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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

What is the change in entropy per particle of a monatomic ideal gas heated from \(300 \mathrm{~K}\) to \(400 \mathrm{~K}\) ? Assume constant volume, and thermal equilibrium in both the initial and
If \(1.85 \times 10^{5}\) atoms of a monatomic ideal gas are heated from \(300 \mathrm{~K}\) to \(500 \mathrm{~K}\) in a sealed container that has a fixed volume of \(0.0560 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\), what
A monatomic ideal gas in a container of fixed volume contains \(4.20 \times 10^{24}\) atoms. If you add enough thermal energy to double the root-mean-square speed of the gas atoms, by how much have
A container of fixed volume contains \(8.72 \times 10^{23}\) helium atoms, each of mass \(6.646 \times 10^{-27} \mathrm{~kg}\). You put the container in a freezer and decrease its temperature from
A 3. 50-L expandable chamber contains monatomic neon gas at \(2.00 \mathrm{~atm}\) and \(30.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). Thermal energy is slowly added to the gas until its volume is \(8.00 \mathrm{~L}\)
A monatomic ideal gas has its volume halved while its pressure is held constant. What is the change in entropy per atom?
As a sample of argon gas is heated in a sealed container, its root-mean-square speed changes from \(350 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) to \(540 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). By how much has the entropy
A monatomic ideal gas is enclosed in a cubic box of side length \(\ell\). While preserving the cubic shape, the container volume is decreased until the side length is halved, and this change causes
A sample containing \(3.65 \mathrm{~mol}\) of a monatomic ideal gas is heated from \(289 \mathrm{~K}\) to \(458 \mathrm{~K}\), and the entropy remains constant. If the initial volume of the sample
A constant-volume encasement vessel surrounds a liquidnitrogen bath that has cooled \(1.00 \mathrm{~mol}\) of a monatomic ideal gas to \(77.2 \mathrm{~K}\). This system is initially in thermal
Ten particles of a monatomic ideal gas are initially at thermal equilibrium with their surroundings. When the sample is then heated to \(634 \mathrm{~K}\) while the volume is held constant, the
In a cylindrical chamber that initially has a volume of \(2.25 \mathrm{~L}\), a sample of helium gas is at equilibrium at \(3.20 \mathrm{~atm}\) and \(85.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The gas is slowly
A thermally insulated chamber is divided by a partition into two compartments of equal volume. The left side contains \(9.00 \times 10^{23}\) helium atoms, and the right side contains \(2.70 \times
A rigid 1. 20-1 bottle contains helium gas at \(150{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(2.75 \mathrm{~atm}\). If you slowly add \(755 \mathrm{~J}\) of thermal energy to the gas, what is the entropy change
Suppose you are dropping five small pieces of clay randomly onto a chessboard (eight squares by eight squares). If basic states are determined by the squares on which each piece of clay lands, how
Consider two egg cartons, one with spaces for a dozen eggs and one with spaces for a half-dozen eggs. If each carton contains six eggs, all of different colors, what is the ratio of the number of
Two boxes each have a volume of \(1.50 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\). Box A contains 1000 helium atoms, and box B contains 2000 neon atoms. When the boxes are connected together by a very small tube, the atoms
A sample of neon gas is at \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The mass of a neon atom is \(3.35 \times 10^{-26} \mathrm{~kg}\).(a) What is the average kinetic energy of a neon atom? \((b)\) If the thermal
At \(35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), the root-mean-square speed of a certain monatomic ideal gas is \(186 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). (a) What is the mass of each atom? (b) What is the average kinetic
A \(0.00126-\mathrm{kg}\) sample of an ideal gas in a fixed-volume, \(0.750-\mathrm{L}\) container at \(50.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) exerts a pressure of \(2.24 \mathrm{~atm}\). What is the mass of one
The atoms of an element can come in different forms, depending on the number of neutrons in the nucleus. These different forms are called isotopes of the element. The two most common isotopes of
A sealed \(1.50-\mathrm{L}\) chamber filled with helium gas initially at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(1.00 \mathrm{~atm}\) is heated until the gas temperature is \(232^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). (a)
(a) At what temperature is the root-mean-square speed of neon atoms (mass \(3.35 \times 10^{-26} \mathrm{~kg}\) ) equal to the speed of sound in a typical room, \(344 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) ? (b)
