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management fundamentals concepts

Questions and Answers of Management Fundamentals Concepts

Define the three measures of central tendency: mean, median, and mode.
Graphs not only answer research questions, but can spur new ones. Figure 3-9 on page 55 depicts the pattern of changing attitudes, as expressed through Twitter. a. On what day and at what time
What advice would you give to the creators of each of the following graphs? Consider the basic guidelines for a clear graph, for avoiding chartjunk, and regarding the ways to mislead through
The following figure presents the enrollment of graduate students at a university, across six fall terms, as a percentage of the total student population.a. What kind of visual display is
What elements are missing from the graphs in Exercises 3.20 and 3.21?
Do the data in the graph below show a linear relation, a nonlinear relation, or no relation? Explain. 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Do the data in the graph below show a linear relation, a nonlinear relation, or no relation? Explain. 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 1.00 4.00 6.00 7.00 2.00 3.00 5.00
A horoscope on Astrology.com stated: “A big improvement is in the works, one that you may know nothing about, and today is the day for the big unveiling.” A job-seeking recent college graduate
Imagine you have found a new study partner in your statistics class. One day, your study partner asks you to go on a date. This invitation takes you completely by surprise, and you have no idea what
Examine the statements from Exercise 5.52, repeated here. For each, if this conclusion were incorrect, what type of error would the researcher have made? Explain your answer. a. When false
For each of the following fictional conclusions, state whether the researcher seems to have rejected or failed to reject the null hypothesis (contingent, of course, on inferential statistics having
For each of the following studies, cite the likely null hypothesis and the likely research hypothesis. a. A forensic cognitive psychologist wondered whether repetition of false information
Gamblers often falsely predict the outcome of a future trial based on the outcome of previous trials. When trials are independent, the outcome of a future trial cannot be predicted based on the
Nate Silver is a statistician and journalist well known for his accurate prediction tools. In an article leading up to the 2012 U.S. presidential election in which Barack Obama bested Mitt Romney,
As reported in the Telegraph (Highfield, 2005), Oxford University researchers investigated allegations of voting bias in the annual Eurovision Song Contest, which pits pop music acts from across
Salon.com reporter Ben Blatt analyzed the location of Waldo in the game in which you must find Waldo, a cartoon man who always wears a redand- white-striped sweater and hat, in a highly detailed
Short-run proportions are often quite different from long-run probabilities. a. In your own words, explain why we would expect proportions to fluctuate in the short run, but why long-run
Explain how the general tendency of a confirmation bias might make it difficult to change negative thought patterns that accompany Major Depressive Disorder.
Referri ng to your friend from Exercise 5.43, assume he backs up his claim by recounting two events over the past week in which female drivers have erred (e.g., cut him off in traffic, not used a
Assume that one of your male friends is complaining about female drivers, and says that men are much better drivers than women. If objective studies of the driving performance of men and women
For each of the following hypothetical scenarios, state whether selection or assignment is being described. Is the method of selection or assignment random? Explain your answer. a. A study of
On its Web site, Advocates for Self-Government offers the “World’s Smallest Internet Political Quiz,” focusing on the U.S. political spectrum. Using just 10 questions, the quiz identifies a
Cosmopolitan magazine (Cosmo, as it’s known popularly) publishes many of its well-known quizzes on its Web site. One quiz, aimed at heterosexual women, is titled “Are You Way Too Obsessed with
A volunteer sample is a kind of convenience sample in which participants select themselves to participate. One recent year, USA Today published an online poll on its Web site asking this question
Imagine that you have been hired by the psychology department at your school to administer a survey to psychology majors about their experiences in the department. You have been asked to randomly
Refer to Exercises 5.34 and 5.35 when responding to the following questions: a. Describe how the researcher would randomly assign the participants to the levels of the independent variable. Be
Continuing with the study described in Exercise 5.34, once the researcher had randomly selected the sample of 100 Canadian psychologists, she decided to randomly assign 50 of them to receive, as part
The Canadian government reported that there are 7550 psychologists working in Canada (2013). A researcher wants to randomly select 100 of the Canadian psychologists for a survey study regarding
How random is your personal identification number or PIN? Your PIN is one of the most important safeguards for the accounts that hold your money and valuable information about you. The BBC reported
“Woman wins millions from Texas lottery for 4th time” read the headline about Joan Ginther’s amazing luck (Baird, 2010). Two of the tickets were from the same store, whose owner, Bob Solis,
Convert the following percentages to proportions: a. 62.7% b. 0.3% c. 4.2%
Convert the following proportions to percentages:a. 0.0173 b. 0.8 c. 0.3719
On a game show, 8 people have won the grand prize and a total of 266 people have competed. Estimate the probability of winning the grand prize.
