estimate the adiabatic saturation temperature of the air.(b) Estimate the final temperature of the air and the rate at which water must be added to
Wet wood chips are dried in a continous rotary dryer that operates at atmospheric pressure. The chips enter at 19°C with a water content of 40 wt% and must leave with a moisture content of less than 15%. Hot air is fed to the dryer at a rate of 11.6m3(STP)/kg wet chips.To monitor the performance
Workers in the petrochemical industry often wear flame-retardant jumpsuits. Unfortunately, the material from which they are made hinders evaporation of perspiration, and consequently heat stress can be a hazard in plants where it is hot and humid.A control room in a petrochemical facility with
Humid air is enclosed in a 2.00-liter flask at 40°C. The flask is slowly cooled. When the temperature reaches 20°C, drops of moisture become visible on the flask wall. Although the pressure in the flask changes when the temperature drops, it remains close enough to 1 atm for the psychrometric
An open vessel containing 0.205 lbm of liquid water is placed in an empty room 5 ft wide, 4 ft deep, and 7 ft high, which initially contains dry air at 90°F. All the water evaporates without changing the room temperature.(a) Use the psychrometric chart to estimate the final relative humidity,
An outside-air sample is taken on a day when the temperature is 78°F and the relative humidity is 40%.(a) Use the psychrometric chart to state as many physical properties of the air as you can without doing any calculations. For each one, provide a brief description of the property in your own
Freeze concentration is used to produce a fruit-juice concentrate. A stream of fresh juice containing 12 wt% soluble solids in water at 20°C is combined with a recycle stream to form a preconcentrate, which is fed to a crystallizer. The mixture is cooled in the crystallizer to - 7°C, thereby
The manufacturers of a new oatmeal product want to determine the least expensive way to safeguard and transport their product. They choose lyophilization (freeze drying), which removes most of the water from the product, making it lighter and therefore less costly to transport over long distances,
Freeze drying is a technique for dehydrating substances at low temperatures, thereby avoiding the degradation that may accompany heating. The material to be dried is cooled to a temperature at which all of the water present turns to ice. The frozen substance is then placed in a vacuum chamber and
A small pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug and has hired you as a consultant to design a condenser to remove the drug from a gas–vapor mixture. The mixture, which contains 20 mole% of the drug and the balance nitrogen, will be fed to the condenser at 510K and 1 atm at a rate of
A small pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug and has hired you as a consultant to design a condenser to remove the drug from a gas–vapor mixture. The mixture, which contains 20 mole% of the drug and the balance nitrogen, will be fed to the condenser at 510K and 1 atm at a rate of
A small pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug and has hired you as a consultant to design a condenser to remove the drug from a gas–vapor mixture. The mixture, which contains 20 mole% of the drug and the balance nitrogen, will be fed to the condenser at 510K and 1 atm at a rate of
A small pharmaceutical firm plans to manufacture a new drug and has hired you as a consultant to design a condenser to remove the drug from a gas–vapor mixture. The mixture, which contains 20 mole% of the drug and the balance nitrogen, will be fed to the condenser at 510K and 1 atm at a rate of
Fish and wildlife managers have determined that a sudden temperature increase greater than 5°C would be harmful to the marine ecosystem of a river. Warmer waters contain less dissolved oxygen and cause organisms in a river to increase their metabolism; if the temperature increase is sudden, the