A monatomic ideal gas is in a fixed-volume flask. (a) By what factor must you increase the root-mean-square speed of the gas particles to double the gas pressure? (b) By what factor does the thermal
A sample of a monatomic ideal gas contains \(\mathrm{N}\) atoms. You want to compress the gas slowly to one-fourth of its original volume. (a) By what factor must you change the absolute temperature
The temperature of the Sun's corona (the outermost gas layer) is \(1.0 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~K}\), and this layer is just above the photosphere layer, which has a radius of \(6.96 \times 10^{8}
Consider a helium atom that is part of Earth's atmosphere and is initially at the planet's surface, where the temperature is \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). To what maximum altitude can this atom rise if
A box initially divided into two equal halves by a partition contains some number of particles. When the partition is removed, the particles are free to move throughout the volume of the box. Assume
A cylindrical chamber is oriented with its long central axis along the vertical \(y\) axis of an \(x y z\) coordinate system. The top face of the chamber is a piston that can slide up and down to
A cylindrical canister fitted with a piston at one end contains an ideal gas and floats at the surface of a freshwater lake, where the temperature is \(300 \mathrm{~K}\). The gas pressure inside the
Your work in a laboratory requires a certain dangerous ideal gas, which you will be using for the next three weeks. You know that the gas is corrosive and that gas particles are constantly colliding
A tank filled with helium gas has been left in a hot car for hours. The mass of the filled tank is \(21.2 \mathrm{~kg}\), and after you use all the helium to fill 100 balloons for a child's birthday
Figure 19. 4 shows that there are 15 basic states for four energy units distributed over three particles. List all 15.Data from Figure 19. 4 Number of energy units in pendulum Number of energy units
Suppose a container holds three types of gas. The masses of the gas particles are \(m, 4 m\), and \(9 \mathrm{~m}\). How do the average speeds of the particles compare?
In Figure 19. 12 what is the probability of finding three particles in any compartment of the box?Data from Figure 19.12 Number of particles in top left Number of particles in Fraction of basic
The two partitions in the container shown in Figure 19. 17 can slide freely. Where will they be positioned when the space is equipartitioned?Data from Figure 19.17 partitions, 0 1 2 3 4 5 possible
A box with a fixed partition through which energy can be exchanged contains 50 particles, 40 on the left and 10 on the right. The system contains 250 energy units. As the system approaches
If a closed system tends to change in a specific direction, such as ice melting in an insulated glass of water, what can you say about the number of basic states for this system?
Consider a \(0.10-\mathrm{kg}\) pendulum swinging at a maximum speed of \(0.80 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) inside a box that contains \(1.0 \times 10^{23}\) nitrogen molecules. The mass of a nitrogen
When you throw two dice, one red and one blue, many times, what is the fraction of throws for which the dots on the two dice add to 4 ?
Consider again the \(0.10-\mathrm{kg}\) pendulum of Exercise 19.1. The pendulum starts out swinging at a maximum speed of \(0.80 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and stops swinging in \(5.0
In Figure 19.10, how many basic states correspond to the macrostate in which \((a)\) all six particles are in the top left compartment and \((b)\) five particles are in the upper left
Use the data in Figure 19.12 to determine the average number of particles in the top left compartment of the four compartment box shown there.Data from Figure 19.12 Number of particles in top left
In Figure 19.13, after a very large number of particle-partition collisions have occurred, what is the probability of finding the system in (a) the macrostate \(E_{\mathrm{A}}=1\) and \((b)\) the
Suppose the system depicted in Figure 19.13 evolves toward equilibrium from the macrostate \(E_{\mathrm{A}}=4, E_{\mathrm{B}}=6\). Determine the changes in (a) the number of energy units and (b) the
Suppose ten distinguishable particles are equipartitioned in a container that is divided into 100 equal-sized compartments.(a) How many basic states are associated with this system? \((b)\) What is
A partition divides a container into two equal compartments, A and B. Initially compartment A contains a gas of distinguishable particles and compartment B is empty. (a) What is the change in the
The box in Figure 19.19 contains seven gas particles in compartment \(\mathrm{A}\) and five in compartment \(\mathrm{B}\), and the partition separating the compartments is free to move. Let the
A sample of helium gas containing \(6.02 \times 10^{2.3}\) atoms at atmospheric pressure \(\left(1.01 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~Pa}\right)\) occupies a volume of \(22.4 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~m}^{3}\).
