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business
business research methods
Business Research Methods 3rd Edition Alan Bryman, Emma Bell - Solutions
Is your language in the questions clear and comprehensible?
Have you ensured that interviews will allow novel or unexpected themes and issues to arise?
Have you thought about what you will do if some participants do not turn up for the session?
Have you devised a strategy for encouraging respondents to turn up for the focus group meeting?
Have you piloted the guide with some appropriate respondents?
Do the questions or topics you have devised allow you to answer all your research questions?
Have you devised a clear and comprehensive way of introducing the research to participants?
Does one method seem more in tune with the preoccupations of qualitative researchers than the other?
Outline the relative advantages and disadvantages of qualitative interviewing and participant observation.
What dilemmas might be posed for feminist researchers using qualitative interviewing?Qualitative interviewing versus participant observation
Why has the qualitative interview become such a prominent research method for feminist researchers?
Compare theoretical sampling and snowball sampling.Feminist research and interviewing in qualitative research
Why is it important to tape-record and transcribe qualitative interviews?Sampling
What kinds of skill does the interviewer need to develop in qualitative interviewing?
What kinds of question might be asked in an interview guide?
What kinds of consideration need to be borne in mind when preparing an interview guide?
What are the differences between life history and oral history interviews?
Could semi-structured interviewing stand in the way of fl exibility in qualitative research?
What are the differences between unstructured and semi-structured interviewing?
How does qualitative interviewing differ from structured interviewing?Unstructured and semi-structured interviewing
Have you thought about how you will go about putting into operation the skills that make a good interviewer (see Tips and skills ‘Criteria of a successful interivewer’)?
Have you thought about how you will present yourself in the interview, such as how you will be dressed?
Are you thoroughly familiar with and have you tested your recording equipment?
Are you familiar with the setting(s) in which the interviews will take place?
Do your questions offer a real prospect of seeing the world from your interviewees’ point of view rather than imposing your own frame of reference on them?
Have your questions been designed to elicit refl ective discussions, so that interviewees are not tempted to answer in ‘yes’ or ‘no’ terms?
Does your interview guide include requests for information about the interviewee, such as his or her age, work experience, position in the fi rm?
Are your questions relevant to the people you are proposing to interview?
Is your language in the questions clear, comprehensible, and free of unnecessary jargon?
Have you ensured that interviews will allow novel or unexpected themes and issues to arise?
Does the guide contain a good mixture of different kinds of questions, such as probing, specifying, and direct questions?
Have you thought about what you will do if your interviewee does not turn up for the interview?
Have you piloted the guide with some appropriate respondents?
Does your interview guide clearly relate to your research questions?
Have you devised a clear and comprehensive/informative way of introducing the research to interviewees?
What distinguishes visual ethnography from other research methods that focus on visual data?
What kinds of roles can visual materials play in ethnography?
What are the main ingredients of feminist ethnography?Visual ethnography
How do you decide when to complete the data collection phase in ethnographic research?Can there be a feminist ethnography?
Why is it useful to distinguish between different types of fi eld notes?Bringing ethnographic fi eldwork to an end
Why are fi eld notes important for ethnographers?
How crucial is the idea of theoretical saturation to theoretical sampling?Field notes
What is theoretical sampling?
What is snowball sampling?
Should ethnographers be active or passive in the settings in which they conduct research?Sampling
What is meant by ‘going native’?
Compare Gold’s and Gans’s schemes for classifying participant observer roles.
What might be the role of key informants in ethnographic research? Is there anything to be concerned about when using them?
Does the problem of access fi nish once access to a chosen setting has been achieved?
Examine some articles in business and management journals in which ethnography and participant observation fi gure strongly. Was the researcher in an overt or a covert role? How was access achieved?
‘Covert ethnography obviates the need to gain access to inaccessible settings and therefore has much to recommend it.’ Discuss.
What distinguishes organizational ethnography from other forms of ethnography?Access
To what extent do participant observation and ethnography rely solely on observation?
How does participant observation differ from structured observation?Organizational ethnography
Is it possible to distinguish ethnography and participant observation?
How have collaborative approaches to qualitative research changed the relationship between the researcher and research subjects?
Is there a role for feminist research in the study of business and management?
How are cognitive maps used in problem solving?
What is action research?
‘The difference between quantitative and qualitative research revolves entirely around the concern with numbers in the former and with words in the latter.’ How far do you agree with this statement?Researcher–subject relationships
Can qualitative research be employed in relation to hypothesis testing?Some contrasts and similarities between quantitative and qualitative research
To what extent do these criticisms refl ect the preoccupations of quantitative research?Is it always like this?
What are some of the main criticisms that are frequently levelled at qualitative research?
How do these preoccupations differ from those of quantitative researchers, which were considered in Chapter 6?The critique of qualitative research
Outline the main preoccupations of qualitative researchers.
What is triangulation?The main preoccupations of qualitative researchers
What is respondent validation?
Why have some writers sought alternative criteria for the evaluation of qualitative research?Evaluate Lincoln and Guba’s criteria.
How have some writers adapted the notions of reliability and validity to qualitative research?
What is the difference between defi nitive and sensitizing concepts?Reliability and validity in qualitative research
Is the approach to theory in qualitative research inductive or deductive?Concepts in qualitative research
Does a research question in qualitative research have the same signifi cance and characteristics as in quantitative research?Theory and research
What are some of the main research methods associated with qualitative research?
Outline some of the traditions of qualitative research.
What are some of the diffi culties with providing a general account of the nature of qualitative research?
In what circumstances might you want to create a new variable?
In what circumstances might you want to recode a variable?
Outline the differences between: variable names, variable labels, and value labels.
What does it mean to say that a correlation of 0.42 is statistically signifi cant at p < 0.05?
What does the chi-square test achieve?
What is a signifi cance level?
What does statistical signifi cance mean and how does it differ from substantive signifi cance?
What does it mean to say that a relationship is moderated?Statistical signifi cance
What is an intervening variable?
What is a spurious relationship?
In what circumstances would you use each of the following: Pearson’s r; Spearman’s rho; phi;Cramér’s V; eta?Multivariate analysis
Why are percentages crucial when presenting contingency tables?
Can you infer causality from bivariate analysis?
In conjunction with which measure of central tendency would you expect to report the standard deviation: the mean; the median; or the mode?Bivariate analysis
What is an outlier and why might one have an adverse effect on the mean and the range?
How important is it to you to buy clothes with designer labels?Very important ____ Fairly important ____ Not very important ____ Not at all important ____
For which kinds of items do you most enjoy shopping? Please tick one only.Clothes (including shoes) ____ Food ____ Things for the house ____ Presents ____ Entertainment (CDs, DVDs, etc.) ____
How many times have you shopped in the last month? Please write in the number of occasions below.___
Do you enjoy going shopping?Yes ___ No ___
Imagine the kinds of answers you would receive if you administered the following four questions in an interview survey. What kind of variable would each question generate: dichotomous; nominal;ordinal; or interval/ratio?
Why is it important to be able to distinguish between the four types of variable?
What are the differences between the four types of variable outlined in this chapter: interval/ratio;ordinal; nominal; and dichotomous?
What are missing data and why do they arise?Types of variable
At what stage should you begin to think about the kinds of data analysis you need to conduct?
If you have used a Likert scale with reversed items, have you remembered to reverse the coding of them?
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