Business Research Methods 3rd Edition Alan Bryman, Emma Bell - Solutions

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Name and define four different kinds of measurement validity, providing an illustration of each one.
Describe three different ways to measure the concept “homophobia.”
Why may multiple indicators of a concept be preferable to using a single indicator?
Assume you are conducting a study to determine which variables influence poverty. Name one variable that might have an impact on the chances that a person will live in poverty, and use it to derive a specific hypothesis that can be tested with survey data.
What are the main steps in quantitative research?
Using the classroom screen, the instructor can walk the class through the TCPS2 tutorial available at www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/eng/education/tutorialdidacticiel/ (accessed 18 October 2018). It includes multidisciplinary examples, some interactive features, audio and video downloads, and a quiz.
After reviewing the three core principles for ethical research with the class, the instructor will show the film version of either Milgram’s Obedience or Zimbardo’s Quiet Rage: The Stanford Prison Experiment. Before viewing the film, students are given the following questions to think about as
List the risks and potential benefits of Humphreys’s(1970) Tearoom Trade study. Did the potential benefits outweigh the risks? Explain.
List the risks and potential benefits of Milgram’s(1963) “electric-shock” experiments. Did the potential benefits outweigh the risks? Explain.
What is meant by “balancing risks and potential benefits”?
Assume you are participating in survey research that seeks to determine the degree to which participants possess sexist attitudes. Would some deception regarding the purposes of the research be justified? Explain.
Can deception in social research ever be justified?Explain.
Assume you are doing ethnographic research at a homeless shelter. Is it necessary to get informed consent from every person you interact with or observe? Explain.
What are some of the difficulties involved in implementing the principle of informed consent when doing ethnographic research?
What harm may be suffered by a person participating in qualitative interviews on the topic of lived racism? Would the harm be so severe that the study should not be conducted? Explain.
What harm might be suffered by a person completing an online questionnaire on the topic of illegal drug use? Would the harm be so severe that the study should not be conducted? Explain.
Explain what is meant by “harm to participants.”Does it refer to physical harm alone?
Divide the class into small groups. Each group is toa. pick a social phenomenon or experience of interest (e.g., sex work, homelessness);b. provide a nomothetic explanation for it; andc. provide an idiographic explanation for it.The groups are to go into as much detail as possible. When that is
This activity involves some friendly competition.Divide the class into small groups. Each group is given 15 minutes to come up with as many examples of spurious correlations as they can(e.g., the correlation between the number of fire trucks at a fire and the amount of fire damage).Examples given
How could a qualitative researcher use a longitudinal design to study people active in a local environmental movement?
Why might a longitudinal research design be superior to a cross-sectional one?
How could you use a cross-sectional design to determine whether there is an association between the amount of time spent studying and grades?Assess the degree to which your method can establish causality
What is meant by a cross-sectional research design?
You want to know whether the legalization of marijuana in Canada will affect national crime rates. How could you use the quasi-experimental method to research this issue? Explain.
What is a quasi-experiment?
You want to know whether the amount of time spent on social media affects loneliness levels among 15-year-olds at summer camp. You decide to conduct an experiment, and have followed proper ethics protocols. How could you conduct the experiment? Provide as much detail as possible.
How are true experiments able to establish causal connections between variables? Explain.
Assume that your best friend just dropped out of university. Come up with an idiographic explanation of how that happened.
What is an idiographic explanation? How do qualitative researchers produce them?
Come up with a nomothetic explanation for why students sometimes drop out of university.
What is a nomothetic explanation?
You are at a dance party where a lot of alcohol is being served. You abstain from drinking, but notice that the people with the craziest dancing style are the most likely to go to the washroom and vomit.Should you conclude that dancing crazily induces vomiting? Explain.
What is a spurious correlation?
A survey researcher finds that people with high self-esteem make more money than people with low self-esteem. You are tempted to conclude from this that self-esteem influences earning power. But can time order be established using this design? Explain.
Explain the time order criterion of causation.
The class is divided into three groups in order to conduct a debate. The first group must make the case for position “a” below; the second group argues in favour of position “b”; and the third group can choose either “a” or “b.” Each group is given 20 minutes to prepare its case.
Divide the class into small groups of students.Each group is to select a social phenomenon, human behaviour, or experience that they think is especially interesting or important to understand.The groups then come up with a research question or questions that could be used as a focal point for
Imagine that you are curious about the connection between growing up in an economically poor neighbourhood and joining a street gang. Produce a research question that would be appropriate for a quantitative study on this topic. Then construct a research question that a qualitative researcher might
What are the main characteristics of a good research question?
Illustrate your answer by describing how quantitative and qualitative researchers could conduct a study on academic achievement among transsexual high school students.
Outline the main differences between quantitative and qualitative research in terms of the relationship between theory and data, epistemological considerations, and ontological issues.
