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physical chemistry

Questions and Answers of Physical Chemistry

A 20,000-liter storage tank was taken out of service to repair and reattach a feed line damaged in a collision with a tanker. The tank was drained and then opened several days later for a welder to
A storage tank for liquid n-octane has a diameter of 30 ft and a height of 20 ft. During a typical 24-h period the level of liquid octane falls from 18 ft to 8 ft, after which fresh octane is pumped
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device in which hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water and DC electricity. A 1-watt proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) could be used for portable
When you step out of a shower, the temperature in the bathroom is 71°F and the relative humidity is 96%. You notice that a barely perceptible amount of water has condensed on the inside of the
In an attempt to conserve water and to be awarded LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification, a 20,000-liter cistern has been installed during construction of a new building.
When a flammable liquid (e.g., gasoline) ignites, the substance actually burning is vapor generated from the liquid. If the concentration of the vapor in the air above the liquid exceeds a certain
The vapor pressure of an organic solvent is 50 mm Hg at 25°C and 200 mm Hg at 45°C. The solvent is the only species in a closed flask at 35°C and is present in both liquid and vapor states. The
Estimate the vapor pressure of acetone (mm Hg) at 50°C (a) from data in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (Footnote 1) and the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, (b) from the Antoine equation
Estimate the vapor pressure of acetone (mm Hg) at 50°C (a) from data in Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook (Footnote 1) and the Clausius–Clapeyron equation, (b) from the Antoine equation
The vapor pressure of ethylene glycol at several temperatures is given below: (a) Construct a semilog plot of the vapor-pressure data and determine a linear expression for ln p* as a function of
Methanol is produced by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 644 K over a ZnO–Cr2O3 catalyst. A mixture of CO and H2 in a ratio 2 mol H2 /mol CO is compressed and fed to the catalyst bed at 644
A 150-liter cylinder of carbon monoxide is stored in a 30.7-m3 room. The pressure gauge on the tank reads 2500 psi when the tank is delivered. Sixty hours later the gauge reads 2245 psi. The
A stream of propane at an average temperature T = 566°R and absolute pressure P = 6.8 atm flows from a hydrocarbon processing plant to a nearby customer’s production facility. A technician at the
In a metered-dose inhaler (MDI), such as those used for asthma medication, medicine is delivered by a compressed-gas propellant. (The device is similar in concept to a can of spray paint.) When the
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that reacts hydrogen with oxygen from the air to produce water and DC electricity. A proposed application is replacement of the gasoline-fueled internal
A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that reacts hydrogen with oxygen from the air to produce water and DC electricity. A proposed application is replacement of the gasoline-fueled internal
Using the SRK equation of state (or any other cubic equation of state) to determine a specific volume from a specified temperature and pressure requires a trial-and-error calculation. Three
Using the SRK equation of state (or any other cubic equation of state) to determine a specific volume from a specified temperature and pressure requires a trial-and-error calculation. Three
The van der Waals equation of state (Equation 5.3-7) is to be used to estimate the specific molar volume V̂(L/mol) of air at specified values of T(K) and P(atm). The van der Waals constants for air
Steam reforming is an important technology for converting refined natural gas, which we take here to be methane, into a synthesis gas that can be used to produce a variety of other chemical
You have been assigned the task of measuring the equilibrium constant for the reaction N2O4 ⇌2NO2 as a function of temperature. To do so, you evacuate a rigid 2-liter vessel equipped with a
You have been assigned the task of measuring the equilibrium constant for the reaction N2O4 ⇌2NO2 as a function of temperature. To do so, you evacuate a rigid 2-liter vessel equipped with a
A small power plant produces 500 MW of electricity through combustion of coal that has the following composition on a dry basis: 76.2 wt% carbon, 5.6% hydrogen, 3.5% sulfur, 7.5% oxygen, and the
The quantity of sulfuric acid used globally places it among the most plentiful of all commodity chemicals. In the modern chemical industry, synthesis of most sulfuric acid utilizes elemental sulfur
