Research Methods And Statistics In Psychology 5th Edition Hugh Coolican - Solutions

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Getting ready to start your analysis. Before you start your analysis, review your research questions and your conceptual model and hypotheses (if you are using them in your project). If you have not already done so, ensure you have access to your intended analysis software on a suitable laptop or
Capturing your data. Decide how you are going to capture and store the data and your notes.
Set up the empirical exercise. Think about how you will negotiate access to the research site and clarify expectations regarding how long you can collect data, what you can access, and what you will be providing in return. Decide the type of instructions and the level of structure that you need to
Technology-mediated data collection. Decide if you are going to use some form of technology interface to collect your data. Ensure that you know how to use that interface and deal with technical problems.
Addressing limitations. Consider possible ways of minimizing the limitations identified in the previous step.
Assessing the advantages and disadvantages of the selected data collection methods. With reference to your specific research project, list the advantages and disadvantages of the data collection methods discussed in this chapter. Consider a broad range of practical, technical, and ethical factors.
The role of non-verbal accounts in your research design. Revisit the key research articles from the literature that you have reviewed and identify any that have collected data by means other than survey or interviewing the research participants. What collection methods have been used?
Recording your data. Decide how you are going to record and store the data and your notes. Obtain authorization to record the interviews, as relevant.
Set up your data collection. Negotiate access and clarify expectations regarding how long you can stay on the site, what you can access, and what you will be providing in return. Decide the type of instructions and the level of structure that you need to provide to the research participants.
Technology-mediated data collection. Decide if you are going to use some form of technology interface to conduct your interviews. Ensure that you know how to use the technology and deal with technical problems. Check that participants are comfortable with the technology, as well.
Addressing limitations. Identify the limitations arising from using interviews in your study.
Assessing the advantages and disadvantages of interviews as a data collection approach. List the advantages and disadvantages of interviews as a data collection approach for your project. Consider a broad range of factors, including the cost or time required for data collection.
The role of interviews in the research design. Revisit the key research articles from the literature that you have reviewed and identify how they use interviews to collect data. For instance, is it the only tool to collect data, or is it used in conjunction with others? Reflect on how the use of
Pretesting and piloting. Carry out a pretest and pilot of your questionnaire.Incorporate any required changes, recording what was done and the reasons for doing so in your research diary or journal.
Preparing your questionnaire. Begin to draft your questionnaire by using the structure provided at Figure 10.9. Use each of the five boxed headings to create five sections for your questionnaire and use your data collection matrix to populate each section. Once you have done that, review your
Formulating your questions. Review your literature; identify any scales or questions that already exist from prior research that can be used for the measurement of your own variables. Ensure that the prior variables do match the definition of your own variables. Note the wording of the questions
Questionnaire administration. Decide how you will administer your questionnaire so that you can make arrangements regarding distribution and return and, if using online survey, design your survey using an appropriate online survey tool.
Identifying relevant concepts/variables. Draw up a data matrix (see Table 10.4). Return to your research questions and any conceptual model/hypotheses you are using. Identify the key concepts that you are investigating in your research project and list them in your data matrix. How are the concepts
Describing your sampling plan. Use the following prompts to describe your sampling plan:a. The proposed sampling method will be:b. This is appropriate because:c. The intended sample size is, or the following method will be used to determine the sample size:d. This is appropriate because:e. The
Gaining access. How will you gain access to your intended sample? What potential barriers might you encounter, and how will you overcome them?
Choosing a sampling method. Identify your sampling method using the following questions as a guide:a. What is the population from which my sample will be taken?b. For quantitative research:i. What is my target population?ii. What sampling method (e.g. probability sampling, non-probability sampling)
Research proposal. Review requirements for your research proposal. Building on the steps outlined, complete your proposal for review/submission.
Time schedule. Using the data from the table, develop a graphical version of your time schedule for your project plan in the form of a Gantt chart for inclusion in your research proposal and to help you manage your project, and communicate its progress to yourself and others.
Key activities and outline project plan. At this point you should be able to identify key activities needed to complete your research and so prepare a project plan. You will need to make an estimate of how long each activity will take. Use the table here (or other format if you prefer) to develop
Record-keeping. Decide on a format for your research diary/log. If you are setting out on a research project, begin a research diary now. Note how you will keep information on your progress and your reflections on your experiences.
