Business Research Methods (UK Higher Education Business Statistics) 14th Edition Pamela Schindler - Solutions

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1 As in Chapter 18, use random number tables to generate three sets of eight scores.This time, assume that the three sets are from the same eight people and conduct a one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Again, query the validity of significance testing with your tutor if the results are significant!
4 Suppose we measure people on a variable called ‘sociability’ (‘S’ for short).We then investigate their performance on a wiggly-wire task where touching the wire with a metal loop-on-a-stick causes a buzzer to sound and records an error. Suppose it is true that high S people perform well
3 Suppose the following data were obtained from a study of the sociability of boys (bold) and girls with no siblings who have or haven’t attended pre-school of some kind before starting school. Calculate the two-way ANOVA and comment on the effects. Sociability scores Children who attended
2 Imagine that two groups of students, one vegetarian, the other meat-eating (Factor 1 – groups 1 and 2) are asked to memorise animal words, vegetable words and flower words (Factor 2 – conditions A, B and C). There’s no research I know of which would predict any particular result so suppose,
1 The analysis of the students’ caffeine experiment results described in this chapter could be described as a 2 x 3 between groups ANOVA with the factor sleep having levels 5hrs and no sleep and factor caffeine having levels coffee, decaff and none. Describe in similar terms analyses for the
5 In the same example, you wish to use a linear contrast to test for a difference between conditions one and two together against condition three. What would be the simplest set of coefficients to use?
4 Suppose, in the last example, you had predicted in your introduction that only the first and third conditions would differ. What test might it be legitimate to conduct?
3 If H0 in a one-way ANOVA with five conditions has already been rejected and you now decide to test all the paired comparisons, what test would be appropriate? Tukeya or set alpha at .01 and do t tests?
2 Produce three samples of eight values by using the random numbers in Table 1 in the Appendix (start anywhere, for each sample, and select the next eight numbers in any direction). Calculate a one-way ANOVA (unrelated) and check the F ratio for significance. If it is significant, tell your tutor
1 Our coffee-testing group of students finally gets things sorted and produces results with eight participants in each condition. The data the students gathered are given below. Conduct a one-way ANOVA (by hand or with SPSS) and include a priori tests (use the Bonferroni t test described on p.
1. Researchers were interested in being able to predict the length of time for which smokers will stop smoking following a programme designed to help them quit.The criterion variable is cessation – the number of days after the programme before participants report smoking at least one whole
2 What is the power involved when an unrelated t is significant with p ≤ .05 (two-tailed), Na = 15, Nb = 19, x –a = 23.4,x –b = 27.4, sa = 4.8, sb = 4.1?A researcher suggested that graduate extroverts/introverts should not show the divisions previously shown by non-graduates about feeling
1 A researcher wishes to demonstrate that a course in cognitive behavioural therapy will result in a mean decrease of 3 points on a depression scale for which 20 treated patients currently have a mean of 35.The known standard deviation for this kind of client is 7.5 points. Does she have enough
4 A z score of 2.0 is significant (two-tailed), with p ≤ .05 because it is greater than the critical value of 1.96 for p ≤ .05.This is why the first line of the table below is marked ‘true’. Can you complete the rest of the table with ticks or crosses? 2 One- or two- talled test p = True or
3 A student sets out to show that attitude change will be greater if people are paid more to make a speech that contradicts their present attitude. Her tutor tells her that this runs directly counter to research findings on ‘cognitive dissonance’.(a) What would be the appropriate significance
2 State whether tests of the following hypotheses might permit one- or two-tailed tests.(a) Diabetics are more health-conscious than other people.(b) Extroverts and introverts differ in their ability to learn people’s names.(c) Job satisfaction correlates negatively with absenteeism.(d)
1.32 1.75 –1.9 –.78(b) two-tailed tests:–2.05 1.89 –1.6 1.98
3 What sort of skew is present in a distribution that has the following characteristics?Mean = 50 Median = 60 Mode = 70 State whether the following values of z (on a normal distribution) are significant or not (p ≤ .05) for:(a) one-tailed tests:
2 Sketch two roughly normal distributions that have the same mean but quite different standard deviations. Also sketch two normal distributions with the same standard deviation but different means.
1 Look back to Exercise 1 on p. 302. Have a look at the sketch you drew (I hope!) of the distribution.(a) Decide what would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency.(b) Calculate this measure.(c) Calculate an appropriate measure of dispersion.