Alka-Seltzer® is an over-the-counter medicine used to treat acid indigestion and heartburn. The active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in each Alka-Seltzer® tablet are aspirin (325 mg), citric
The current global reliance on fossil fuels for heating, transportation, and electric power generation raises concerns regarding the release of CO2 and CH4 , which are greenhouse gases thought to
Ammonia is one of the chemical constituents of industrial waste that must be removed in a treatment plant before the waste can safely be discharged into a river or estuary. Ammonia is normally
A gas turbine power plant receives a shipment of hydrocarbon fuel whose composition is uncertain but may be represented by the expression CxHy. The fuel is burned with excess air. An analysis of the
Monochlorobenzene (M) is produced commercially by the direct catalytic chlorination of benzene (B) at 40°C and 120 kPa absolute. In the process, dichlorobenzene (D) is generated as a
The oxidation of nitric oxide takes place in an isothermal batch reactor. The reactor is charged with a mixture containing 20.0 volume percent NO and the balance air at an initial pressure of
A distillation column is being used to separate methanol and water at atmospheric pressure. The column temperature varies from approximately 65°C at the top to 100°C at the bottom. Liquid enters
A distillation column is being used to separate methanol and water at atmospheric pressure. The column temperature varies from approximately 65°C at the top to 100°C at the bottom. Liquid enters
A spray-drying operation similar to that described in Problem 5.23 is used by the pharmaceutical industry. Acetaminophen is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) that can be produced in powdered
An adult takes about 12 breaths per minute, inhaling roughly 500 mL of air with each breath. The molar compositions of the inspired and expired gases are as follows: The inspired gas is at 24°C
Air in industrial plants is subject to contamination by many different chemicals, and companies must monitor ambient levels of hazardous species to be sure they are below limits specified by the
A tank in a room at 19°C is initially open to the atmosphere on a day when the barometric pressure is 102 kPa. A block of dry ice (solid CO2) with a mass of 15.7 kg is dropped into the tank, which
Lewis describes the hazards of breathing air containing appreciable amounts of an asphyxiant (a gas that has no specific toxicity but, when inhaled, excludes oxygen from the lungs). When the mole
Spray drying is a process in which a liquid containing dissolved or suspended solids is injected into a chamber through a spray nozzle or centrifugal disk atomizer. The resulting mist is contacted
The lift L (upward force) associated with flow across an airplane wing can be approximated from the expression L = Cρμ2A, where C is a coefficient that depends on wing characteristics, ρ is the
A stream of air (21 mole% O2 , the rest N2) flowing at a rate of 10.0 kg/h is mixed with a stream of CO2. The CO2 enters the mixer at a rate of 20:0 m3 /h at 150°C and 1.5 bar. What is the mole
A device has been designed to measure the flow rate of carbon dioxide evolved from a fermentation reactor. The reactor is sealed except for a tube that allows the generated CO2 to bubble through a
A slurry contains crystals of copper sulfate pentahydrate [CuSO4•5H2O(s), specific gravity = 2.3] suspended in an aqueous copper sulfate solution (liquid SG = 1.2). A sensitive transducer is used
The volume of a steady-state crystallizer is 85,000 L, and the solids fraction in the unit and the exiting stream is 0.35; that is, there are 0.35 kg of crystals per kg of slurry (the
Sulfuric acid is used in the synthesis and processing of countless chemicals and metals and is the electrolyte in common lead-acid batteries. It is used in various strengths, ranging from
Methanol is formed from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the gas-phase reaction The mole fractions of the reactive species at equilibrium satisfy the relation where P is the total pressure
n-Pentane is burned with excess air in a continuous combustion chamber. (a) A technician runs an analysis and reports that the product gas contains 0.270 mole% pentane, 5.3% oxygen, 9.1% carbon
A gas containing methane, ethane, and carbon dioxide is analyzed with a gas chromatograph (GC) and flame ionization detector (FID): the GC separates the components of the gas, and the FID registers
Gasoline, which we will represent as having the properties of isooctane, is consumed by an idling automobile engine at a rate of 1 gal/h. A monitor in the garage where work is being done on the
Acrolein (C3H4O) is a specialty chemical intermediate used in the manufacture of acrylic acid (C3H4O2) and the synthesis of methionine, an essential amino acid. It is generated via the catalytic
The following two reactions take place in a gas-phase reactor: If the system comes to equilibrium at 3000 K and 1 atm, the product gas mole fractions satisfy the relations (a) Let nA0; ...