Risks. Look back at Table 8.4. Review the risks that you may encounter during your project and the degree of risk, taking into account how likely they are to happen and their potential impact, and decide how you intend to manage them.Record your assessment in writing and review it regularly as the
Identifying key resources. Identify any key resources, such as software or access to a particular database, and make the necessary arrangements to ensure that they are available when you need them.
Identifying key stakeholders. Identify the key people and/or organizations whose support will be important to the success of your project. Think here about how you are going to gain access to key stakeholders and keep their support.
and decide on a specific research design that is appropriate for your project. Sum up your thinking by completing the following statements.• I will adopt the following research design to investigate my research question . . .• This research design is appropriate because . . .
Selecting a research design. As a next step you need to finalize your research design in sufficient detail to provide a good basis for writing your proposal. Think about the research questions you have set and then look at Table
What qualitative or mixed methods research design may be suitable for your own project? Review your research questions and your answers to Next steps in Chapter 4.a. What specific qualitative or mixed methods research designs could be used to answer your research question?b. What would be the
Research designs used in your topic area. Review the research articles that you have identified in your literature review.a. What specific qualitative or mixed methods research designs are used in your topic area?b. What types of research question are they used to answer?c. What are the strengths
What quantitative research design may be suitable for your own project? Review your research questions and your answers to the Next steps activities in Chapter 4.a. What specific quantitative research designs could be used to answer your research question?b. What would be the strengths and
Quantitative research designs used in your topic area. Review the research articles that you have identified in your literature review that use quantitative research methods.a. What specific research designs are used in your topic area?b. What types of research question are they used to answer?c.
Preparing to apply for ethical approval. Confirm the ethical approval process that applies to your project and start preparing the necessary documentation, including information sheets and consent forms.
Identifying ethical issues. Before undertaking this activity, look again at Table 5.3, where we provide you with a series of questions to ask yourself about the ethical context before, during, and after your research project. Then consider which of the following four aspects of your research design
Preparing the ground. Familiarize yourself with any ethical guidelines or codes of practice that are relevant for your project, for example, those of the academic institution at which you are studying or of the organization or professional body of which you are a member.
Research quality. Select one or more research articles from the literature you have reviewed so far in your topic area. How do the authors address the quality of their research? What quality criteria do they refer to in their article? How does this help to establish the credibility of their
Research methods. Review the research articles that you have identified so far in your topic area. What research method (quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods) are adopted in each study? Why was that method chosen? How does it help the authors to answer their research questions? What research
Choice of data type. Review the research questions for your project and identify the data you will need in order to answer them. What potential data sources(primary/secondary) are available? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each for your particular project?
Time horizon. Review the research articles that you have identified so far in your topic area. What time horizon is adopted in each study? Why was this time horizon chosen? How does it help the authors answer their research questions?What time horizon would be most suitable for your research
Theory, research questions, and research design. Select one or more research articles from the literature you have reviewed so far in your topic area.Identify the approach used by the authors to integrate theory into the research design (deductive, inductive, or abductive). Why is this approach
Make a presentation on your review findings. Find a suitable forum where you can make a presentation on your literature review findings to peers and colleagues. Use the opportunity to refine your overall argument and to get feedback on its structure and coherence.
Developing a conceptual model. If you are adopting a deductive research approach, develop a conceptual model and formulate appropriate hypotheses for testing (this activity should be done after deciding on your research design and studying Chapters 4, 6, and 7).
Developing a concept-centric review. As you evaluate and capture individual sources, start looking for patterns and themes in your reading. Use a table and/or graphical technique such as a literature map to develop a concept-centric view of your literature.
Start searching. Make a list of search terms/keywords and the databases and other search locations to use to start searching. Capture your findings using your template created in the previous activity.
to develop your own template for capturing information from the sources you find.c. Familiarize yourself with any reference management software you intend to use or decide how you will record reference information.
and
Preparing to search.a. Confirm the reference format you are required to use. If there is no specific requirement, you will have to make your own choice.b. Use Table
and identify databases and other online areas that you can search for sources. Check which of these you can access via your academic institution, professional body, or other organization.
