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management fundamentals concepts

Questions and Answers of Management Fundamentals Concepts

How can you convert a scatterplot into a range-frame?
What are the steps to create a scatterplot?
What are the five techniques discussed in this chapter for misleading with graphs?
In a study of mentoring in chemistry fields, a team of chemists and social scientists identified the most successful U.S. mentors€”professors whose students were hired by the top 50
Below are frequency distributions for two sets of the friends data described in Exercise 2.38, one for the students and one for the faculty members studied.a. How would you describe the distribution
The Centers for Disease Control and other organizations are interested in the health benefits of breast-feeding for infants. The National Immunization Survey includes questions about breast-feeding
A college student is interested in how many friends the average person has. She decides to count the number of people who appear in photographs on display in dorm rooms and offices across campus. She
IMDb (Internet Movie Database) publishes average ratings of movies worldwide. Anyone can log on and rate a film. What’s the worst-rated film of the more than 235,000 that are listed on IMDb? The
Researchers published a summary of the frequency of surnames based on U.S. Census data (Word, Coleman, Nunziata, & Kominski, 2008). The table lists the frequencies of last names in the left
The Canadian Radio-television and Communications Commission (www.crtc. gc.ca/eng/publications/reports/radio/srg.htm) gathers data on the numbers of television sets in Canadian homes. Two percent of
For each of the types of data described below, first state how you would present individual data values or grouped data when creating a frequency distribution. Then, state which visual display(s) of
Consider these three variables: finishing times in a marathon, number of university dining hall meals eaten in a semester on a three-meala- day plan, and scores on a scale of extroversion. a.
Here are the number of wins for the 30 U.S. National Basketball Association (NBA) teams for the 2012€“2013 NBA season.a. Create a grouped frequency table for these data. b. Create a
U.S. News & World Report publishes acceptance rates for U.S. universities. Following are the acceptance rates f or the top 70 U.S. universities in 2011.a. Create a grouped frequency table for
Frequency tables, histograms, and the Survey of Earned Doctorates: The Survey of Earned Doctorates regularly assesses the numbers and types of doctorates awarded at U.S. universities. It also
Frequency tables, histograms, and the National Survey of Student Engagement: The National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) surveys freshmen and seniors about their level of engagement in campus
If you have a Facebook account, you are allowed to have up to 5000 friends. At that point, Facebook cuts you off, and you have to “unfriend” people to add more. Imagine you collected data from
A researcher collects data on the ages of college students. As you have probably observed, the distribution of age clusters around 19 to 22 years, but there are extremes on both the low end (high
Would the data for number of murders by those convicted of the crime be an example of a floor effect or ceiling effect?
If the average person convicted of murder killed only one person, serial killers would create what kind of skew?
Referring to the histogram in Figure 2-1, estimate how many countries had between 2 and 10 first- or secondplace World Cup finishes.
If you have data that range from 2 to 68 and you want seven intervals in a grouped frequency table, what would the intervals be?
Guéguen, Jacob, and Lamy (2010) wondered if listening to romantic songs would affect the dating behavior of the French heterosexual women who participated in their study. The women were randomly
The clichÃ© €œwomen and children first€ originated in part because of the Titanic captain€™s famous directive as his ship was sinking. Yet, the
Interpreting a graph about political support: As we learned in this chapter, pie charts are often not the best choice to present data. a. What is the primary flaw in this presentation of data as
Researchers surveyed Canadian students on their perceptions of the globalization of their campuses (Lambert & Usher, 2013). The 13,000 participants were domestic undergraduate and graduate
Go to maps.google.com/. On a map of your country, click on the traffic button in the upper left corner. a. How is the density and flow of traffic represented in this graph?b. Describe traffic
The American Psychological Association (APA) compiles many statistics about training and careers in the field of psychology. The accompanying graph tracks the number of bachelor€™s,
The Yerkes€“Dodson graph demonstrates that graphs can be used to describe theoretical relations that can be tested. In a study that could be applied to the career decisions made during