The following two reactions take place in a gas-phase reactor: If the system comes to equilibrium at 3000 K and 1 atm, the product gas mole fractions satisfy the relations (a) Let nA0; ...
The feed to the reactor contains equimolar amounts of methane and oxygen. Assume a basis of 100 mol feed/s. (a) Draw and label a flowchart. Use a degree-of-freedom analysis based on extents of
The gas-phase reaction between methanol and acetic acid to form methyl acetate and water takes place in a batch reactor. When the reaction mixture comes to equilibrium, the mole fractions of the
Oxygen consumed by a living organism in aerobic reactions is used in adding mass to the organism and/or the production of chemicals and carbon dioxide. Since we may not know the molecular
Oxygen consumed by a living organism in aerobic reactions is used in adding mass to the organism and/or the production of chemicals and carbon dioxide. Since we may not know the molecular
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are among the most versatile building blocks in nanotechnology. These unique pure carbon materials resemble rolled-up sheets of graphite with diameters of several nanometers
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are among the most versatile building blocks in nanotechnology. These unique pure carbon materials resemble rolled-up sheets of graphite with diameters of several nanometers
In the production of a bean oil, beans containing 13.0 wt% oil and 87.0% solids are ground and fed to a stirred tank (the extractor) along with a recycled stream of liquid n-hexane. The feed ratio is
Mammalian cells can be cultured for a variety of purposes, including synthesis of vaccines. They must be maintained in growth media containing all of the components required for proper cellular
An evaporation–crystallization process of the type described in Example 4.5-2 is used to obtain solid potassium sulfate from an aqueous solution of this salt. The fresh feed to the process contains
Effluents from metal-finishing plants have the potential of discharging undesirable quantities of metals, such as cadmium, nickel, lead, manganese, and chromium, in forms that are detrimental to
Seawater containing 3.50 wt% salt passes through a series of 10 evaporators. Roughly equal quantities of water are vaporized in each of the 10 units and then condensed and combined to obtain a
Seawater containing 3.50 wt% salt passes through a series of 10 evaporators. Roughly equal quantities of water are vaporized in each of the 10 units and then condensed and combined to obtain a
An artificial kidney is a device that removes water and waste metabolites from blood. In one such device, the hollow fiber hemodialyzer, blood flows from an artery through the insides of a bundle of
A paint mixture containing 25.0% of a pigment and the balance binders (which help the pigment stick to the surface) and solvents (which ensure that the paint stays in liquid form) sells for
A fuel distributor supplies four liquid fuels, each of which has a different ratio of ethanol to gasoline. Five percent of the demand is for E100 (pure ethanol), 15% for E85 (85.0 volume% ethanol),
Strawberries contain about 15 wt% solids and 85 wt% water. To make strawberry jam, crushed strawberries and sugar are mixed in a 45:55 mass ratio, and the mixture is heated to evaporate water until
Draw and label the given streams and derive expressions for the indicated quantities in terms of labeled variables. The solution of Part (a) is given as an illustration. (a) A continuous stream
A liquid-phase chemical reaction A ! B takes place in a well-stirred tank. The concentration of A in the feed is CA0 (mol/m3), and that in the tank and outlet stream is CA (mol/m3). Neither
Water enters a 2.00-m3 tank at a rate of 6.00 kg/s and is withdrawn at a rate of 3.00 kg/s. The tank is initially half full. (a) Is this process continuous, batch, or semibatch? Is it transient
You are part of a team working on the development of a process in which a mineral species (labeled A for proprietary reasons) undergoes a reaction to form a new pigment to be used in house paints. In
A thermostat control with dial markings from 0 to 100 is used to regulate the temperature of an oil bath. A calibration plot on logarithmic coordinates of the temperature, T(°F), versus the dial
A thermocouple is a temperature-measurement device that consists of two dissimilar metal wires joined at one end. An oversimplified diagram follows. A voltage generated at the metal junction is