2 Suppose that the children in Table 11.10 are again observed for talking time but on this occasion they are told that some adults are observing them. Let’s say that the following data are obtained for the same children in the same order as in Table 12.2:Draw a clustered bar chart showing the
1 Consider the following set of times, measured in 1/100ths of a second:62 65 71 72 73 75 76 77 79 80 82 83 92 100 106 117 127 65 70 72 72 74 75 76 77 79 80 82 88 93 102 110 121 128 65 70 72 73 74 76 76 78 80 81 83 90 95 103 112 122 135 For this data set: (a) Produce a histogram(b) Design a stem
3 The following times were recorded (in seconds) to solve an anagram:12, 8, 23, 13, 17, 15, 18, 21, 18, 14, 18, 29, 55, 12.(a) Decide which would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency.(b) Calculate the mean median and mode for the data.(c) Can you suggest why the mean is a bit higher
2 You are told that a set of seven scores includes one score that is 0.8.The standard deviation for the set is 0. Can you give the mean of the set and say anything else about the six other scores in the set?
1 Find the mean and median and standard deviation of the two sets of talking times in Table 11.10.
6 Can you change the data in Table 11.8 first to ordinal level, then to nominal level? The blank tables are for you to fill in. Hint: for ordinal level, treat all the values as one group. For nominal, try a median split– see p. 257.
5 Think of three ways to measure driving ability, one using nominal-level data, one ordinal and one interval/ratio.
4 Your sister argues that, since she came top in each of the three maths tests held in her class this year, she must be far better than all the other pupils. What might you point out to her? (Would you dare?)
3 At what level are the measurements in Table 11.7 (a,b, c andd) below being made? Choose from nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio.
2 A set of surgical records classifies patients as ‘chronic’, ‘acute’ or ‘not yet classified’. What level of measurement is being used?
1 When judges give their marks in an ice-skating contest for style and presentation, at what level of measurement is it safest to treat their data?
2 A researcher decides to investigate how people from a newly discovered rainforest tribe will compete against each other in an individual problem-solving contest. Is the researcher making emic or etic assumptions about the research topic? In what way? Can you suggest a better way to go about
1 Without looking back at the text (to start with anyway!) decide, for the following research projects, whether the design is longitudinal (panel, time lag or cross-sectional short-term longitudinal), crosssectional or cross-cultural.(a) Samples of children aged four, six and eight are given
3 A friend says ‘My dog loves Beethoven. Every time I play some he comes and curls up on my lap.’ Is this a reliable test, a valid test or neither?
2 A student friend has devised a test of ‘Attitude towards the British’ which she wants to administer to a group of international students just about to leave the country.(a) How could the test be validated?(b) How could the test be checked for reliability?
1 A scale measuring attitude towards nuclear energy is given a test/re-test reliability check. It is found that correlation is .85. However, it is also found that scores for the sample as a whole have decreased significantly.(a) Should the test be used as it is?(b) What might explain the drop in
3 A researcher administers a Rorschach test to a control and experimental group of psychiatric patients.She then rates each response according to a very well-standardised scale for detecting anxiety. How can she avoid the criticism that her ratings are biased and subjective, given she knows the
2 Imagine the items below are a small part of a scale to measure ‘assertiveness’ developed by some students. What problem can you see?(a) . . . .(b) Do you take things straight back to the shop when you find a fault?(c) On a scale of 1 to 10, how loudly would you say you speak to shop
1 Comment on any flaws in the following potential attitude scale or questionnaire items.(a) Don’t you think that the government has moved too far towards Europe?(b) What do you think is the best way to punish children?(c) How many times were you late for work in the last two years?(d) People from
5 You are about to conduct an interview with the manager of a local, large supermarket. He is 43 years old, quite active in local politics and is known to be fairly friendly. Make a list of all the variables, especially those concerning his and your own personality and characteristics, which might
4 A researcher wishes to investigate specific instances of racism (abuse, physical harassment, discrimination) that members of minority ethnic groups have experienced. Four assistants are employed to conduct informal, guided interviews starting with individuals recommended by local community
3 the types of question you would ask.To answer this last point in detail, you will need to read pages 184 to 187 in Chapter 8 on questionnaires, at least briefly.
2 the exact approach to respondents you would use
1 the sample and means of obtaining it
3 Suppose you decide to conduct a survey in your area on attitudes towards genetically modified crops.Outline the steps you would take in planning and conducting the survey, paying particular attention to:
2 A researcher interviews participants and then goes through each interview transcript rating each respondent on scales of ‘warmth’ and ‘openness’. What flaw is there in this procedure?
