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management fundamentals concepts
Questions and Answers of
Management Fundamentals Concepts
When the data on at least one variable are ordinal, the data on any scale variable must be converted from scale to ordinal. How do we c onvert a scale variable into an ordinal one?
When do we convert scale data to ordinal data?
Why can relative likelihood and relative risk sometimes exaggerate risks?
Which graph is most useful for displaying the results of a chi-square test for independence?
Why might relative likelihood be easier to understand as an effect size than Cramér’s V ?
What is the difference between relative likelihood and relative risk?
In order to calculate relative likelihood, what must we first calculate?
What information does the measure of relative likelihood provide?
What is the formula Total column /N (Total row ) used for?
Define the symbols in the following formula: х Cramér's V = (N)(krow /coiumn)
What measure of effect size is used with chi square?
What information is presented in a contingency table in the chi-square test for independence?
Why is there just one critical value for a chi-square test, even when the hypothesis is a two-tailed test?
How are the degrees of freedom for the chi-square hypothesis tests different from those of most other hypothesis tests?
What are the hypotheses when conducting the chisquare test for goodness of fit?
List two ways in which statisticians use the word independence or independent with respect to concepts introduced earlier in this book. Then describe how independence is used by statisticians with
What are the four assumptions for the chi-square tests?
What are the three main situations in which we use a nonparametric test?
Distinguish among nominal, ordinal, and scale data.
Researchers studied whether corporate political contributions predicted profits (Cooper, Gulen, & Ovtchinnikov, 2007). From archival data, they determined how many political candidates each
In How It Works 13.2, we calculated the correlation coefficient between students’ age and number of hours they study per week. The mean for age is 21, and the standard deviation is 1.789. The mean
Researchers analyzed the impact of the age of a country on the overall level of concern for the environment (Hershfield, Bang, & Weber, 2014). They noted that some countries—Sweden, for
New York Times reporter Mark Bittman wrote: “A study published in the journal PLOS ONE links increased consumption of sugar with increased rates of diabetes by examining the data on sugar
The New York Times reported: “Several years ago, Google, aware of how many of us were sneezing and coughing, created a fancy equation on its Web site to figure out just how many people had
A study by the Institute for Fiscal Studies (Goodman & Greaves, 2010) found that parents’ marital status when a child was born predicted the likelihood of the relationship’s demise. Parents
We conducted a second regression analysis on the data from the previous exercise. In addition to depression at year 1, we included a second independent variable to predict anxiety at year 3. We also
We analyzed data from a larger data set that one of the authors used for previous research (Nolan, Flynn, & Garber, 2003). In the current analyses, we used regression to look at factors that
A researcher conducted a study in which children with problems learning mathematics were offered the opportunity to purchase time with special tutors. The number of weeks that children met with their
Does one’s cola consumption predict one’s bone mineral density? Using regression analyses, nutrition researchers found that older women who drank more cola (but not more of other carbonated
Does the level of precipitation predict violence? Dubner and Levitt (2006b) reported on various studies that found links between rain and violence. They mentioned one study by Miguel, Satyanath, and
A regression analysis of data from some of our statistics classes yielded the following regression equation for the independent variable (hours studied) and the dependent variable (grade point
The verbal subtest of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) has a population mean of 500 and a population standard deviation of 100 by design (the quantitative subtest has the same mean and standard
A study of Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) found a mean score of 3.51, with a standard deviation of 0.61, for the 664 students in the sample (Petrocelli, 2003). a. Imagine that your z
In How It Works 13.2, we calculated the correlation coefficient between students’ age and number of hours they study per week. The correlation between these two variables is 0.49. a. Elif ’s
Running a football stadium involves innumerable predictions. For example, when stocking up on food and beverages for sale at the game, it helps to have an idea of how much will be sold. In the
Several studies have found a correlation between weight and blood pressure. a. Explain what is meant by a correlation between these two variables. b. If you were to examine these two
Use this output from a multiple regression analysis to answer the following questions:a. Write the equation for the line of prediction. b. Use the equation for part (a) to make predictions for:
Use this output from a multiple regression analysis to answer the following questions:a. Write the equation for the line of prediction. b. Use the equation for part (a) to make predictions for:
Data are provided here with descriptive statistics, a correlation coefficient, and a regression equation: r = 0.52, Y Ì = 2.643 + 0.469(X ).Using this information, compute the following
Data are provided here with descriptive statistics, a correlation coefficient, and a regression equation: r = 0.426, Y Ì = 219.974 + 186.595(X).Using this information, compute the
Given the regression line Y ̂ = 49 − 0.18(X ), make predictions for each of the following: a. X = −31b. X = 65 c. X = 14
Given the regression line Y ̂ = −6 + 0.41(X ), make predictions for each of the following: a. X = 25 b. X = 50 c. X = 75
Let’s assume we know that age is related to bone density, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of −0.19. (Notice that the correlation is negative, indicating that bone density tends to be lower
Using the following information, make a prediction for Y, given an X score of 8: Variable X: M = 12, SD = 3 Variable Y: M = 74, SD = 18 Pearson correlation of variables X and Y = 0.46 a.
Using the following information, make a prediction for Y, given an X score of 2.9: Variable X: M = 1.9, SD = 0.6 Variable Y: M = 10, SD = 3.2 Pearson correlation of variables X and Y = 0.31 a.
What is the difference between the symbol for the effect size for simple linear regression and the symbol for the effect size for multiple regression?