What is the probability of hitting a target if, in the long run, 71 out of every 489 attempts actually hit the target?
Explain why, given the general tendency people have of perceiving illusory correlations, it is important to collect objective data.
Explain why, given the general tendency people have of exhibiting the confirmation bias, it is important to collect objective data.
You are running a study with five conditions, numbered 1 through 5. Assign the first seven participants who arrive at your lab to conditions, not worrying about equal assignment across conditions.
Randomly assign eight people to three conditions of a study, numbered 1, 2, and 3. Use the random numbers table in Exercise 5.20, and read from right to left, starting in the top row.
Airport security makes random checks of passenger bags every day. If 1 in every 10 passengers is checked, use the random numbers table in Exercise 5.20 to determine the first 6 people to be checked.
Forty-three tractor-trailers are parked for the night in a rest stop along a major highway. You assign each truck a number from 1 to 43. Moving from left to right and using the second line in the
What is the differen ce between a Type I error and a Type II error?
What are the two decisions or conclusions we can make about our hypotheses, based on the data?
One step in hypothesis testing is to randomly assign some members of the sample to the control group and some to the experimental group. What is the difference between these two groups?
How is the term independent used by statisticians?
We distinguish between probabilities and proportions. How does each capture the likelihood of an outcome?
Statisticians use terms like trial, outcome, and success in a particular way in reference to probability. What do each of these three terms me an in the context of flipping a coin?
In your own words, what is expected relative-frequency probability?
In your own words, what is personal probability?
How does the confirmatio n bias lead to the perpetuation of an illusory correlation?
What is an illusory correlation?
What is the confirmation bias?
Ideally, an experiment would use random sampling so that the data would accurately reflect the larger population. For practical reasons, this is difficult to do. How does random assignment help make
What does it mean to replicate research, and how does replication impact our confidence?
What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?
What is a volunteer sample, and what is the main risk associated with it?
What is generalizability?
What is the difference between a random sample and a convenience sample?
Why do we study samples rather than populations?
Below are estimated numbers of annual road traffic deaths for 12 countries based on data from the World Health Organization (apps.who.int/gho/ data/view.main.51310):a. Compute the mean and the median
Here are the numbers of wins for the 30 National Basketball Association teams in the 2012€“2013 season.a. Create a grouped frequency table for these data.b. Create a histogram based on the
Guinness World Records reported that, as part of an anti-bullying campaign, elementary school students in Pennsylvania created a chain of friendship bracelets that was a world-record 2678 feet long
Researchers investigated READY4K, a program in which parents received text messages over an 8-month period (York & Loeb, 2014). The goal of the text messages was to help parents prepare their
The Mount Washington Observatory (MWO) in New Hampshire claims to have the world€™s worst weather. On the next page are some data on the weather extremes recorded at the MWO.a. Calculate
Here are recent U.S. News & World Report data on acceptance rates at the top 70 national universities. These are the percentages of accepted students out of all students who applied.a. Calculate
In Exercises 4.13 and 4.14, we saw how the mean and median changed when an outlier was included in the computations. If you were reporting the “average” salary at a company, how might the mean
For the data in Exercise 4.15, the “normal” daily maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at the Mount Washington Observatory are presented for each month. These are likely to be measures of
A depression research unit recently assessed seven participants chosen at random from the university population. Is the mean or the median a better indicator of the central tendency of th ese seven
The “normal” weather data from the Mount Washington Observatory are broken down by month. Why might you not want to average across all months in a year? How else could you summarize the year?