1 Without looking back at the text, or at Table 7.2, try to think of several advantages and disadvantages the survey has compared with the informal or in-depth interview.
3 How could you use archival data to provide evidence that the weather has an effect on our moods?Outline strengths and weaknesses of the case study approach.
2 Write out a list of advantages and disadvantages of participant and non-participant observation. Use Table 6.3 to check your answers.
1 A student decides to carry out participant observation on her own student group. She is interested in the different ways her classmates cope with study demands and social commitments. Discuss the ways she might go about this work, the problems she might face and the ways in which she might
3 Each of the following statements from students discussing their practical work contains a reference to a form of internal or external validity threat. Pick ‘statistical conclusion’, ‘internal’, ‘construct’ or ‘external’for each one and, where possible, name or describe the
2 Which two of the suggestions below might produce more valid measures of the construct of attitude towards the elderly?(a) answers to a structured questionnaire(b) what people say to a close friend in conversation(c) what people say in an informal interview(d) the number of elderly people a
10 The number of days off sick for workers in a large factory is measured monthly for one year before and one year after the national introduction of new regulations under which people may‘self-certificate’ sicknesses lasting under four days.
9 Children in one school class are given a six-month trial of an experimental new reading programme using a multi-media approach. A second class of children receive special attention in reading but not the new programme. Improvements in reading are assessed.
8 One of two very similar homes for the elderly passes from local government to private control.Workers in each are compared on job satisfaction over the following year, using informal interviews.
7 Researchers visit various grades of worker at their place of employment and take them through a questionnaire on their attitude to authority. It is thought that salary level will be related to degree of respect for authority.
6 Drug addicts are compared with a control group on their tolerance of pain, measured in the laboratory.
5 Under laboratory conditions, people are asked to make a speech, contrary to their own view, first alone and then in front of others.Their attitude strength is measured after each presentation.
4 A researcher, dressed either casually or smartly, approaches passengers at a station to ask for directions.The aim is to see whether smarter dress elicits greater help.
3 Boys with no brother and boys with two brothers are observed under laboratory conditions to see which group exhibits greater aggression.
2 Randomly allocated students are asked to write essays in silence or listening to loud music.
1 A ladder is placed against a street wall to see whether more males or females avoid it.
1 Of the designs outlined below:(a) Which are not likely to be affected by demand characteristics?(b) Which might involve looser procedures than the rest?(c) Which could be subject to researcher bias?(d) In which could ‘blind’ data-gathering and/or assessing procedures be employed?
4 Where an equivalent control group is essential we might pre-test a group of children, apply a programme designed to increase their sensitivity to the needs of people with disabilities, then test again to measure improvement. To check that the children would not have changed anyway, irrespective
3 Group difference studies (see Chapter 5) cannot be repeated measures designs, i.e. where the‘independent variable’ of interest is a category of persons, such as male/female, working class/middle class or extrovert/introvert.
2 Often, people must be naïve for each condition. In VIGNETTE studies, for example, a person is shown one of two alternative ‘vignettes’ varying in one feature only (descriptions of an incident or person) with all other material kept the same. Having read the description, people may be asked
1 When order effects cannot be eliminated or are asymmetrical.
4 Experiment. samples designs. Other terms for independent samples design are INDEPENDENT GROUPS, UNRELATED GROUPS/DESIGN, BETWEEN GROUPS and BETWEEN SUBJECTS. The latter two terms are very common in the world of more complex experimental designs that use ANOVA and which we will meet in Chapter 18.
3 As a control group, have people give shocks but experimenter gives no orders to continue (this was done and almost all participants gave up at the first victim complaint, though few textbooks describe this). Milgram also varied the distance of the victim, distance of experimenter, whether
2 Independent variable is manipulated by experimenter, all other possible variables are held constant including random allocation of participants to conditions, dependent variable is measured after controlled changes in the independent variable.