Why is multiple regression often more useful than simple linear regression?
If you know the correlation coefficient, how can you determine the proportionate reduction in error?
What is an orthogonal variable?
What information does the proportionate reduction in error give us?
Explain why the regression equation is a better source of predictions than is the mean.
What is the connection between regression to the mean and the bell-shaped normal curve?
Why are explanations of the causes behind relations explored with regression limited in the same way they are with correlation?
What is the difference between a small standard error of the estimate and a large one?
How are the sign of the correlation coefficient and the sign of the slope related?
Why do we also call the regression line the line of best fit?
What does the slope tell us?
When is the intercept not meaningful or useful?
What are the three steps to calculate the intercept?
What do each of the symbols stand for in the formula for the regression equ ation: z Ŷ = (r XY )(z X )?
Is there any difference between Y ̂ and a predicted score for Y ?
How does the regression line relate to the correlation of the two variables?
What does regression add above and beyond what we learn from correlation?
Researchers examined longitudinal data to explore the long-term effects of high school athletic participation (Lutz, Cornish, Gonnerman, Ralston, & Baker, 2009). They reported three findings.
Did you know that sometimes you eat more just because the food is in front of you? Geier, Rozin, and Doros (2006) studied how portion size affected the amount people consumed. They discovered
The Wall Street Journal reported on a study of holiday weight gain. Researchers assessed weight gain by asking people how much weight they typically gain in the fall and winter (Parker-Pope, 2005).
The equation for a line is Y ̂ = a + b(X ). Define the symbols a and b.
What is the SS total ?
When drawing error lines between data points and the regression line, why is it important that these lines be perfectly vertical?
What are the basic steps to calculate the proportionate reduction in error?
Many of the numbers we see in the news could be analyzed with chi square. The feminist blog Culturally Disoriented examined the photos in the 2012 “body issue” of ESPN The Magazine—the
In an article titled “Do Cold Feet Warn of Trouble Ahead?”, researchers studied 464 married heterosexual spouses to determine whether or not doubts before marriage were predictive of marital
University students, cell phone bills, and ordinal data: Here are some monthly cell phone bills, in dollars, for university students:a. Convert these data from scale to ordinal. (Dont
CNN.com reported on a 2012 study that ranked the world’s cities in terms of how livable they are (travel.cnn.com/explorations/ life/worlds-most-livable-city-525619), using a range of criteria
In fantasy baseball, groups of 12 league participants conduct a draft in which they can buy any baseball players from any teams across one of the two Major League Baseball
Test-taking speed, grade, and the Spearman correlation coefficient: Does speed in completing a test correlate with one’s grade? Here are test scores for eight students in one of our statistics
Nonparametric tests and a longitudinal study of mathematically gifted teenagers: Researchers studied male and female teenagers who had scored in the top 1% on mathematical reasoning measures
Public versus private universities and the Mann Whitney U test: Do public or private universities tend to have better sociology graduate programs? U.S. News & World Report publishes
Gender, aggression, and the interpretation of a Mann–Whitney U test: Spanish researchers examining aggression in children’s dreams reported the following: “Using the Mann–Whitney
A common situation faced by researchers working with special populations, such as neurologically impaired people or people with less common psychiatric conditions, is that the studies often have
Grimberg, Kutikov, and Cucchiara (2005) wondered whether gender biases were evident in referrals of children for poor growth. They believed that boys were more likely to be referred even when there
On a test of marital satisf action, scores could range from 0 to 27. a. What is the full range of data, according to the calculation procedure described in this chapter? b. What would the
People remember when their horoscopes had an uncanny prediction— say, the prediction of a problem in love on the exact day of the breakup of a romantic relationship—and decide that horoscopes are
Amazon and other online bookstores offer readers the opportunity to write their own book reviews, and many potential readers scour these reviews to decide which books to buy. Harry Potter books
In their book Freakonomics, Levitt and Dubner (2005) describe a study conducted by Duggan and Levitt (2002) that broached the question: Do sumo wrestlers cheat? Sumo wrestlers garner enormous respect
For each of the following studies, state (1) whether random selection was likely to have been used, and explain whether it would have been possible to use it. Also, describe the population to which
Indicate whether each of the following statements refers to personal probability or to expected relative frequency probability. Explain your answers. a. The chance of a die showing an even
Using the random numbers table in Exercise 5.20, estimate the probability of the number 6 appearing in a random sequence of numbers. Base your answer on the numbers that appear in the first two rows.
Use the following salary data for this exercise: $44,751 $52,000 $41,500 $38,862 $51,380 $61,774 a. Calculate the mean, the median, and the mode. b. Add another salary, $97,582. Calculate
Use the following data for this exercise:15 34 32 46 22 36 34 28 52 28a. Calculate
Find the incorrectly used symbol or symbols in each of the following statements or formulas. For each statement or formula, (1) state which symbol(s) is/are used incorrectly, (2) explain why the
Why is the standard deviation typically reported, rather than the variance?
Define the symbols used in the equation for variance: 2(X - м)? SD
Explain the concept of standard deviation in your own words.
In which situations is the mode typically used?
How do outliers affect the mean and median?
Explain why the mean might not be useful for a bimodal or multimodal distribution.
Explain what is meant by un imodal, bimodal, and multimodal distributions.
Explain how the m ean mathematically balances the distribution.
The mean can be assessed visually and arithmetically. Describe each method.
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