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management fundamentals concepts

Questions and Answers of Management Fundamentals Concepts

Define the symbols in the formula for the t statistic: t = (M – μ M ) / 5 M
What does the phrase “free to vary,” referring to a number of scores in a given sample, mean for statisticians?
When is it appropriate to use a single-sample t test?
How are the critical t values affected by sample size and degrees of freedom?
Why do the t distributions merge with the z distribution as sample size increases?
For the data 93, 97, 91, 88, 103, 94, 97, calculate the standar d deviation under both of these conditions: a. For this sample b. As an estimate of the population c. Calculate the
Explain what each part of the following statistical phrase means, as it would be reported in APA format: t(4) = 2.87, p = 0.032.
What do we mean when we say we have a distribution of mean differences?
When do we use a paired-samples t test?
Explain the distinction between the terms independent samples and paired samples as they relate to t tests.
We use formulas to describe calculations. Find the error in each of the following formulas. Explain why each is incorrect and provide a correction. a.b. SM VN - 1 (М — Им) Ом
How is a paired-samples t test similar to a single-sample t test?
Why is the population mean almost always equal to 0 for the null hypothesis in the two-tailed, paired-samples t test?
How is a paired-samples t test differe nt from a single sample t test?
If we calculate the confidence interval around the sample mean difference used for a paired-samples t test, and it includes the value of 0, what can we conclude?
If we calculate the confidence interval around the sample mean difference used for a paired-samples t test, and it does not include the value of 0, what can we conclude?
Why is a confidence interval more useful than a single sample t test or a paired-samples t test?
What is the appropriate effect size for a paired-samples t test? How is the calculation different from the effect size for a single-sample t test?
For a paired-samples t test, how is a Cohen’s d of 0.5 interpreted, according to Cohen’s conventions?
Numeric results for several independent-samples t tests are presented here. Decide whether each test is statistically significant, and report each result in the standard APA format. a. A total
For each of the following three scenarios, state which hypothesis test you would use from among the four introduced so far: the z test, the single-sample t test, the paired-samples t test, and the
For each of the following three scenarios, state which hypothesis test you would use from among the four introduced so far: the z test, the single-sample t test, the paired-samples t test, and the
The New York City Department of City Planning (2006) studied pedestrian walking speeds. The report stated that pedestrians who were en route to work walked a median of 4.41 feet per second, whereas
Calculate the F statistic, writing the ratio accurately, for each of the following cases: a. Between-groups variance is 321.83 and within - groups variance is 177.24 b. Between-groups
An incomplete one-way between-groups ANOVA source table is shown below. Compute the missin g values. df Source SS MS Between 47.863 191.450 Within 104.720 32 36 Total
An incomplete one-way between-groups ANOVA source table is shown below. Compute the missing values. Ss df MS F Source Between Within 89 11 Total 132 2.
Each of the following is a calculated F statistic with its degrees of freedom. Using the F table, estimate the level of significance for each. You can do this by indicating whether its likelihood of
A researcher designs an experiment in which the single independent variable has four levels. If the researcher performed an ANOVA and rejected the null hypothesis, how many post hoc comparisons would
A researcher designs an experiment in which the single independent variable has five levels. If the researcher performed an ANOVA and rejected the null hypothesis, how many post hoc comparisons would
For the following incomplete source table below for a one-way within-groups ANOVA:a. Complete the missing information. b. Calculate R2. df MS F Source SS Between 941.102 Subjects 3807.322 Within
Assume that a researcher had 14 individuals participate in all three conditions of her experiment. Use this information to complete the source table below. df MS F Source SS Between 60 Subjects
For each of the following situations, state whether the distribution of interest is a z distribution, a t distribution, or an F distribution. Explain your answer. a. A student reads in her
The z, t, and F distributions are closely linked. In fact, it is possible to use an F distribution in all cas es in which a t or a z could be used.a. If you calculated an F statistic of 4.22 but you
Do people remember names better under different circumstances? In a fictional study, a cognitive psychologist studied memory for names after a group activity that lasted 20 minutes. Participants were
