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physics
conceptual physical science

Questions and Answers of Conceptual Physical Science

Why are hurricanes expected to become more frequent as the climate warms?
How do andesitic and basaltic lava differ from one another?
How does the type of magma in a volcano affect how the volcano erupts?
How did an earthquake in Japan in 2011 lead to the worst nuclear reactor accident since 1986?
Is climate change natural or anthropogenic? Give a thorough response.
How is the large human population a contributing cause to climate change?
Climate change is controversial even though the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that it is real and that it is human-caused. Why is the issue so controversial?
Seismic gap analysis shows that a densely populated region is at high risk for an earthquake. Should disaster officials warn the public? What are your reasons?
Investigate your carbon footprint. Go to the Environmental Protection Agency Web site (http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/kids/calc/index.html) and use the Global Climate Change Calculator. Calculate
Which of these statements about hurricanes are true?(a) The source of hurricanes is warm, moist air over tropical oceans.(b) Hurricanes have wind speeds of at least 119 km/h.(c) Hurricanes dissipate
In what way are glaciers like dirty snowballs?
Distinguish between mechanical and chemical weathering.
Name an environment where wind shapes the landscape to a significant degree.
As wind speed is reduced, what happens to the sediment carried by wind?
Why is topsoil essential to conserve and protect?(a) Topsoil holds subsoil in place, preventing landslides.(b) Plants require topsoil to grow—and plants are vital because they provide food and
How are surface processes different from tectonic processes?
What landform is created by groundwater dissolving rock?(a) cave(b) beach(c) sea stack(d) sand dune
What are the four major agents of change that create and destroy landforms?
The most powerful agent of erosion in shaping Earth’s surface is(a) running water.(b) wind.(c) glaciers.(d) waves.
Well-rounded sediment particles indicate(a) a quiet, low-energy environment.(b) mechanical weathering.(c) glacial deposits.(d) long transport distances.
What is the name of the geologic process that involves dumping sediment at a new location?
A stream’s sediment load can contain(a) dissolved sediments.(b) suspended sediments.(c) large sediments dragging along the stream bed.(d) all of these
What is the name of the geologic process that involves lifting and transporting sediment?
A sinkhole is evidence of(a) wind erosion.(b) groundwater erosion.(c) ocean wave erosion.(d) stream erosion.
How much sediment does the Mississippi River move each year?
Identify the depositional feature for which wind is the agent of change.(a) morraine(b) levee(c) delta(d) sand dune
How does the size of a stream’s drainage basin relate to the size of the stream?
Glaciers are important agents of erosion because(a) they pull rocks out of the ground and carry them away.(b) they move slowly.(c) they are melting.(d) they contain enormous amounts of water.
What is another name for a drainage basin?
Where is the world’s largest glacier?(a) Greenland(b) Asia(c) Antarctica(d) Minnesota
There are three types of sediment loads. Describe each of them.
Soft rock erodes(a) faster than hard rock.(b) slower than hard rock.(c) at the same speed as hard rock.
Describe a stream that causes a great deal of erosion.Give the four main properties of streams in your answer.
Identify one erosional landform produced by running water.
Identify one depositional landform produced by running water.
As a stream slows down, which sediments are deposited first—large ones or small ones?
What type of glacier can cover vast portions of flat land?What is another name for this kind of glacier?
Why are glaciers powerful agents of erosion? Identify one landform produced by glacial erosion.
Why are glaciers powerful agents of deposition? Identify one landform produced by glacial deposition.
What kind of mass movement occurs so slowly that you don’t see it happening?
Why do trees sometimes bend at their base when they grow on sloping land?
What are the characteristics of a slide?
What are the characteristics of a flow?
What’s the most common cause of mass wasting events?
What factors predispose a slope to mass wasting?
Identify one landform produced by groundwater erosion.
How do caves form in subsurface limestone?
What is karst topography? Name one example somewhere in the world.
Why are sinkholes most common in locations where limestone makes up the bedrock?
How does a stalagmite form? A stalactite?
What do sinkholes and caverns have in common?
