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social science
introduction to logic

Introduction To Logic 15th Edition Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, Victor Rodych - Solutions

Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~[(~Rome is the capital of Spain ꓦ Stockholm is the capital of Norway) ⋅ ~(~ Stockholm is the capital of Norway ꓦ Paris is the capital of France)].
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of the following arguments:If Japan continues to increase the export of automobiles, then either Korea or Laos will suffer economic decline. Korea will not suffer economic decline. It follows that if Japan continues to increase the export of
Use truth tables to decide which of the following biconditionals are tautologies.[(p ⊃ q) ⊃ r] = [(q ⊃ p) ⊃ r]
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~[(~ Paris is the capital of France ꓦ Rome is the capital of Italy) ⋅ ~(~Rome is the capital of Italy ꓦ Stockholm is the capital of Norway)].
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of the following arguments:If Greece strengthens its democratic institutions, then Hungary will pursue a more independent policy. If Greece strengthens its democratic institutions, then the Italian government will feel less threatened. Hence,
Use truth tables to decide which of the following biconditionals are tautologies.(p ⊃ q) = (~ p ⊃ ~ q)
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~[~(London is the capital of England ⋅ Paris is the capital of France) ꓦ ~(~ Stockholm is the capital of Norway ꓦ ~ Paris is the capital of France)].
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of the following arguments:If Denmark refuses to join the European Community, then, if Estonia remains in the Russian sphere of influence, then Finland will reject a free-trade policy. Estonia will remain in the Russian sphere of influence.
Use truth tables to decide which of the following biconditionals are tautologies.(p ⊃ q) (~ q ⊃ ~ p)
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~[~(Rome is the capital of Spain ⋅ Stockholm is the capital of Norway) ꓦ ~(~ Paris is the capital of France ꓦ~Rome is the capital of Spain)].
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of the following arguments:If Angola achieves stability, then both Botswana and Chad will adopt more liberal policies. But Botswana will not adopt a more liberal policy. Therefore Angola will not achieve stability.
For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any, is the specific form of the given statement.ꓦ ⊃ (W ~W)a. p · qb. p ⊃ qc. p ꓦ qd. p · ∼ qe.
Use truth tables to prove the validity or invalidity of each of the argument forms in Section 8.5, Group B, pp. 288–9.(P1): K ꓦ L(P2): K∴~ L
For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any, is the specific form of the given statement.(O ꓦ P) ⊃ (P · Q)a. p · qb. p ⊃ qc. p ꓦ qd. p ·
Use truth tables to prove the validity or invalidity of each of the argument forms in Section 8.5, Group B, pp. 288–9.(P1): (I ꓦ J) ⊃ (I · J)(P2):~ (I ꓦ J)∴~(I ⋅ J )
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~ Rome is the capital of Spain ꓦ ~ Paris is the capital of France.
For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any, is the specific form of the given statement.(K · L) ꓦ (M · N)a. p · qb. p ⊃ qc. p ꓦ qd. p ·
For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any, is the specific form of the given statement.H ⊃ (I · J)a. p · qb. p ⊃ qc. p ꓦ qd. p · ∼ qe.
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~ (Rome is the capital of Spain ꓦ Paris is the capital of France).
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~ London is the capital of England · ~ Stockholm is the capital of Norway.
For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any, is the specific form of the given statement.For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate
For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any, is the specific form of the given statement.A ꓦ Ba. p · qb. p ⊃ qc. p ꓦ qd. p · ∼ qe. p =
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.This syllogism is
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.We . . . define a
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.What is simple cannot
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.There are handsome men,
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.There are plants
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.No valid syllogisms
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap.
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.It must have rained
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Although he complains
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.The competition is
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.No one present is out
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Good poll numbers raise
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.All valid syllogisms
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Since morals,
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Epidemiology is not
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.There must be a strike
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Cynthia must have
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Bill didn’t go to
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.It will be a good game
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Not all who have jobs
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.According to Aristotle,
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Since to fight against
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:A soft answer turneth away wrath.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.. . . It is obvious
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:He jests at scars that never felt a wound.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any, is the specific form of the given statement.[(X ⊃ Y) ⊃ X] ⊃ Xa. p · qb. p ⊃ qc. p ꓦ qd. p
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:Rome is the capital of Spain ꓦ (~London is the capital of England ꓦ London is the capital of England).
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): K ꓦ L(P2): K∴~ L
Use truth tables to determine whether the following statement forms are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.p ⊃ [p ⊃ (q · ~ q)]
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~[~(Stockholm is the capital of Norway ꓦ Paris is the capital of France) ꓦ ~(~ London is the capital of England ⋅ Rome is the capital of Spain)].
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): (I ꓦ J) ⊃ (I · J)(P2):~ (I ꓦ J)∴~(I ⋅ J )
Use truth tables to determine whether the following statement forms are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.p ⊃ [∼p ⊃(q ꓦ ~q) ]
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~ [~(~ London is the capital of England ⋅ Rome is the capital of Spain) ⋅ ~(Rome is the capital of Spain ⋅ ~Rome is the capital of Spain)].
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): (G ꓦ H) ⊃ (G · H)(P2): ~(G · H)∴ ~(G ꓦ H)
Use truth tables to determine whether the following statement forms are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.(p ⋅ q) ⋅ (p ⊃ ~q)
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~[~(~Rome is the capital of Spain ꓦ ~ Paris is the capital of France) ꓦ ~(~Paris is the capital of France ꓦ Stockholm is the capital of Norway)].
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): E ⊃ F(P2): F ⊃ E∴E ꓦ F
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): (C ꓦ D)(C · D)(P2): C · D∴C ꓦ D
