Business Research Methods 5th Edition Emma Bell, Bill Harley, Alan Bryman - Solutions

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Who are the key voices in that conversation and what are their big ideas?
What are my research questions?
Is it theory building or theory testing?and where appropriate
What is the dependent variable?
What is the unit of analysis?
Define what exactly you want to explain (the dependant variable).
Outline provisional explanations (your theory).
Conduct a study of a case chosen to test your theory.
Review/revise your provisional theory in the light of the case.
Conduct other case studies to test your (reviewed/revised) theory and, if necessary, formulate assumptions.
Continue with case studies and revise the assumptions until they achieve a causal proposition that accounts for all the cases.
Can the question be shortened? It should be as short as possible.
Is the question double-barrelled? There should be one ‘clause’ in your question.
Is the question leading? It should not direct the respondent toward a specific answer
Is the question negative? It should be as neutral as possible.
Is the respondent likely to have the necessary knowledge? It should be based on accurate assumptions about the respondent’s ability to answer it.
Will the words have the same meaning for everyone? Some phrases/words can have loaded meanings for certain groups – beware of this.
Is there a prestige bias? It could be embarrassing for respondents to answer honestly or they could attempt to project a sense of status through their answers.
Is the question ambiguous? e.g. “How often do you wear Chanel?” The respondent may wear Chanel clothing once a month but Chanel perfume every day, thus they may not be sure how to answer.
Is the question too precise? You could be asking something so specific that you may be excluding the individual from effectively participating.
Is the frame of reference for the question sufficiently clear? e.g. “How long do you spend commuting?” This could mean: from your house to your place of work; the actual travel time spent in a car/plane/bus; the total time spent commuting in a whole working day (to and from work); and many
Does the question artificially create options?
Is personal or impersonal wording preferable?
Is the question wording unnecessarily detailed or objectionable? See points
Does the question contain gratuitous qualifiers? e.g. “When you are driving your kids to school in the morning do you play music?”
Is the question a ‘dead giveaway’? Does it betray your research agenda and objectives thus potentially skewing the respondent’s entire set of responses?
Have you consulted your university’s ethical guidelines?
Have you checked your professional body’s ethics code (if applicable)?
Is your information sheet sufficiently informative?
Are the consent forms signed?
Are you working with children or vulnerable adults? If you are, have you obtained consent from parents and teachers?
Can you justify covert research (if applicable)?
Have you anonymised the participants and the organisations?
Have you intruded into the participant’s private life?
Have you harmed any participants?
Have you secured the data?
Is the data used for its intended purpose?
Have you made an impartial assessment of the findings?
Have you addressed any conflicts of interest?
Have you acknowledged all sources in your references?
How is the data to be stored in the long term?
At what point will the data be destroyed?
Have you considered all material ethical issues?
What are the chief limitations of survey research with regard to the study of behaviour? So why not observe behaviour?
What are the chief characteristics of structured observation?
To what extent does it provide a superior approach to the study of behaviour than questionnaires or structured interviews?
What is an observation schedule?
‘An observation schedule is much like a self-completion questionnaire or structured interview except that it does not involve asking questions.’ Discuss.
Devise an observation schedule of your own for observing an area of social interaction in which you are regularly involved. Ask people with whom you normally interact in those situations how well they think it fits what goes on. Have you missed anything out?
What are the main ways in which behaviour can be recorded in structured observation?
Identify some of the main sampling strategies in structured observation.
How far do considerations of reliability and validity in structured observation mirror those encountered in relation to the asking of questions in structured interviews and self-completion questionnaires?
What is the reactive effect and why might it be important in relation to structured observation research?
‘The chief problem with structured observation is that it does not allow us access to the intentions that lie behind behaviour.’ Discuss.
How far do you agree with the view that structured observation works best when used in conjunction with other research methods?
To what kinds of documents and media can content analysis be applied?
What is the difference between manifest and latent content?
What are the implications of this distinction for content analysis? What are the research questions?
Why are precise research questions especially crucial in content analysis?
With what general kinds of research questions is content analysis concerned?
What special sampling issues does content analysis pose? What is to be counted?
What kinds of things might be counted in the course of doing a content analysis?
To what extent do you need to infer latent content when you go beyond counting words?
Why is coding so crucial in content analysis?
What is the difference between a coding schedule and a coding manual?
What potential pitfalls need to be guarded against when devising coding schedules and manuals?
‘One of the most significant virtues of content analysis is its immense flexibility, in that it can be applied to a wide variety of documents.’ Discuss. Disadvantages of content analysis
To what extent is content analysis undermined by the need for coders to interpret meaning?
To what extent are content analysis studies atheoretical?
What is secondary analysis? Other researchers’ data
Outline the main advantages and limitations of secondary analysis of other researchers’ data.
Does the possibility of conducting a secondary analysis apply only to quantitative data produced by other researchers?
What reliability and validity issues do official statistics pose?
What are unobtrusive methods or measures? What is the chief advantage of such methods?
At what stage should you begin to think about the kinds of data analysis you need to conduct?
What are missing data and why do they arise? Types of variable
What are the differences between the four types of variable outlined in this chapter: interval/ratio; ordinal; nominal; and dichotomous?
Why is it important to be able to distinguish between the four types of variable?
Imagine the kinds of answers you would receive if you administered the following four questions in an interview survey. What kind of variable would each question generate: dichotomous; nominal; ordinal; or interval/ratio? 1. Do you enjoy going shopping? 2. How many times have you shopped in the
What is an outlier and why might one have an adverse effect on the mean and the range?
In conjunction with which measure of central tendency would you expect to report the standard deviation: the mean; the median; or the mode?
Can you infer causality from bivariate analysis?
Why are percentages crucial when presenting contingency tables?
In what circumstances would you use each of the following: Pearson’s r; Spearman’s rho; phi; Cramér’s V; eta?
What is a spurious relationship?
What is an intervening variable?
What does it mean to say that a relationship is moderated?
What does statistical significance mean and how does it differ from substantive significance?
What is a significance level?
What does the chi-square test achieve?
What does it mean to say that a correlation of 0.42 is statistically significant at p < 0.05?
Outline the differences between variable names, variable labels, and value labels.
In what circumstances might you want to recode a variable?
In what circumstances might you want to create a new variable?
Using the gym survey data, create: a frequency table for exercise; a bar chart and pie chart for exercise and compare their usefulness; a histogram for cardmins; measures of central tendency and dispersion for cardmins; a contingency table and chi-square test for exercise and gender; Pearson’s r
What are some of the difficulties with providing a general account of the nature of qualitative research?
Outline some of the traditions of qualitative research.
What are some of the main research methods associated with qualitative research?
Does a research question in qualitative research have the same significance and characteristics as in quantitative research?
Is the approach to theory in qualitative research inductive or deductive?

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Business Research Methods 5th Edition Emma Bell, Bill Harley, Alan Bryman - Solutions

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