Provide an objectivist account of why women are more likely to pursue a career in nursing than men.Then compare and contrast it with a constructionist view of this issue.
What do the terms “objectivism” and “constructionism” mean?
How could you use each of these three approaches to social science to do a study on how social media usage shapes a person’s self-image?
What is meant by the terms “positivism,” “interpretivism,” and “critical social science”?
What sorts of theories or interpretations might you come up with if you were to use induction in that setting?
How could you use induction to analyze in-class interactions between professors and students?
What is the inductive method, and how can it be used to come up with theories or interpretations of social phenomena?
Name one specific hypothesis that can be derived from the theory you mentioned to address the previous bullet. Provide an example of a hypothetical research finding that would support the hypothesis.
What is the purpose of gathering data if the deductive method is used?
Name a social regularity or pattern (e.g., women are more likely to suffer from eating disorders than men), then provide a social theory that might explain it. Be sure to comment on how the theory would explain the phenomenon.
What is a “theory,” as the term is used in this chapter?
What are the implications of the linguistic turn for business and management writing?
What are the main characteristics of realist tales?Ways of writing differently
What forms of ethnographic writing other than realist tales can be found?
How far is it true to say that ethnographic writing is typically imbued with realism?
What is the linguistic turn?Writing ethnography
What is refl exivity?
Why has postmodernism produced a growth of interest in writing business research?
Do Fey and Denison employ an empiricist repertoire?Postmodernism and its implications for writing
Read an article based on quantitative research in a British management journal. How far does it exhibit the same characteristics as the one by Fey and Denison (2003)?
How far is the structure of Perlow’s article different from Coyle-Shapiro and Kessler’s?
Read an article based on quantitative research in a European business and management journal(e.g. Organization Studies, Journal of Management Studies, or Organization). How far does it exhibit the same characteristics as Perlow’s (1999) article?
Do Coyle-Shapiro and Kessler employ an empiricist repertoire?Writing qualitative research: an example
What is meant by rhetorical strategy? Why might rhetorical strategies be important in relation to the writing-up of business research?
Read an article based on quantitative research in an American business and management journal(e.g. Academy of Management Journal or Administrative Science Quarterly). How far does it exhibit the same characteristics as Coyle-Shapiro and Kessler’s (2000) article?
Why is it important to consider the ways in which business research is written?Writing quantitative research: an example
Do your conclusions clearly allow the reader to establish what your research contributes to the literature?
If you have presented tables and/or fi gures, are they commented upon in your discussion?
If you have presented tables and/or fi gures, are they properly labelled with a title and number?
Are the interpretations of your data that you offer fully supported with tables, fi gures, or segments from transcripts?
Does your discussion of your fi ndings show how they shed light on the literature that you presented?
Does your discussion of your fi ndings show how they relate to your research questions?
Have you presented your data in a manner that relates to your research questions?
Is your discussion of the literature critical and organized so that it is not just a summary of what you have read?
Have you clearly indicated how the literature you have read relates to your research questions?
Have you clearly specifi ed your research questions?
What ethical issues are raised by using the Internet as a method of data collection?
Are response rates in online surveys worse or better than in traditional surveys?Ethical considerations in e-research
Do sampling problems render online social surveys too problematic to warrant serious consideration?
Are there any special circumstances in which embedded email questionnaires will be more likely to be effective than attached questionnaires?
What is the signifi cance of the distinction between email and Web surveys?
To what extent does the absence of direct contact mean that the online interview cannot be a true interview?Online social surveys
Can online personal interviews really be personal interviews?
How different is the role of the moderator in online, as against face-to-face, focus groups?Qualitative research using online personal interviews
What is the signifi cance of the distinction between synchronous and asynchronous focus groups?
Are ethnographies of the Internet really ethnographic?Qualitative research using online focus groups
Does the study of the impact of the Internet necessarily mean that we end up as technological determinists?
How does ethnography need to be adapted in order to collect data on the use of the Internet?
What is the difference between Web-based and communication-based research methods?Virtual ethnography
What disadvantages do they have in comparison to traditional research methods for collecting such data?
What advantages do they have over traditional research methods for collecting such data?
What are the chief ways of collecting data from individuals using the Internet and online communications?
In what ways might the analysis of websites pose particular diffi culties that are less likely to be encountered in the analysis of non-electronic documents?Using websites to collect data from individuals
Is mixed methods research necessarily superior to single strategy research?
Why has mixed methods research become more prominent?
Traditionally, qualitative research has been depicted as having a preparatory role in relation to quantitative research. To what extent do the different forms of mixed methods research refl ect this view?Refl ections on mixed methods research
What is the logic of triangulation?
What are the chief ways in which quantitative and qualitative research have been combined?
Why might it be helpful to distinguish between different mixed methods research designs in terms of the priority and the sequence of the quantitative and the qualitative components?

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