Use truth tables to determine whether the following statement forms are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.p⊃[( p⊃ q) ⊃ q]
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:~(~ Paris is the capital of France ⋅ ~ Stockholm is the capital of Norway).
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): (A ꓦ B) ⊃ (A · B)(P2): A ꓦ B∴A ⋅ B
Use truth tables to determine whether the following statement forms are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.[p⊃( p ⊃ q)]⊃ q
For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any, is the specific form of the given statement.Z = ∼∼ Za. p · qb. p ⊃ qc. p ꓦ qd. p · ∼ qe. p
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:Rome is the capital of Italy ⋅ ~ (Paris is the capital of France ꓦ Rome is the capital of Spain).
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:Rome is the capital of Spain ꓦ ~ (Paris is the capital of France ⋅ Rome is the capital of Spain).
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:(London is the capital of England ꓦ Stockholm is the capital of Norway) ⋅ (~Rome is the capital of Italy ~ Stockholm is the capital of Norway).
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:(Paris is the capital of France ⋅ Rome is the capital of Spain) ꓦ (Paris is the capital of France ⋅ ~Rome is the capital of Spain).
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:Stockholm is the capital of Norway ⋅ ~ Stockholm is the capital of Norway.
For each statement in the left-hand column, indicate which, if any, of the statement forms in the right-hand column have the given statement as a substitution instance, and indicate which, if any, is the specific form of the given statement.(R ⊃ S) ꓦ (T · ~U)a. p · qb. p ⊃ qc. p ꓦ qd. p
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:London is the capital of England ꓦ ~ London is the capital of England.
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.The after-image is not
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:None think the great unhappy but the great.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
For each of the following arguments,a. Translate the argument into standard form.b. Name the mood and figure of its standard-form translation.c. Test its validity using a Venn diagram. If it is valid, give its traditional name.d. If it is invalid, name the fallacy it commits.Whenever I’m in
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:All that glitters is not gold.
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing premise or conclusion needed to make the completed argument valid—if possible—using parameters
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
Anthrax is a disease that is nearly always deadly to cows and other animals. The nineteenth-century French veterinarian Louvrier devised a treatment for anthrax that was later shown to be totally without merit. His alleged “cure” was tried on two cows, selected at random from four cows that had
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:This embarrassing volume is an out-and-out partisan screed made up of illogical arguments, distorted and cherry-picked information, ridiculous generalizations and nutty asides. It’s a nasty stewpot of intellectually
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:A national organization called In Defense of Animals registered protest, in 1996, against alleged cruelty to animals being sold live or slaughtered in Chinese markets in San Francisco. Patricia Briggs, who brought the
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. For that some should rule and others be ruled is a thing not only necessary, but expedient; from the hour of their birth, some are marked out for subjection, others for rule. . . . It is clear, then,
Identify and explain any fallacies of defective induction or of presumption in the following passages:“ . . . I’ve always reckoned that looking at the new moon over your left shoulder is one of the carelessest and foolishest things a body can do. Old Hank Bunker done it once, and bragged about
Which of the various functions of language are exemplified by each of the following passages?Reject the weakness of missionaries who teach neither love nor brotherhood, but chiefly the virtues of private profit from capital, stolen from your land and labor. Africa awake, put on the beautiful robes
Some of the following passages contain explanations, some contain arguments, and some may be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation. What is your judgment about the chief function of each passage? What would have to be the case for the passage in question to be an argument? To be an
On the basis of past performance, the probability that the favorite will win the Bellevue Handicap is .46, while there is a probability of only .1 that a certain dark horse will win. If the favorite pays even money, and the odds offered are 8-to-1 against the dark horse, which is the better bet?
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance in the following passages:I was seven years old when the first election campaign which I can remember took place in my district. At that time we still had no political parties, so the announcement of this campaign was received with very little
Identify the premises and conclusions in the following passages. Some premises do support the conclusion, others do not. Note that premises may support conclusions directly or indirectly and that even simple passages may contain more than one argument.Good sense is, of all things in the world, the
Identify the kinds of agreement or disagreement most probably exhibited by the following pairs:a. The race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong.b. But that’s the way to bet.
Identify and explain any fallacies of defective induction or of presumption in the following passages:In a motion picture featuring the famous French comedian Sacha Guitry, three thieves are arguing over division of seven pearls worth a king’s ransom. One of them hands two to the man on his
A. Identify three disagreements in current political or social controversy that are of the three types described in this section: one that is genuine, one that is merely verbal, and one that is apparently verbal but really genuine. Explain the disagreements in each case.B. Discuss each of the
Diagram each of the following passages, which may contain more than one argument.The distinguished economist J. K. Galbraith long fought to expose and improve a society exhibiting “private opulence and public squalor.” In his classic work, The Affluent Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960),
Four men whose houses are built around a square spend an evening celebrating in the center of the square. At the end of the celebration each staggers off to one of the houses, no two going to the same house. What is the probability that each one reached his own house?
The New York Times reported, on 30 May 2000, that some scientists were seeking a way to signal back in time. A critical reader responded thus: It seems obvious to me that scientists in the future will never find a way to signal back in time. If they were to do so, wouldn’t we have heard from them
Which of the various functions of language are exemplified by each of the following passages?I was a child and she was a child, In this kingdom by the sea, But we loved with a love that was more than love—I and my Annabel Lee—
Space contains such a huge supply of atoms that all eternity would not be enough time to count them and count the forces which drive the atoms into various places just as they have been driven together in this world. So we must realize that there are other worlds in other parts of the universe with

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