There appears to be an outlier in the data for peak wind gust recorded on top of Mount Washington (see the data in Exercise 4.15). Where do you see an outlier and how does excluding this data point
Here are winning percentages for 11 baseball players for their best 4-year pitching performances:a. What is the mean of these scores? b. What is the median of these scores?c. Compare the mean
Briefly describe a real-life situation in which the median is preferable to the mean. Give hypothetical numbers for the mean and median in your explanation. Be original! (Don’t use home prices or
Descriptive statistics in the media: Find an advertisement for an anti-aging product either online or in the print media—the more unbelievable the claims, the better! a. What does the ad
When there is an ad on TV for a body-shaping product (e.g., an abdominal muscle machine), often a person with a wonderful success story is featured in the ad. The statement “Individual results may
Numeris (formerly BBM Canada) collects Canadian television ratings data (en.numeris.ca/). The following are the average number of viewers per minute (in thousands) for the top 30 English-language
Every year, the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) asks university students how many 20-page papers they had been assigned. Here are the percentages, for 1 year, of students who said they
For each of the following situations, state whether the mean would be a statistic or a parameter. Explain your answer. a. According to Canadian census data, the median family income in British
In an article titled “Technology Workers Are Young (Really Young),” the New York Times reported median ages for a number of companies (Hardy, 2013). The reporter wrote: “The seven companies
Consider the many possible distributions of grades on a quiz in a statistics class; imagine that the grades could range from 0 to 100. For each of the following situations, give a hypothetical mean
For each of the following, state whether the distribution is more likely to be unimodal or bimodal. Explain your answer. a. Age of patients in a hospital maternity ward b. University
In a New York Times article, reporter Cara Buckley described the influx of rats inland from the New York City shoreline following the flooding caused by Hurricane Sandy (2013). Buckley interviewed
The relatively low-cost Swedish fashion retailer H&M occasionally partners with high-end designers. For example, they collaborated with the designer Martin Margiela, and his line quickly sold
You are exploring the relation between gender and video game performance, as measured by final scores on a game. a. In this study, what are the independent and dependent variables? b. Is
The mean age at first marriage was 31.1 for men and 29.1 for women in Canada in 2008 ( www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=78). The median age at first marriage was 28.9 for men and 26.9 for
When the average height or average weight of children is plotted to create growth charts, do you think it would be appropriate to use the mean for these data? There are often outliers for height, but
The U.S. Census Bureau collects and analyzes data on numerous aspects of American life by state, including the percentage of people with high school degrees, bachelor’s degrees, and advanced
How does a bubble graph differ from a traditional scatterplot?
Alumni giving rates, calculated as the total dollars donated per year from 2006 to 2016, represent which kind of variable—nominal, ordinal, or scale? What would be an appropriate graph to depict
Alumni giving rates for a number of universities, calculated as the number of alumni who donated and the number who did not donate in a given year, represent which kind of variable—nominal,
How is a bubble graph similar to a traditional scatterplot?
Geographic information systems (GIS), such as those provided by computerized graphing technologies, are particularly powerful tools for answering what kinds of research questions?
Chartjunk comes in many forms. What specifically are moiré vibrations, grids, and ducks?
Under what circumstances would the x-axis and y-axis not start at 0?
Why is it important to identify the independent variable and the dependent va riable before creating a visual display?
Why are bar graphs pref erred over pictorial graphs and pie charts?
What are pictorial graphs and pie charts?
Bar graphs and histograms look very similar. In your own words, what is the difference between the two?
What is the difference between a bar graph a nd a Pareto chart?
What is the difference between a line graph and a time plot?
How can we tell whether two variables are linearly or nonlinearly related?
What does it mean f or two variables to be linearly related?

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