Places to look. Review Table
Formulating your literature review questions. Based on your research problem and research questions, formulate questions that your literature review should answer that will help you to (1) develop your understanding of theory and practice in your topic area, (2) design a suitable research approach.
What research methods were used (and can I use them for my study)?
What were the findings?
In what context (e.g. industry, type of organization)?
What concepts (variables) were used, and how were they measured?
What does prior research show about the relationship?
What theories are there about the relationship between job satisfaction and employee commitment?
How is employee commitment defined in the literature? What are the key dimensions of employee commitment?
How is job satisfaction defined in the literature? What are the key dimensions of job satisfaction?
Research questions. Now start formulating your research questions:a. What do you need to know in order to resolve your research problem? Is the knowledge in the form of answers to ‘what’, ‘why’, or ‘how’ questions?b. Make a list of possible research questions that, if answered, would
Personal goals. What are your personal goals (career, professional, skills, knowledge, etc.) in undertaking this project? How will the chosen research problem help you to achieve those goals?
Research problem statement. Formulate a statement of your research problem in three sentences:a. Background (a statement of the theoretical or practical problem, issue, or opportunity motivating the research).b. This research will (the overall aim of the research) in order to (how the research will
Identifying a problem. Use one or more of the techniques in the next section to generate a list of potential research problems. Review the potential research problems in terms of their relevance, feasibility, and interest. Select one that looks most promising.
What are the experiences of people participating in a coaching programme?
What is the attitude of employees to the new information system?
What is the level of satisfaction amongst our customers?
Reflecting on your research. Review the types of reflexivity listed in Section 1.6.1. Note down your thoughts with respect to each one to help you develop your awareness of your position with respect to research and your research project.
Identifying challenges and issues in your project. Identify any questions or challenges that you have with regard to your intended project. Note these down so that you can review them as you read later chapters.
Familiarizing yourself with the terms of reference for your project.We recommend that you start your research project by looking at the specification(often called ‘terms of reference’) of your project. This may be set by your academic institution and/or the organization instigating the project.
4 Participants in an experiment are asked to complete a task that involves the solving of logical puzzles.Half the group are then informed that they have done well, whereas the other half are informed that they have done rather poorly. Participants are then assessed on the extent to which they make
3 A student believes that greater use of the Internet is associated with greater depression. She asks students to complete a questionnaire on Internet use and also Beck’s Depression Inventory.
2 For her third-year project a student decides to conduct a longitudinal case study in which she covertly records the behaviour and speech of a class colleague whom she believes to be in the developmental stages of anorexia.
1 Researchers arrange for an actor to fall down in the street, appearing ill.They are interested in whether passers by will stop less often in this condition than in one where the actor has red liquid oozing from his mouth.
5 Language, carefully defined in terms of syntax and symbol, appears to be unique to humans.Language is the vehicle for transmission of cultural values, meanings and the individual’s social construction of reality. Much psychological research, consciously or not, assumes these values and meanings
4 Ethologists, among others, have also questioned the validity of having animals do abnormal things in the laboratory and have concentrated on behaviour in the natural environment, only confronting animals in the laboratory with variations of the stimuli that would normally be encountered outside
3 Ethologists have shown that quite a lot of behaviour, subject to cultural variation and slow developmental learning in humans, is instinctive in animals, demonstrated as ‘fixed action patterns’. Mating preludes and territorial defence are quite rigidly organised in a large number of species,
2 Kohler (1925) demonstrated in apes what he referred to as insight learning – solving a novel problem with a sudden reorganisation of detail, much like we do when we spontaneously solve one of those annoying matchstick problems. If apes can do what humans certainly can, then the validity of the
1 Seligman (1972) argued for the concept of preparedness. The concept is that, through evolutionary processes, some animals are born specially prepared to learn specific behaviour patterns of survival value to the species. Likewise, some patterns are difficult or impossible to learn at all –the
7 Skinner (e.g. 1953) argued that elementary units of learning would also be similar across most higher species. Hence, he mostly used rat and pigeon subjects in his research work, arguing that patterns of stimulus–response contingencies, schedules of reinforcement, and so on, were generalisable
6 At a very elementary, physiological level, animals and humans have things in common. The nature of the synapse, neural connections and transmission, for instance, are similar among higher primates.