The off-gas from a reactor in a process plant in the heart of Freedonia has been condensing and plugging up the vent line, causing a dangerous pressure buildup in the reactor. Plans have been made to send the gas directly from the reactor into a cooling condenser in which the gas and liquid
An equimolar liquid mixture of n-pentane and n-hexane at 80°C and 5.00 atm is fed into a flash evaporator at a rate of 100.0 mol/s. When the feed is exposed to the reduced pressure in the evaporator, a substantial amount is vaporized. The temperature in the tank is maintained at 65°C by adding
A mixture of n-hexane vapor and air leaves a solvent recovery unit and flows through a 70-cm diameter duct at a velocity of 3.00 m/s. At a sampling point in the duct the temperature is 40°C, the pressure is 850 mm Hg, and the dew point of the sampled gas is 25°C. The gas is fed to a condenser in
A gas stream containing n-hexane in nitrogen with a relative saturation of 90% is fed to a condenser at 75°C and 3.0 atm absolute. The product gas emerges at 0°C and 3.0 atm at a rate of 746.7 m3/h. (a) Calculate the percentage condensation of hexane (moles condensed/mole fed) and the rate
Estimate the heat of vaporization (kJ/mol) of benzene at 25°C, using each of the following correlations and data: (a) The heat of vaporization at the normal boiling point and Watson’s correlation. (b) The Clausius–Clapeyron equation and boiling points at 50 mm Hg and 150 mm
In gas adsorption a vapor is transferred from a gas mixture to the surface of a solid. (See Section 6.7.) An approximate but useful way of analyzing adsorption is to treat it simply as condensation of vapor on a solid surface. Suppose a nitrogen stream at 35°C and 1 atm containing carbon
Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a polymer product used as a binding agent in pharmaceutical applications as well as in personal-care items such as hairspray. In the manufacture of PVP, a spray-drying process is used to collect solid PVP from an aqueous suspension, as shown in the flowchart on the
As part of a design calculation, you must evaluate an enthalpy change for an obscure organic vapor that is to be cooled from 1800°C to 150°C in a heat exchanger. You search through all the standard references for tabulated enthalpy or heat capacity data for the vapor but have no luck at all,
Sixty-five liters of liquid ethanol at 70.0°C and 55 L of liquid water at 20.0°C are to be mixed in a wellinsulated flask. The energy balance for this constant pressure process is Q = ΔH. (a) Neglecting evaporation and the heat of mixing, estimate the final mixture temperature. (As part of
Pure ethane is burned completely with preheated 20% excess air. The combustion product gas passes through an insulated heat exchanger (the preheater) in which it transfers heat to the air that will continue on to the furnace. The following data are recorded for the preheater inlet and outlet
Saturated steam at 300°C is used to heat a counter currently flowing stream of methanol vapor from 65°C to 260°C in an adiabatic heat exchanger. The flow rate of the methanol is 6500 standard liters per minute, and the steam condenses and leaves the heat exchanger as liquid water at
Ever wonder why espresso costs much more per cup than regular drip coffee? Part of the reason is the expensive equipment needed to brew a proper espresso. A high-powered burr grinder first shears the coffee beans to a fine powder without producing too much heat. (Heating the coffee in the grinding
The flow of groundwater often plagues construction of tunnels and other underground systems. One way of preventing it is with an ice seal—freezing the water in the soil so that the ice formed is a barrier to water movement. Such a structure was planned for the Fukushima TEPCO nuclear power plant,
Propane is to be burned with 25.0% excess air. Before entering the furnace, the air is preheated from 32°F to 575°F. (a) At what rate (Btu/h) must heat be transferred to the air if the feed rate of propane is 1.35x105 SCFH (ft3/h at STP)? (b) The stack gas leaves the furnace at 855°F.