In How It Works 11.1, we conducted a one-way between-groups ANOVA on an abbreviated data set from research by Irwin and colleagues (2004) on adherence to an exercise regimen. Participants were asked
Based on your knowledge of the relation of the t and F distributions, complete the accompanying software output tables. The table for the independent-samples t test and the table for the one-way
Cox, Thomas, Hinton, and Donahue (2006) studied the effects of exercise on well-being. There were three independent variables: age (18–20 years old, 35–45 years old), intensity of exercise (low,
Using what you know about the expanded source table, fill in the missing values in the table shown here: 70 OSender ORecipient 65 60 55 50 Percentage of money earned 45 40 35 30 25 20 Different Same
Using the information in the source table provided here, compute R2 values for each effect. Using Cohen€™s conventions, explain what these values mean. | Novices (beginner class) | Experts
Using the information in the source table provided here, compute R2 values for each effect. Using Cohen€™s conventions, explain what these values mean. 1.50 1.25 1.00 Variable 0.75 0.50
How does a dog€™s tail wag in response to seeing different people and other pets? Quaranta, Siniscalchi, and Vallortigara (2007) investigated the amplitude and direction of a
Wagging tails, hypothesis-test decision making, and post hoc tests: Assume that we recruited a different sample of five dogs and attempted to replicate the Quaranta and colleagues (2007) study
Does the black grease beneath football players€™ eyes really reduce glare or does it just make them look intimidating? In a variation of a study actually conducted at Yale University, 46
Researchers studied the type of note-taking that would lead to the best performance on conceptual questions on a test (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014). Conceptual questions are those in which
For each of the following scenarios, what are two names for the ANOVA that would be conducted to analyze the data? a. A researcher examined the effect of gender and pet ownership (no pets, one
Identify the factors and their levels in the following research designs. a. Men and women’s enjoyment of two different sporting events, Sport 1 and Sport 2, are compared using a 20-point
Use these €œenjoyment€ data to perform the following:a. Calculate the cell and marginal means. b. Draw a bar graph. c. Calculate the five different degrees of freedom,
State how many cells there should be for each of these studies. Then, create an empty grid to represent those cells. a. Men and women’s enjoyment of two different sporting events, Sport 1 and
Health-related myths and the type of ANOVA: Consider the study we used as an example for a twoway between-groups ANOVA. Older and younger people were randomly assigned to hear either one repetition
How are deviation scores used in assessing the relation between variables?
Explain how the sum of the product of deviations determines the sign of the correlation.
What are the null and research hypotheses for correlations?
What are the three basic steps to calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient?
Describe the third a ssumption of hypothesis testing with correlation.
What is the difference between test–retest reliability and coefficient alpha?
Why is a correlation c oefficient never greater than 1 (or less than −1)?
Determine whether the data in each of the graphs provided would result in a n egative or positive correlation coefficient.a.b.c. х 0.13 645 0.27 486 0.49 435 0.57 689 0.84 137 167 0.64 х 394 25
Decide which of the three correlation coefficient values below goes with each of the scatterplots presented in Exercise 13.15. a. 0.545 b. 0.018 c. −0.20
Use Cohen’s guidelines to describe the strength of the following correlation coefficients: a. −0.28 b. 0.79 c. 1.0 d. −0.015
Using the following data:a. Create a scatterplot. b. Calculate deviation scores and products of the deviations for each individual, and then sum all products. This is the numerator of the
For each of the pairs of correlation coefficients provided, determine which one indicates a stronger relation between variables: a. −0.28 and −0.31 b. 0.79 and 0.61 c. 1.0 and
Using the following data:a. Create a scatterplot. b. Calculate deviation scores and products of the deviations for each individual, and then sum all products. This is the numerator of the
Calculate the degrees of freedom and the critical values, or cutoffs, assuming a two-tailed test with a p level of 0.05, for each of the following designs: a. Forty students were recruited for a
Calculate the degrees of freedom and the critical values, or cutoffs, assuming a two-tailed test with a p level of 0.05, for each of the following designs: a. Data are collected to examine the
Which of the following is not a possible coefficient alpha: 1.67, 0.12, −0.88? Explain your answer.