5 Comparisons across the phylogenetic scale are valuable for showing what humans don’t have or can’t do (what we have probably evolved away from or out of). Comparison is invaluable in helping us develop a framework for brain analysis based on evolutionary history. A seemingly useless or
4 An effect shown or insight gained in animal studies, although not directly applicable to humans, may lead to fresh and fertile theories about human behaviour. Animal studies have contributed ideas to the debate on human adult–infant bonding and maternal separation, for example.
3 Several generations can be bred where species have short gestation and maturation periods. This is useful in studying genetic processes and it also means that the complete cycle of development can be observed.
2 Great control can be exerted over variables. Animals can be made to feed, for instance, at precise intervals.
1 Animals can be used where humans can’t. For instance, they can be deprived of their mothers or reared in complete darkness. This point, of course, completely begs the question of whether such procedures are ethically acceptable.
10 A group of people attempting to give up smoking have been assessed for their progress on two occasions separated by six months. Raw scores have been discarded and we only know for each client whether they have improved, worsened or stayed the same. What test would show any significant change
9 A group of management personnel undergo an intensive course on race issues. Essays written before and after the course are content-analysed and rated for attitudes to race. What test would be appropriate for demonstrating a significant change of attitude as expressed in the essays?
8 The time is recorded for the same group of participants to read out loud a list of rhyming words and a list of non-rhyming words. What test is appropriate for showing whether time differences are significant and that rhyming words take less time to read?
7 Two groups of people are selected. Scores have been used to place people in one of two groups: high‘initiative-taking’ and low ‘initiative-taking’. They are asked to select just one of three possible activities they would prefer to do.The choices are rock-climbing, dancing or reading a
6 A psychologist claims to have a very well-standardised measurement scale. What statistical test would be used to check its test–retest reliability? What test would be used to check its validity on a criterion group that should score higher than a control group?
5 Students observe whether males or females do or don’t walk under a ladder.They want to see whether one sex is more ‘superstitious’ than the other. What test do they need to use?
4 20 people each perform a sensori-motor task in two conditions, one in a quiet room, alone, the other in a brightly lit room with a dozen people watching. An electronic timer takes an accurate record of the number of errors made in each condition.(a) What test would be appropriate for
3 Jaywalkers Non-jaywalkers Tokyo 46 598 New York 103 524 On two similar junctions, one in New York and one in Tokyo, imagine that the data above were recorded.Do pedestrians jaywalk significantly less in Tokyo? What test will tell us?
2 World placings of:Smoking and drinking players Abstemious players Stephen Higgins 2 John Hendry 8 Graeme Ebdon 6 Peter Dott 1 Ronnie Williams 10 Mark O’Sullivan 5 Ken Murphy 9 Shaun Docherty 3 Stephen Junhui 4 Ding Maguire 7 In this case, we want to know whether abstemious players get higher
1 Height (in cm) of girls bred on:All Bran Bread and dripping 172 162 181 172 190 154 165 143 167 167 The researcher was interested in whether one of the diets tended to produce taller girls. What test should be carried out on the data? Choose the most powerful test available and a simpler
5 An alternative choice in the situation described in exercise 4 would be to use (a) Friedman’s test,(b) a Kruskal–Wallis test. Which?
4 Mauchly’s test shows a probability of .046.(a) Should the ‘sphericity assumed’ line be followed, or(b) should the df be lowered using epsilon?
3 Table 20.5 gives an incomplete fictitious results table for a 2 x 3 ANOVA analysis.For each statement below, choose between true/false or choose the correct answer.(a) There was a significant main effect for groups.(b) There was a significant main effect for conditions.(c) There was a significant
2 Produce a full outline results table, ready for entry of the results, for a mixed design where there is one repeated measures factor with three levels and one unrelated factor with four levels, eight people in each. Put values into the ‘degrees of freedom’ column.

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Research Methods And Statistics In Psychology 5th Edition Hugh Coolican - Solutions

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