Among the best-known building blocks in nanotechnology applications are nanoparticles of noble metals. For example, colloidal suspensions of silver or gold nanoparticles (10–200 nm) exhibit vivid colors because of intense optical absorption in the visible spectrum, making them useful in
A stream of carbon monoxide flowing at 300 kg/min is cooled from 450°C to 50°C at a low pressure. (a) Calculate the required rate of cooling (kW), using the enthalpy function of APEx. Check the calculation using the heat capacity formula in Table B.2. (b) State all the assumptions you
Use the enthalpy function of APEx to calculate ΔĤ for each of the processes given below and check your solution to Part (a) by using the heat capacity tabulated in Table B.2. (Include units in your solutions.) Your spreadsheet cell entry for Part (a) should be
Your next-door neighbor, Josephine Rackstraw, surprised her husband last January by having a hot tub installed in their back yard while he was away on an ice-fishing trip. It surprised him, all right, but instead of being pleased he was horrified. “Have you lost your mind, Josephine?” he
The heat required to raise the temperature of m (kg) of a liquid from T1 to T2 at constant pressure is In high school and in first-year college physics courses, the formula is usually given as (a) What assumption about Cp is required to go from Equation 1 to Equation 2? (b) The heat
Calculate ΔĤ for each of the following processes. In each case, restate your result as a specific enthalpy relative to a reference state. [The solution—which you should verify—and the restatement for Part (a) are given as an illustration.] Assume that the process pressures are low enough for
Table B.7 of Appendix B gives the following values for steam at 400°C and 150 bar: (a) The value 2975 is not the true specific enthalpy of steam at the given condition. Why not? State the process [H2O(___) → H2O(___)] for which the specific enthalpy change is 2975 kJ/kg. (Enter the phase,
Agricultural irrigation uses a significant amount of water, and in some regions it has overwhelmed other water needs. Suppose water is drawn from a reservoir and delivered into an irrigation ditch. For most of the length of the ditch, the delivery is through a 10-cm ID pipe, and in the last few
Water is to be pumped from a lake to a ranger station on the side of a mountain (see figure). The length of pipe immersed in the lake is negligible compared to the length from the lake surface to the discharge point. The flow rate is to be 95 gal/min, and the flow channel is a standard 1-inch.
Water is to be pumped from a lake to a ranger station on the side of a mountain (see figure). The length of pipe immersed in the lake is negligible compared to the length from the lake surface to the discharge point. The flow rate is to be 95 gal/min, and the flow channel is a standard 1-inch.
Ethanol is contained in a large tank under a pressure of 3.1 bar absolute. When a valve on the bottom of the tank is opened, the ethanol drains freely though a 1-cm ID tube whose outlet is 7.00 m below the surface of the ethanol. The pressure at the outlet of the discharge pipe is 1 atm. (a)
Your friend has asked you to help move a 60 inch ×78 inch mattress with a mass of 75 lbm. The two of you position it horizontally in an open flat-bed trailer that you hitch to your car. There is nothing available to tie the mattress to the trailer, but you know there is a risk of the mattress
A liquid mixture of benzene and toluene is to be separated in a continuous single-stage equilibrium flash tank. The pressure in the unit may be adjusted to any desired value, and the heat input may similarly be adjusted to vary the temperature at which the separation is conducted. The vapor
A rigid 6.00-liter vessel contains 4.00 L of liquid water in equilibrium with 2.00 L of water vapor at 25°C. Heat is transferred to the water by means of an immersed electrical coil. The volume of the coil is negligible. Use the steam tables to calculate the final temperature and pressure (bar) of
A 200.0-liter water tank can withstand pressures up to 20.0 bar absolute before rupturing. At a particular time the tank contains 165.0 kg of liquid water, the fill and exit valves are closed, and the absolute pressure in the vapor head space above the liquid (which may be assumed to contain only
A mixture containing 65.0 mole% acetone (Ac) and the balance acetic acid (AA) is separated in a continuous distillation column at 1 atm. A flowchart for the operation is as follows: The stream from the top of the column is a vapor that passes though a condenser. The condensed liquid is divided
Three hundred L/h of a 20 mole% C3H8–80% n-C4H10 gas mixture at 0°C and 1.1 atm and 200 L/h of a 40 mole% C3H8–60% n-C4H10 mixture at 25°C and 1.1 atm are mixed and heated to 227°C at constant pressure. Enthalpies of propane and n-butane are listed below. Assume ideal-gas behavior. (a)
The following diagram shows a simplified version of how a refrigerator works: In a liquid receiver 1 , a liquid refrigerant (any one of a number of halogenated hydrocarbons such as CCl2F2) is contained at high pressure and temperature. The liquid passes through an expansion valve 2 , where it
Jets of high-speed steam are used in spray cleaning. Steam at 15.0 bar with 150°C of superheat is fed to a well-insulated valve at a rate of 1.00 kg/s. As the steam passes through the valve, its pressure drops to 1.0 bar. The outlet stream may be totally vapor or a mixture of vapor and liquid.
