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business
business research methods
Business Research Methods 3rd Edition Alan Bryman, Emma Bell - Solutions
Have you gone beyond univariate analysis and conducted at least some bivariate analyses?
Have you commented on all the analyses you present?
Have you remembered to code any missing data?
If your data are based on a cross-sectional design, have you resisted making unsustainable inferences about causality?
If your sample has not been randomly selected, have you made sure that you have not made inferences about a population (or at least, if you have done so, have you outlined the limitations of making such an inference)?
Have you used the most appropriate and powerful techniques for answering your research questions?
Have you made sure that you have taken into account the nature of the variable(s) being analysed when using a particular technique (that is, whether nominal, ordinal, interval/ratio, or dichotomous)?
Have you made sure that you have presented only analyses that are relevant to your research questions?
Have you answered your research questions?
During your last visit to the gym, how many minutes did you spend on other activities (e.g. stretching exercises)?____ minutes
During your last visit to the gym, how many minutes did you spend on the weights machines (including free weights)?____ minutes
During your last visit to the gym, how many minutes did you spend on the cardiovascular equipment (jogger, step machine, bike, rower)?____ minutes
If you have replied Yes to question 8, please indicate the main source of regular exercise in the last 6 months from this list. (please tick one only)Sport ____ 1 Cycling on the road ____ 2 Jogging ____ 3 Long walks ____ 4 Other (please specify) ____ 5
Do you have sources of regular exercise other than the gym?Yes ____ No ____ 1 2 If you have answered No to this question, please proceed to question 10
Are you usually accompanied when you go to the gym or do you usually go on your own? (please tick one only)On my own ____ 1 With a friend ____ 2 With a partner/spouse ____ 3
How frequently do you usually go to the gym? (please tick)Every day ____ 1 4–6 days a week ____ 2 2 or 3 days a week ____ 3 Once a week ____ 4 2 or 3 times a month ____ 5 Once a month ____ 6 Less than once a month ____ 7
When you go to the gym, how often do you use the weights machines (including free weights)? (please tick)Always ____ 1 Usually ____ 2 Rarely ____ 3 Never ____ 4
When you go to the gym, how often do you use the cardiovascular equipment (jogger, step machine, bike, rower)? (please tick)Always ____ 1 Usually ____ 2 Rarely ____ 3 Never ____ 4
Which of the following best describes your main reason for going to the gym? (please tick one only)Relaxation ____ 1 Maintain or improve fi tness ____ 2 Lose weight ____ 3 Meet others ____ 4 Build strength ____ 5 Other (please specify) ____ 6
What are unobtrusive methods or measures? What is the chief advantage of such methods?
What reliability and validity issues do offi cial statistics pose?
How justifi ed is their scepticism?
Why have many business researchers been sceptical about the use of offi cial statistics for research purposes?
What is meta-analysis and why is it of particular interest to researchers in business and management?Offi cial statistics
Does the possibility of conducting a secondary analysis apply only to quantitative data produced by other researchers?
Outline the main advantages and limitations of secondary analysis of other researchers’ data.
What is secondary analysis?Other researchers’ data
How far are content analysis studies atheoretical?
To what extent does the need for coders to interpret meaning undermine content analysis?
‘One of the most signifi cant virtues of content analysis is its immense fl exibility in that it can be applied to a wide variety of documents.’ Discuss.Disadvantages of content analysis
What potential pitfalls need to be guarded against when devising coding schedules and manuals?Advantages of content analysis
What is the difference between a coding schedule and a coding manual?
Why is coding so crucial in content analysis?
To what extent do you need to infer latent content when you go beyond counting words?Coding
What kinds of things might be counted in the course of doing a content analysis?
What special sampling issues does content analysis pose?What is to be counted?
With what general kinds of research questions is content analysis concerned?Selecting a sample
Why are precise research questions especially crucial in content analysis?
What is the difference between manifest and latent content? What are the implications of the distinction for content analysis?
To what kinds of documents and media can content analysis be applied?
Are you clear about the unit of analysis?
If your research is based on the mass media, can you justify the time span of your coverage?
Are the coding instructions clear?
Have you piloted your coding schedule?
Do all the dimensions allow you to answer your research questions?