A researcher is deciding among three diagnostic tools. The first has a coefficient alpha of 0.82, the second has one of 0.95, and the third has one of 0.91. Based on this information, which tool
The New York Times reported on a study that examined the link between positive emotions and health. First citing previous research connecting negative moods with poor health, the reporter said:
The New York Times reported that an officer of the International Society for Astrological Research, Anne Massey, stated that a certain phase of the planet Mercury, the retrograde phase, leads to
In a newspaper column, Paul Krugman (2006) mentioned obesity (as measured by body mass index) as a possible correlate of age at death. a. Describe the implied correlation between these two
Does the amount that people exercise correlate with the number of friends they have? The accompanying table contains data collected in some of our statistics classes. The first and third columns show
As part of their study on the relation between rejection and depression in adolescents (Nolan, Flynn, & Garber, 2003), researchers collected data on externalizing behaviors (e.g., acting out in
Using the data in the previous exercise, perform all six steps of hypothesis testing to explore the relation between externalizing and anxiety.
For each of the following pairs of variables, would you expect a positive correlation or a negative correlation between the two variables? Explain your answer. a. How hard the rai n is falling
You may be aware of the stereotype about the “crazy” person who owns a lot of cats. Have you wondered whether the stereotype is true? As a researcher, you decide to assess 100 people on two
Consider the scenario in the previous exercise again. The two variables under consideration were (1) number of cats owned, and (2) level of mental health problems (with a higher score indicating more
Graduate student Angela Holiday (2007) conducted a study examining perceptions of combat veterans suffering from mental illness. Participants read a description of either a male or female soldier who
See the description of Holiday€™s experiment in Exercise 13.35. We calculated the correlation coefficient for the relation between the perception of a situation as traumatic and the
Using the data and your work in the previous exercise, perform the remaining five steps of hypothesis testing to explore the relation between trauma and masculinity. In step 6, be sure to evaluate
A friend tells you that there is a correlation between how late she’s running and the amount of traffic. Whenever she’s going somewhere and she’s behind schedule, there’s a lot of traffic.
The trashy tabloid Weekly World News published an article— “Water from Mountain Falls Can Make You a Genius”— stating that drinking water from a special waterfall in a secret location in
How safe are convertibles? USA Today (Healey, 2006) examined the pros and cons of convertible automobiles. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the newspaper reported, determined that,
A New York Times editorial (“Public vs. Private Schools,” 2006) cited a finding by the U.S. Department of Education that standardized test scores were significantly higher among students in
The Broadway musical Annie and the Entertainment Industry Foundation teamed up to promote arts education programs for underserved children. In an ad in the New York Times, they said, “Students in
Be careful what you €œlike.€ Researchers examined the relations between the number of Facebook €œlikes€ a person has posted and the researchers€™
At the university level, the stereotype of the €œdumb jock€ might be strong and ever present; however, a fair amount of research shows that athletes maintain decent grades and
Aron and colleagues (2005) found a correlation between intense romantic love [as assessed by the Passionate Love Scale (PLS)] and activation in a specific region of the brain [as assessed by
New York State’s fourth-grade English exam led to an outcry from parents because of a question that was perceived to be an unfair measure of fourth graders’ performance. Students read a story,
Use this calculation table for the chi-square test for goodness of fit to complete this exercise.a. Calculate degrees of freedom for this chi-square test for goodness of fit. b. Perform all of
New York Times columnist Paul Krugman (2006) used the idea of correlation in a newspaper column when he asked, “Is being an American bad for your health?” Krugman explained that the United States
Researchers investigated whether the amount of selfdisclosure on Facebook affected student perceptions of the instructor, the class, and the classroom environment (Mazer, Murphy, & Simonds,
The most recent version of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) recommends reporting the exact p values for all statistical tests to two decimal places (previously,
Researchers who conducted a study of brain activation and romantic love divided their analyses into two groups (Aron et al., 2005). Some analyses—those for which they had developed specific
What is a two-way ANOVA?
What is a four-way within-groups ANOVA?
In your own words, define the word cell, first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
What effect-size measure is used with two-way ANOVA?
In your own words, define the word interaction, first as you would use it in everyday conversation and then as a statistician would use it.
Explain the following formula in your own words: SS interaction = SS total − (SS rows + SS columns + SS within ).
When are post hoc tests nee ded for a two-way between-groups ANOVA?
In step 6 of hypothesis testing for a two-way between groups ANOVA, we make a decision for each F statistic. What are the three possible outcomes with respect to the overall pattern of results?

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