Give an example of a study—real or hypothetical—in the behavioral sciences for which the researchers could use each type of graph. State the independent variable(s) and dependent variable,
Multivariable graphs and college rankings by academics and sexiness: Buzzfeed.com published a multivariable graph that purported to rank colleges by academics and €œhotness.€ The
The car company Volkswagen has sponsored a “fun theory” campaign in recent years in which ordinary behaviors are given game-like incentives to promote pro-social behaviors such as recycling or
The 2000 National Doctoral Program Survey asked 32,000 current and recent Ph.D. students in the United States, across all disciplines, to respond to the statement “I am satisfied with my
The National Survey on Student Engagement (NSSE) has surveyed more than 400,000 students—freshmen and seniors—at 730 U.S. schools since 1999 (“America’s Best Colleges 2004,” 2003). Among
Johnson, Koch, Fallow, and Huwe (2000) conducted a study of mentoring in two types of psychology doctoral programs: experimental and clinical. Students who graduated from the two types of programs
In How It Works 3.2, we created a bar graph for the 2012 GDP, in U.S. dollars per capita, for each of the G8 nations. In How It Works 3.3, we created a Pareto chart for these same data.a. Explain the
U.S. universities are concerned with increasing the percentage of alumni who donate to the school because alumni donation rate is a factor in the U.S. News & World Report€™s university
The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) is a nonprofit organization that compiles data from a range of institutions€”from governmental organizations to hospitals to
The Group of Eight (G8) consists of many of the major world economic powers. It meets annually to discuss pressing world problems. In 2013, for example, the G8 met in the United Kingdom with an
A social worker tracked the depression levels of clients being treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression. For each client, depression was assessed at weeks 1 to 20 of therapy. She
Every summer, the touring company America by Bicycle conducts the €œCross Country Challenge,€ a 7-week bicycle journey across the United States from San Francisco, California, to
The World Health Organization tracks suicide rates by gender across countries. For example, in 2011, the rate of suicide per 100,000 men was 17.3 in Canada, 17.7 in the United States, 44.6 in Sri
a. In this study, are the independent and dependent variables nominal, ordinal, or scale? b. Which graph or graphs would be most appropriate to depict the data? Explain why. c. If height
The colors and sizes of the bubbles in the bubble graph in Figure 3-18 represent the gross domestic product (GDP) for each country. Using this information, explain what the relati on is between
Based on the data in the bubble graph in Figure 3-18, what is the relation betwe en physical health and positive emotions?
The scatterplot in How It Works 3.1 depicts the relation between fertility and life expectancy. Each dot represents a country (or, as in the case of Hong Kong, a special administrative
If you had the following range of data for one variable, how might you label the relevant axis?0.10 0.31 0.27 0.04 0.09 0.22
When creating a graph, we need to make a decision about the numbering of the axes. If you had the following range of data for one variable, how might you label the relevant axis?337 280
Throughout this book, final answers are reported to two decimal places. Report the following numbers this way: 1888.999; 2.6454; and 0.0833.
Convert 2 out of 2000 into a percentage. Now convert 60 out of 62 into a percentage.
Convert the following to percentages: 7 out of 39; 122 out of 300.
Convert the following to percentages: 63 out of 1264; 2 out of 88.
Counts are often converted to percentages. Convert 817 out of 22,140 into a percentage. Now convert 4009 out of 22,140 into a percentage. What type of variable (nominal, ordinal, or scale) are these
What is a ceiling effect and how does it affect a distribution?
What is a floor effect and how does it affect a distribution?
How do positively skewed distributions and negatively skewed distributions deviate from a normal distribution?
What is the benefit of creating a visual distribution of data rather than simply looking at a list of the data?
What are the differences between a histogram and a frequency polygon?
Many people do research on charitable organizations before deciding where to donate their money. Tina Rosenberg (2012) reported that traditionally many people have used sources such as Charity
What are the typical labels for the x-axis and the y-axis in a histogram?
Describe two ways that statisticians might use the word interval.
What is the difference between a frequency table and a grouped frequency table?
What are the steps to create a frequency table?
What are raw scores?