1 Independent variable: complexity of pattern. Dependent variable: time spent gazing.
4 Which method controls more strongly against alternative interpretations of results – experiment or non-experiment?
3 In Milgram’s (1963) main demonstration of obedience, it was shown that, if the experimenter insisted, participants would continue to deliver an electric shock to a ‘victim’ whenever they got a memory trial wrong even though they were screaming in agony. This is a dramatic demonstration but
2 What are the main features of an experiment?
1 Researchers often show baby participants two different patterns and record the time spent looking at each one.The pattern looked at longest is taken to be the one that the baby prefers or at least is more interested in.The idea is to see whether the baby prefers complex patterns to simpler
2 The number of aggressive responses depended on the temperature in the room.
1 The temperature in the room depended on the number of aggressive responses.
5 A psychology tutor carries out an experiment by allocating the front half of her class to an experimental condition.They are taught special techniques for problem solving.The rear half of the class serve as a control group (see p. 62).The experimental group do better. How might a fault in her
4 A researcher wishes to survey young people’s attitudes to law and order. Interviewers complete questionnaires with sixth formers who volunteer from the schools that agree to be included in the study. Families are also selected at random from the local telephone directory.Young people are also
3 A simple random sample of all students in the Humanities faculty at Suffix University could be drawn by which one of these methods?(a) Selecting all the students within one randomly selected department of the faculty(b) Grouping all psychology students in the faculty by surname initial (A, B, …
2 A psychologist advertises in the university bulletin for students willing to participate in an experiment concerning the effects of alcohol consumption on appetite. For what reasons might the sample gathered not be a random selection of students?
1 The aim of a particular investigation is to compare the attitudes of low-, middle- and high-income mothers to discipline in child rearing. What factors should be taken into account in selecting two comparable samples (apart from social class)?
You wish to analyse the pedestrian traffic that passes a given store in a major shopping centre. You are interested in determining how many shoppers pass by this store, and you would like to classify these shoppers on various relevant dimensions. Any information you secure should be obtainable from
Develop a checklist to be used by observers in the previous study.a Determine how many observers you need and assign two or three to a specific observation task.b Compare the results of your group members’ checklists for stability of recorded perceptions.
Assume you are a manufacturer of modular office systems and furniture, as well as office-organization elements (desktop and wall organizers, filing systems, etc.). Your company has been asked to propose an observational study to examine the use of office space by white-collar and managerial workers
A major corporation agrees to sponsor an internal study on sexual harassment in the workplace. This is in response to concerns expressed by its female employees.How would you handle the following issues?a Sample selection b The communication approach (self-administered, telephone, personal
You decide to take a telephone survey of 100 families with children in Manchester to learn how community services facilitate the combination of work and childcare. You want a good representation of all families with children in Manchester. Explain how you will carry out the sampling for such a
In the following situations, decide whether you would use a personal interview, telephone survey or self-administered questionnaire. Give your reasons.a A survey of the residents of a new suburb on why they happened to select that area in which to live. (You also wish to secure some information
In recent years, in-home personal interviews have grown more costly and more difficult to complete. Suppose, however, you have a project in which you need to talk with people in their homes. What might you do to hold down costs and increase the response rate?
Assume you are planning to interview shoppers in a shopping centre about their views on increased food prices and what the government should do about them.In what different ways might you try to motivate shoppers to cooperate in your survey?
Based on your present or past work experience, suggest problems that could be resolved by using observation-based data.
Distinguish between the following:a the relative value of communication and observation b non-verbal, linguistic and extra–linguistic analysis c factual and inferential observation.
Discuss how the problem of non-response can affect the results of analyses based on randomly selected samples, and how these problems can eventually be eased.
Using Exhibit 6.7 as your guide, for each sampling technique describe the sampling frame for a study of employers’ skill requirements of new employees using the industry in which you are currently working or wish to work.
How would you draw a cluster sample among students at your university?
Design a non-probability sample of students at your university that is representative.
Your large firm is facing its first union negotiation. Your superior wants an accurate evaluation of the morale of its large number of computer technicians. What size sample would you draw if it was to be an unrestricted sample?
You wish to adjust your sample calculations to reflect the fact that there are only 2,500 students in your population. How does this additional information affect your estimated sample size in question 10?
You wish to take an unrestricted random sample of undergraduate students at Lake University to ascertain their levels of spending per month on food purchased off–campus and eaten on the premises where purchased. You ask a test sample of nine students about their food expenditure and find that on
A Vietnamese sports shoemaker produces shoes in two grades for the European and Russian markets. European retailers require the size labelling to be precise, while for the Russian market it does not matter.Up to now the firm has mainly produced shoes for the Russian market, but it has the chance to

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Business Research Methods (UK Higher Education Business Statistics) 14th Edition Pamela Schindler - Solutions

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