Identify one landform produced by erosion from ocean waves.
Identify one landform produced by deposition from ocean waves.
Besides waves, what is an agent of change along the seashore?
How does a sea arch form?
A wave does not transport water molecules toward the shore. What does a wave transport shoreward?
Why is wind a less powerful agent of erosion than water?
Name one depositional landform produced by wind.
Can ice wedging weather human-made materials? Give an example.
Water is unusual because it expands when it freezes. How does this behavior of water break down rocks? Explain.
Is wind usually a cause of mechanical or chemical weathering?Explain why you think so.
What are two end products that result from the weathering of granite?
What sort of climate accelerates chemical weathering?
How does the acidification of rainwater contribute to the formation of soil?
What are the four ingredients in all soils?
Why is humus necessary for plant growth?
Describe the type of soil preferred by most plants.
How does silty soil differ from sandy soil?
Why is topsoil a nonrenewable resource?
Summarize the role of living things in the formation of fertile soil.
Investigate the formation of stalactites and stalagmites.Dissolve the largest quantity of Epsom salt you can in a jar full of water. Fill two small cups with the solution, set them on paper towels,
The next time it rains, watch runoff move down a slope. Can you see streams forming and merging to make bigger ones? Can you see erosion occurring?Sketch the streams you see, and make notes about the
Go to a construction site and look for evidence of erosion.Record what you see.
Rank these soils in order of increasing particle size: silty loam, clay loam, sandy loam, sand.
Rank these agents of erosion from most powerful to least powerful, in terms of total sediment moved: wind, glaciers, running water, gravity alone.
A stream channel has a cross-sectional area of 30 m2. The stream’s velocity at that point is 5 m/s. Show that the stream’s discharge is 150 m3/s.
An alpine glacier is moving downhill at a speed of 10 m per day. Show that the glacier will reach a ranger station 250 m from the glacier’s front edge in 25 days.
Show that a mountain that can be approximated by a box 4 km х 3 km х 4 km will exist for about 329 million years.
Which of these two valleys was carved by a stream?Which was carved by a glacier? What is your evidence? (a) (b)
Are karst mountains depositional or erosional landforms?Explain.
Why are areas with fine sediments, such as beaches, so vulnerable to erosion?
Describe how the smallest sediments (those on the scale of atoms), medium-sized sediments, and large sediments move downstream.
In what way is a glacier like a bulldozer? Like sandpaper?
You are hiking and you see a hazard sign that says, “Danger! Mass Movement.”What is this sign warning you about? Draw the sign with the warning stated in everyday language. DANGER! MASS MOVEMENT
Sand dunes are not stationary—over time they move.What moves them? In what direction do they move?
Why is it smarter to build a house on a hillside with a gentle slope than on one with a steep slope? Include the concept of creep in your answer.
Why have farmers settled in floodplains since ancient times despite the risk of flooding there?
Name at least two factors that affect the rate of chemical weathering of rock.
How does rainwater cause weathering? Can it also cause erosion? If so, how?
Would you expect chemical weathering to occur faster in the Amazon rainforest or in the Antarctic Circle? Defend your answer.
How are the amount and size of the particles carried by a stream affected by the velocity of flow?
Why does water in a stream typically move slower as it nears the ocean?
You see a river with many large meanders. Do you suppose the river is an old or young geologic feature? What is the reason for your answer?
What is the major factor that determines a stream’s ability to erode land?
This muskrat burrows and thereby adds silt and soil to a river. Does the muskrat increase the stream’s bed load, dissolved load, or suspended load? Why do you think so?
In what way does wind erosion pose a threat to native people living in the desert?
A dam is built on a major river that flows into the ocean.The dam greatly reduces the flow of river water beyond it. Ten years after the dam is built, nearby beaches have noticeably less sand.
Should you build a cabin at the foot of a slope? What should you consider to determine whether the slope presents an erosion hazard?
Earth’s lower atmosphere is kept warm by(a) solar radiation.(b) terrestrial radiation.(c) shortwave radiation.
What is the difference between weather and climate?

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