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physics
conceptual physical science
Conceptual Integrated Science 2nd Edition Paul G Hewitt, Suzanne A Lyons - Solutions
What is the major factor that determines a stream’s ability to erode land?
This muskrat burrows and thereby adds silt and soil to a river. Does the muskrat increase the stream’s bed load, dissolved load, or suspended load? Why do you think so?
In what way does wind erosion pose a threat to native people living in the desert?
A dam is built on a major river that flows into the ocean.The dam greatly reduces the flow of river water beyond it. Ten years after the dam is built, nearby beaches have noticeably less sand. Develop a hypothesis to explain what is happening at the beach.
Should you build a cabin at the foot of a slope? What should you consider to determine whether the slope presents an erosion hazard?
Earth’s lower atmosphere is kept warm by(a) solar radiation.(b) terrestrial radiation.(c) shortwave radiation.
What is the difference between weather and climate?
The wind blows because of(a) air pressure differences between different locations.(b) Earth’s rotation.(c) the greenhouse effect.(d) differences in latitude.
What are the six elements of weather?
If air temperature decreases but the water vapor in air stays constant, the relative humidity(a) increases.(b) decreases.(c) stays the same.
What two types of molecules make up more than 99, of the atmosphere?
During the summer solstice, the North Pole(a) experiences equal hours of night and day.(b) leans away from the Sun.(c) leans toward the Sun.(d) is in total darkness.
Uneven heating of Earth’s atmosphere produces(a) rain.(b) clouds.(c) air pressure.(d) wind.
Why does the stratosphere have a high temperature? Why does the mesosphere have a low temperature?
The Gulf Stream redistributes heat from the Gulf of Mexico to(a) the North American coast, Great Britain, and Norway.(b) South America.(c) Japan.(d) Antarctica.
Is San Francisco in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere?What is its approximate latitude?
Air pressure is produced by(a) the weight of water vapor.(b) the weight of air.(c) the force of wind.(d) warm, moist air.
How does latitude relate to temperature? Use the term climate zone in your answer.
A maritime tropical air mass contains(a) cold, moist air.(b) cold, dry air.(c) warm, dry air.(d) warm, moist air.
Why are summer days warmer than winter days (on average)?
High, wispy clouds that contain ice crystals and often bring rain are called(a) cumulus clouds.(b) cirrus clouds.(c) stratus clouds.(d) cumulonimbus clouds.
What is the winter solstice? The summer solstice? What are the equinoxes?
The relative humidity of air at its dew-point temperature is(a) 0%.(b) 10%.(c) 50%.(d) 100%.
What is wind? What causes wind?
In what direction does wind blow?
Give an example of a local wind pattern. Give an example of a global wind pattern.
How did the trade winds help traders in colonial America?
What drives surface currents?
Do surface currents affect water temperature, air temperature, or both?
How do hailstones form?
You hear of “low-pressure systems” on TV weather reports. What are two other names for a low-pressure system? What kind of weather are low-pressure systems associated with?
How do weather fronts develop?
Why don’t we feel atmospheric pressure?
Why is air pressure highest at sea level?
About how much of solar radiation is intercepted by Earth? What portion of the solar energy intercepted by Earth is absorbed by the ground?
In what way is the greenhouse effect like a florist’s greenhouse?
What is a greenhouse gas? Give three examples.
Distinguish between the natural greenhouse effect and global warming.
Why does wind generally make you feel cooler?
What is wind chill?
What does the Coriolis effect do to the direction of global winds and ocean currents?
How is a ball tossed on a merry-go-round like the molecules in the atmosphere?
Make a cloud—quickly. Simply open a can of soda and notice the cloud that forms for a moment over the opening.Why does the cloud form? The explanation is that bubbly drinks are held under pressure in cans. When you open the can, moist air escapes and quickly expands.Expanding air cools—to its
Make a model of the greenhouse effect. You will need two nonmercury thermometers, one large plastic bag such as a produce bag, one small plastic bag such as a sandwich bag, and two twist ties. Place one thermometer in the small bag. Blow into the bag to inflate it, and tie it with a twist tie. Put
The next time it rains, hold a sheet of black construction paper flat in the rain for a moment to catch a few raindrops.When you go inside, look at the marks the drops made. Are all raindrops the same size?
Suppose it’s July 1. Rank the following locations in terms of the solar intensity they receive, from most to least:northern Africa, northern Canada, New York.
Rank the layers of the atmosphere in terms of density, from most dense to least dense.
Rank clouds classified as alto, cirro, and stratus according to their altitude, from highest to lowest.
Consider a house at sea level that has 2000 square feet of floor area. Show that the total force that the air inside the house exerts upward on the ceiling is 4.2 х 106 lb.