Have you made sure that the categories used for each of your dimensions do not overlap?
Have you made sure that your dimensions do not overlap?
Can you justify your sampling approach?
Is the population of documents to be content analysed relevant to your research questions?
Have you clearly defi ned your research questions?
How far do you agree with the view that structured observation works best when used in conjunction with other research methods?
‘The chief problem with structured observation is that it does not allow us access to the intentions that lie behind behaviour.’ Discuss.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of simulation as a form of structured observation?Criticisms of structured observation
What are fi eld stimulations and what ethical concerns are posed by them?
What is the reactive effect and why might it be important in relation to structured observation research?Other forms of structured observation
How far do considerations of reliability and validity in structured observation mirror those encountered in relation to the asking of questions in structured interviews and self-completion questionnaires?
Identify some of the main sampling strategies in structured observation.Issues of reliability and validity
What are the main ways in which behaviour can be recorded in structured observation?Sampling
Devise an observation schedule of your own for observing an area of social interaction in which you are regularly involved. Ask people with whom you normally interact in those situations how well they think it fi ts what goes on. Have you missed anything out?Strategies for observing behaviour
‘An observation schedule is much like a self-completion questionnaire or structured interview except that it does not entail asking questions.’ Discuss.
What is an observation schedule?
To what extent does it provide a superior approach to the study of behaviour than questionnaires or structured interviews?The observation schedule
What are the chief characteristics of structured observation?
What are the chief limitations of survey research with regard to the study of behaviour?
Is it easy to log the behaviour as it is happening?
Are the categories of behaviour inclusive?
Are the coding instructions clear?
Have you piloted your observation schedule?
Do all the different categories of behaviour allow you to answer your research questions?
Have you made sure that the categories of behaviour do not overlap?
Have your observation categories been designed so that there is no need for the observer to interpret what is going on?
Does your observation schedule indicate precisely which kinds of behaviour are to be observed?
Can you justify your sampling approach?
Is the sample to be observed relevant to your research questions?
Have you clearly defi ned your research questions?
Why might it be useful to use questions devised by others?
Why is it important to pilot questions?
In what circumstances are vignette questions appropriate?Piloting and pre-testing questions
What is your annual salary?Below £10,000£10,000–15,000£15,000–20,000£20,000–25,000£25,000–30,000£30,000–35,000£35,000 and over.Do you ever feel alienated from your work?All the time Often Occasionally Never.How satisfi ed are you with the customer services and products provided by
What is wrong with each of the following questions?
What are the main types of question that are likely to be used in a structured interview or self-administered questionnaire?Rules for designing questions
How can closed questions be improved?Types of question
What are the limitations of closed questions?
Why are closed questions frequently preferred to open questions in survey research?
What diffi culties do open questions present in survey research?
Have you ensured that there is a category of ‘other’ (or similar category such as ‘unsure’ or ‘neither agree nor disagree’) so that respondents are not forced to answer in a way that is not indicative of what they think or do?
Have you ensured that your closed answers do not overlap?
Have you ensured that your closed answers are exhaustive?
If you are using a Likert scale approach:Have you included some items that can be reverse scored in order to minimize response sets?Have you made sure that the items really do relate to the same underlying cluster of attitudes so that they can be aggregated?
Do any of your questions rely too much on your respondents’ memory?
Is there an appropriate match between your questions and your closed answers?
Have you made sure that your respondents will have the requisite knowledge to answer your questions?
Have you taken steps to ensure that there are no:ambiguous terms in questions or closed answers?long questions?double-barrelled questions?very general questions?leading questions?questions that are asking about two or more things?questions that include negatives?questions using technical terms?
Have you taken steps to ensure that the questions you are asking really do supply you with the information you need?
Are questions relating to the research topic at or very close to the beginning?
Have socio-demographic questions been left until the end of the questionnaire?
Have you ensured that questions and their answers do not span more than one page?
Have you allowed respondents to indicate levels of intensity in their replies, so that they are not forced into ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers where intensity of feeling may be more appropriate?
Have you included as few open questions as possible?
Are instructions about how to record responses clear (for example, whether to tick or circle; whether or not more than one response is allowable)?
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