An inclined manometer is a useful device for measuring small pressure differences. The formula given in Section 3.4 for the pressure difference in terms of the liquid-level difference h remains
A fluid of unknown density is used in two manometers—one sealed-end, the other across an orifice in a water pipeline. The readings shown here are obtained on a day when barometric pressure is 756
In the movie The Drowning Pool, private detective Lew Harper (played by Paul Newman) is trapped by the bad guy in a room containing a swimming pool. The room may be considered rectangular, 5 meters
The viewing window in a diving suit has an area of roughly 65 cm2. (a) If an attempt were made to maintain the pressure on the inside of the suit at 1 atm, what force (N and lbf) would the
Perform the following pressure conversions, assuming when necessary that atmospheric pressure is 1 atm. Unless otherwise stated, the given pressures are absolute. (a) 2600 mm Hg to psi (b)
The half-life (t1/2) of a radioactive species is the time it takes for half of the species to emit radiation and decay (turn into a different species). If a quantity N0 of the species is present at
A gas stream contains 18.0 mole% hexane and the remainder nitrogen. The stream flows to a condenser, where its temperature is reduced and some of the hexane is liquefied. The hexane mole fraction in
A 5.00-wt% aqueous sulfuric acid solution (ρ = 1:03 g/ml) flows through a 45-m long pipe with a 6.0 cm diameter at a rate of 82 L/min. (a) What is the molarity of sulfuric acid in the
In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, most active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are made in solution and then recovered by separation. Acetaminophen, a pain-killing drug commercially marketed as
Certain solid substances, known as hydrated compounds, have well-defined molecular ratios of water to some other species. For example, calcium sulfate dihydrate (commonly known as gypsum,
How many of the following are found in 15.0 kmol of xylene (C8H10)? (a) kg C8H1; (b) mol C8H1; (c) lb-mole C8H1; (d) mol (g-atom) C; (e) mol H; (f) g C; (g) g
Before a rotameter can be used to measure an unknown flow rate, a calibration curve of flow rate versus rotameter reading must be prepared. A calibration technique for liquids is illustrated below. A
How many unpaired electrons would you expect for the complex ion [Cu(NH3)6]2+?
Write the ground state electron configuration for Nb and Nb3+.
Calculate the oxidation state for Cl in the compounds:a) Cl2O6b) ClF3c) HClO4
Predict the silicate structure for the mineral talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 that serves as the basis for talcum powder, and show that the formula is charge neutral.
Show the tripeptide that result from linking the amino acids glycine, valine, and serine in that order. Label the N-terminus and C-terminus ends of the tripeptide. но но но | П НаN - с
Examine the structure of deoxyribose, part of the backbone in DNA. Does deoxyribose exhibit optical isomerism? If so, which carbon atoms are chiral? Сно н -н но -н Н Он Cн-ОН
Name the alkene: сн CHs- CH-CH-ҫ-сна CH2-CHa
Name the alkane: CHs CHy-CH-CH ҫн-сHS CH2-CH
A papyrus scroll was buried with King Tutankhamen 3330 years ago. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years. The papyrus scroll sample had an initial decay of 15.3 disintegrations per minute per gram
Fluorine-18 is a radioactive isotope that emits positrons and is used in PET scans (positron emission tomography). It has a half-life of 110 minutes. If a patient is given a 1.5 ng sample of 18F-,
Aluminum can be plated out of a solution containing Al3+ according to the half-reaction:Al3+ (aq) +3e- → Al (s)What mass of aluminum (in grams) will be plated by the flow of 50 A of current 10
An electrochemical cell is based on two half-reactions:Oxidation: Fe(s) → Fe2+ (aq, 0.010 M) + 2 e−Reduction: Br2 (l) + 2 e− → 2 Br− (aq, 1.0 M)Compute the cell
Use the tabulated half-cell potentials to calculate K for the oxidation of nickel by chlorine:Cl2 (g) + Ni (s) → 2 Cl− (aq) + Ni2+ (aq)
Use tabulated standard half-cell potentials to calculate the standard cell potential for the reaction in an electrochemical cell at 25 °C:Zn2+ (aq) + H2O2 (aq) → Zn (s) + O2 (g) + 2
Use the tabulated free energies of formation to calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 298 K:H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g)

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