Suppose the air holds 75, of the water that it can hold at a given temperature before it becomes saturated. What is the relative humidity?
A tornado passes in front of a building, causing the pressure to drop there by 15, in 1 second. If a door on the side of the building is 6.5 feet tall and 3 feet wide, show that the net force on the closed door is 6200 lb.
At 50°C, the maximum amount of water vapor in the air is 9 g/m3. If the relative humidity is 40% show that the mass of water vapor in 1 m3 of air is 3.6 g>m3. [Hint:Relative humidity = (water-vapor content)/(water@vapor capacity) х 100%]
The summer solstice is the longest day of the year. Does the summer solstice occur because Earth is closest to the Sun on this day? Explain.
Sometimes the atmosphere’s temperature doesn’t decrease with altitude in a normal way. Instead, warmer air sits on top of colder air in a temperature inversion. What effect can this have on local air pollution?
According to the graph, what is average atmospheric pressure at sea level? Why does atmospheric pressure change with altitude as shown in this graph? Altitude (km) 40 36 32 28 24 22 20 16 12 8 4 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Pressure (mb)
Clouds are made of tiny water droplets or ice crystals.These are heavier than air, so why don’t clouds fall to the ground?
Identify the clouds shown in the photo. How are they formed? What kind of weather are they associated with?
Air is warmed and rises at the equator and then cools and sinks at the poles, as shown in the figure. Is this an accurate picture of the global circulation of air?Explain why or why not. H L
Why does atmospheric pressure typically drop before a storm comes?
What does convection in Earth’s atmosphere produce?What does convection in Earth’s mantle produce?
Why does the East Coast of the United States experience wider seasonal variation than the West Coast, even though both areas have oceans along their margins?
What role does the Sun play in ocean currents?
What is ozone? How might Earth be affected if there were no ozone layer in the stratosphere?
What are Earth’s major climate zones? Describe each one.
When you go to school in the morning, the weather is sunny and warm. By lunchtime, it is cool, windy, and rainy. The weather front shown here has moved in. What kind of weather front is this—a cold front or a warm front? Warm air Wind Cold air Thunder cloud Warm air
Design an experiment to test the air pressure at different altitudes. What do you expect to observe?
San Francisco, California, has mild winters. Springfield, Missouri, has cold winters. Yet San Francisco is farther north than Springfield. Is it surprising to learn then that Springfield is colder in the winter? Why? Why is San Francisco warm in the winter months?
At sea level, the air is about 23% oxygen. At the top of Mt. Everest, the air is still about 23% oxygen. So, why do almost all mountain climbers need to bring extra bottled oxygen to survive?
Identify which of these factors directly affect air temperature: altitude, latitude, proximity of water, ocean currents, the Coriolis effect.
When is the greenhouse effect a good thing? A bad thing?
The highest dew point ever recorded was 95°F, recorded in Saudi Arabia. Was the air humid or dry at that time?Explain your reasoning.
Do we see radiation emitted by the Earth? Do we feel it?Explain.
Name three or more branches of Earth science, and describe the focus of each.
Why is Earth science an integrated science?
In what way is Earth like a hard-boiled egg?
What kind of rock is most common in the oceanic crust?In the continental crust?
Name and describe Earth’s five structural layers.
Does the asthenosphere have the same composition throughout? What is uniform throughout the asthenosphere?
What are the large, interlocking pieces of lithosphere called?
Describe the fossil evidence that supported Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift.
Why was the hypothesis of continental drift dismissed by scientists for decades?
Describe evidence from the rock record that supports continental drift.
Where is lithosphere created? Where is it destroyed?
How does seafloor spreading relate to continental drift?
Earth has remained about the same size since it formed 4.6 billion years ago. What does this suggest about the rate of seafloor spreading compared to the rate of subduction?
In what way is the theory of plate tectonics like the theory of evolution, Newton’s laws, and the periodic table?
Describe how tectonic plates move in terms of speed and direction.
How does plate tectonics differ from continental drift?
Which is a more geologically stable place to live—along a plate boundary or in the interior of a plate? Explain.
Describe the three major kinds of plate boundaries.
How do plates interact when they collide? There are three possible ways; describe them all.
What type of plate boundary is the San Andreas Fault?
What elements make up 98, of the Earth by weight?
In what way is Earth like a jar of water and oil left standing?
What two elements constitute about three-fourths of Earth’s solid surface?
Cite the seismic evidence that Earth has a liquid outer core.
What did studies of P-wave and S-wave shadows reveal about Earth’s interior?
What is the difference between body waves and surface waves? Which of these seismic waves reveals key information about Earth’s internal structure?
What is a magnetic reversal, and how are magnetic reversals recorded in rock?
Where is the oldest rock—near a spreading center or far away from it? Explain your thinking.
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