Steam produced in a boiler is frequently “wet”—that is, it is a mist composed of saturated water vapor and entrained liquid droplets. The quality of a wet steam is defined as the fraction of the mixture by mass that is vapor. A wet steam at a pressure of 5.0 bar with a quality of 0.85 is
During a period of relative inactivity, the average rate of transport of enthalpy by the metabolic and digestive waste products leaving the body minus the rate of enthalpy transport by the raw materials ingested and breathed into the body is approximately ΔH = -300 kJ/h. Heat is transferred from
Liquid water is fed to a boiler at 24°C and 10 bar and is converted at constant pressure to saturated steam. (a) Use the steam tables to calculate ΔĤ(kJ/kg) for this process, and then determine the heat input required to produce 15,800 m3/h of steam at the exit conditions. Assume the
The specific enthalpy of liquid n-hexane at 1 atm varies linearly with temperature and equals 25.8 kJ/kg at 30°C and 129.8 kJ/kg at 50°C. (a) Determine the equation that relates Ĥ(kJ/kg) to T(°C) and calculate the reference temperature on which the given enthalpies are based. Then derive
Define a system and simplify the open-system energy balance (Equation 7.4-15) for each of the following cases. State when possible whether nonzero heat and shaft work terms are positive or negative. The solution of Part (a) is given as an illustration. (a) Steam enters a rotary turbine and
You are performing an experiment to measure the specific internal energy of a gas relative to a reference state of 25°C and 1 atm (at which conditions Û is arbitrarily set equal to 0). The gas is placed in a closed insulated 2.10-liter container at 25°C and 1 atm. A switch is alternately closed
Values of the specific internal energy of bromine at three conditions are listed here. (a) What reference state was used to generate the listed specific internal energies? (b) Calculate ΔÛ(kJ/mol) for a process in which bromine vapor at 300 K is condensed at constant pressure. Then
Oxygen at 150 K and 41.64 atm has a tabulated specific volume of 4.684 cm3/g and a specific internal energy of 1706 J/mol. (a) The figure 1706 J/mol is not the true internal energy of one g-mole of oxygen gas at 150 K and 41.64 atm. Why not? In a sentence, state the correct physical
A piston-fitted cylinder with a 6-cm inner diameter contains 1.40 g of nitrogen. The mass of the piston is 4.50 kg, and a 25.00-kg weight rests on the piston. The gas temperature is 30°C, and the pressure outside the cylinder is 2.50 atm. (a) Prove that the absolute pressure of the gas in the
Methane enters a 3-cm ID pipe at 30°C and 10 bar with an average velocity of 5.00 m/s and emerges at a point 200 m lower than the inlet at 30°C and 9 bar. (a) Without doing any calculations, predict the signs (+ or -) of ΔĖk and ΔĖp, where Δ signifies (outlet-inlet). Briefly explain
Consider an automobile with a mass of 5500 lbm braking to a stop from a speed of 55 miles/h. (a) How much energy (Btu) is dissipated as heat by the friction of the braking process? (b) Suppose that throughout the United States, 300,000,000 such braking processes occur in the course of a
A certain gasoline engine has an efficiency of 30%; that is, it converts into useful work 30% of the heat generated by burning a fuel. (a) If the engine consumes 0.80 L/h of a gasoline with a heating value of 3.5x104 kJ/L, how much power does it provide? Express the answer both in kW and
The following equilibrium data have been obtained for the adsorption of nitrogen dioxide, NO2, on silica gel at 25°C and 1 atm: (a) Confirm that these data are reasonably correlated by the Freundlich isotherm and determine the values of KF and β that provide the best
Penicillin is produced by fermentation and recovered from the resulting aqueous broth by extraction with butyl acetate. The penicillin distribution coefficient K (mass fraction of penicillin in the butyl acetate phase/mass fraction of penicillin in the water phase) depends strongly on the pH in the