Arcidiacono, Bayer, and Hizmo (2008) analyzed data from a national longitudinal survey called NLSY79, which includes data from more than 12,000 men and women in the United States who were in the 14-
Several studies have documented that people who are HIV-positive are susceptible to cholera (likely because of having a weakened immune system). Researchers in Mozambique (Lucas et al., 2005), a
Goodman and Greaves (2010) reported findings from the Millennium Cohort Study, a large research project in the United Kingdom. They stated that “while it is true that cohabiting parents are more
A researcher interested in the cultural values of individualistic and collectivist societies collects data on the rate of relationship conflict experienced by 32 people who test high for
A researcher wants to know if people’s concerns about the environment vary as a function of incentives provided for recycling. Students living on a university campus are recruited to participate in
For decades, researchers, politicians, and tobacco company executives debated the relation between smoking and health problems such as cancer. a. Why was this research necessarily correlational
Noting marked increases in weight across the population, researchers, nutritionists, and physicians have struggled to find ways to stem the tide of obesity in many Western countries. They have
In 2013, Forbes reported the 10 top-earning comedians, and all 10 were men—Louis C.K., Kevin Hart, and Larry the Cable Guy among them. A number of online journalists wanted to know why there were
The Web site Rap Genius analyzes rap music using what they call RapMetrics (rapgenius.com/posts/63- Introducing-rapmetricstm-the-birth-of-statisticalanalysis- of-rap-lyrics). It has developed a
You may have been in a wine store and wondered just how useful those posted wine ratings are. (They are usually rated on a scale from 50 to 100, with 100 being the top score.) After all, aren’t
Go online and take the personality test found at www.outofservice. com/starwars. This test assesses your personality in terms of the characters from the original Star Wars movies. a. What does
For each of the following examples, state whether the scale variable is discrete or continuous.a. The capacity, in terms of songs, of a smartphoneb. The playing time of an individual songc. The cost
The Kentucky Derby is perhaps the premier event in U.S. horse racing. For each of the following examples from the derby, identify the type of variable—nominal, ordinal, or scale. a. As racing
At the 2012 London Summer Olympics, American Michael Phelps won 4 gold medals, bringing his overall Olympic career total to 18 gold medals, the all-time career record for Olympic gold medals in any
The Nord-Trøndelag health study surveyed more than 60,000 people in a Norwegian county and reported that gastrointestinal symptoms, depression, and anxiety disorders are strongly related (Haug,
The CDC reported very large weight increases for U.S. residents of both genders and all age groups over the past four decades. Go to the Web site that reports these data (www.cdc.gov) and search for
A study of the effects of skin tone (light, medium, and dark) on the severity of facial wrinkles in middle age might be of interest to cosmetic surgeons.a. What would the independent variable be in
As they leave a popular grocery store, 73 people are stopped and the number of fruit and vegetable items they purchased is counted. a. What is the size of the sample? b. Identify the
A researcher might be interested in evaluating how a person’s physical and emotional distance from Manhattan at the time of the 9/11 terrorist attacks relates to the accuracy of memory about the
A researcher studies the average distance that 130 people living in U.S. urban areas walk each week. a. What is the size of the sample? b. Identify the population. c. Is this
Over the course of 1 week, a grocery store randomly selected 100 customers to complete a survey about their favorite products. Identify the sample and population for this example.
University bookstore employees asked 225 students to complete a customer satisfaction survey after these customers bought their books. The bookstore manager wanted to find ways to improve the
A researcher studies the number of hours 2500 Canadians work out every week. Identify the sample and the population for this example.
The following statements are wrong but can be corrected by substituting one word or phrase. Identify the incorrect word or phrase in each of the following statements and supply the correct
In statistics, it is important to pay close attention to language. The following statements are wrong but can be corrected by substituting one word or phrase. For example, the sentence “Only
What is the difference between a between- groups research design and a within-groups research design?
What is the difference between experimental research and correlational research?
In your own words, define the word experiment—first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a researcher would use it.
To test a hypothesis, we need operational definitions of the independent and dependent variables. What is an operational definition?
What are confounding variables (or simply confounds), and how are they controlled using random assignment?
Distinguish between discrete variables and continuous variables.
Describe two ways that statisticians might use the word scale.
Identify and define the four types of variables that researchers use to quantify their observations.
By rejecting or disposing of lenses that do not meet specifications, which of the four types of organizational systems control is Sigma applying?
Apply the four stages of the systems process and describe how Zara controls each stage of the process.
Is Zara a product innovator or a p rocess innovator? Explain why.

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