An aqueous waste stream leaving a process contains 10.0 wt% sulfuric acid and 1 kg nitric acid per kg sulfuric acid. The flow rate of sulfuric acid in the waste stream is 1000 kg/h. The acids are neutralized before being sent to a wastewater treatment facility by combining the waste stream with an
Serine (Ser, molecular weight=105.1 g/mol) is a nonessential amino acid produced by fermentation. As with many other fermentation products, substantial downstream processing is required to meet specifications on product purity. Crystallization from an aqueous solution is useful in meeting those
Various amino acids have utility as food additives and in medical applications. They are often synthesized by fermentation using a specific microorganism to convert a substrate (e.g., a sugar) into the desired product. Small quantities of other species also may be formed and must be removed to meet
Various amino acids have utility as food additives and in medical applications. They are often synthesized by fermentation using a specific microorganism to convert a substrate (e.g., a sugar) into the desired product. Small quantities of other species also may be formed and must be removed to meet
An aqueous solution containing 35 wt% MgSO4 is fed to an evaporative crystallizer operating at 50°F. The vapor generated is 20% by mass of the feed. The solution, which contains 23 wt% MgSO4, and the crystals suspended in it are in equilibrium. (a) Based on the information in Table 6.5-1,
An aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is fed to an evaporative crystallizer at a rate of 875 kg/h. The crystallizer operates at 10°C and produces crystals of KOH•2H2O. Water evaporated from the crystallizer flows to a condenser, and the resulting condensate is collected in a tank.
A liquid mixture containing 40.0 mole% methanol and 60.0 mole% 1-propanol is placed in an open vessel and heated slowly. Estimate the temperature at which the mixture begins to boil. List assumptions made in your calculations. If heat is supplied continuously, how will the liquid temperature and
A mixture of benzene and toluene is in a tank whose pressure is maintained at 2.0 atm. Observation through a sight glass on the vessel shows that half of the tank volume is occupied by liquid. Analysis shows that the liquid contains 50.0 wt% benzene and the balance toluene. Raoult’s law applies
In this problem you will use a spreadsheet to create a Txy diagram for the benzene-chloroform system at 1 atm. Once the spreadsheet has been created, it can be used as a template for vapor–liquid equilibrium calculations for other species. The calculations will be based on Raoult’s law (i.e.,
This problem deals with two-phase mixtures of benzene and toluene at equilibrium. The vapor phase may be assumed ideal and Raoult’s law can be used for all system compositions. Use APEx and Solver (and not Figure 6.4-1) for the requested calculations. (a) Use the Gibbs phase rule to show
A liquid mixture contains N components (N may be any number from 2 to 10) at pressure Pmm Hg. The mole fraction of the ith component is xi(i = 1; 2; ... ;N), and the vapor pressure of that component is given by the Antoine equation with constants Ai, Bi, and Ci. Raoult’s law may be applied to
A liquid mixture containing 50 mole% propane, 30% n-butane, and 20% isobutane is stored in a rigid container at 77°F. The container has a maximum allowable working pressure of 400 psig. The head space above the liquid contains only vapors of the three hydrocarbons. (a) A form of the Antoine
A correlation for methane solubility in seawater is given by the equation where β is volume of gas in mL at STP per unit volume (mL) of water when the partial pressure of methane is 760 mm Hg, T is temperature in Kelvin, and S is salinity in parts per thousand (ppt) by weight. At conditions
State whether you would use Raoult’s law or Henry’s law to perform vapor–liquid equilibrium calculations for each component in the following liquid mixtures: (a) Water and dissolved nitrogen; (b) Hexane, octane, and decane; (c) CO2 and water in club soda or any other carbonated

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