A sample of a monatomic ideal gas consisting of \(1.00 \times 10^{23}\) atoms in a volume of \(4.00 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) is initially at a temperature of \(290 \mathrm{~K}\). The gas is
The liquid-filled cylinder in Figure P18.1 is clamped in place and has a piston on either end. The piston on the right is cylindrical and has a radius of \(30.0 \mathrm{~mm}\). The piston on the left
On Earth, a cylindrical container of water open to the atmosphere experiences atmospheric pressure at the top surface and a greater pressure at the bottom of the container. How do these pressures
A box has six faces with three distinct areas \(A
You are designing a wedge-shaped container as illustrated in Figure P18.4. You must choose a value for the angle \(\theta\), which then determines the other two equal angles in this isosceles wedge.
The open fixed container in Figure P18.5 is filled with a liquid and fitted with a piston at the bottom. Give the direction (if any) of the following:(a) the force \(\vec{F}_{\text {w }}^{c}\)
You and your snowboard, with a combined mass of \(70 \mathrm{~kg}\), ride a half-pipe that has a radius of \(5.0 \mathrm{~m}\). As you pass the bottom, you create a pressure of \(27 \mathrm{kN} /
For the floor in any room, the floor loading is the maximum safe average pressure on the floor (the gravitational force exerted by Earth on all objects resting on the floor divided by the floor
Three jars each have volume \(V\) and height \(h\), but they have different shapes as shown in Figure P18.8. Water is to be added to each jar and the pressure is to be measured right at the bottom of
In a galaxy far, far away, a planet composed of an incompressible liquid of uniform mass density \(ho\) has mass \(m_{\text {planet }}\) and radius \(R\). Determine the pressure midway between the
A cube measuring \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) on a side floats upright in water with \(70.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) submerged. What is the mass of the cube?
A scuba diving weight has a mass of \(5.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) and is made from a material that has a mass density of \(2000 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). How much force is required to lift it from the
You have three bricks made of lead, stone, and plastic. The bricks have identical dimensions. When completely submerged \((a)\) which brick feels the greatest buoyant force, and \((b)\) which is most
A ship constructed of \(2.50 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~kg}\) of steel is roughly shaped like a box of length \(50.0 \mathrm{~m}\), width \(20.0 \mathrm{~m}\), and height \(20.0 \mathrm{~m}\). (a) What
A wooden block of height \(b\) is pushed from the air into a bucket of water that has a depth equal to \(2 h\). Make a graph showing how the buoyant force exerted on the block changes as its bottom
Glass A contains \(250 \mathrm{~g}\) of water, and an identical glass B contains \(220 \mathrm{~g}\) of water with a \(30 \mathrm{~g}\) cube of ice floating in it. How do the water levels in the two
A rowboat floating in a small swimming pool has a large concrete block in it. If the block is thrown overboard into the pool, does the water level in the pool rise, fall, or stay the same?
You have constructed a raft that is \(2.00 \mathrm{~m}\) long, \(2.00 \mathrm{~m}\) wide, and \(0.100 \mathrm{~m}\) thick. If the mass of the raft is \(40.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) and your mass is \(55.0
A spherical balloon filled with helium gas must lift a \(1.50-\mathrm{kg}\) scientific payload off the ground, and the mass of the empty balloon is \(0.500 \mathrm{~kg}\).(a) What is the minimum
Two same-sized blocks of wood float in a tank as shown in Figure P18.19. Block 1 has two-thirds of its volume submerged, and block 2 has one-third of its volume submerged. Determine the ratio
A \(5.00-\mathrm{kg}\) air-filled, sealed, rigid float tank that has a volume of \(1.00 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) is pulled \(50.4 \mathrm{~m}\) down to the seafloor in order to assist in lifting a sunken
You want to determine the lifting force of a helium balloon. When you tie a long cord to the balloon and then release the balloon, it floats up until it supports a \(63.2-\mathrm{mm}\) length of cord
A cylindrical water tank that has a diameter of \(2.50 \mathrm{~m}\) contains water to a depth of \(3.75 \mathrm{~m}\). A \(40.0-\mathrm{kg}\) object placed in the water floats with \(75 \%\) of its
An uninflated balloon of mass \(6.00 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~kg}\) has a volume of \(6.90 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) when fully inflated with a mixture of helium and hydrogen gas. You tie a
The pipe in Figure P18.24 shrinks from a diameter of \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) in the wide section to a diameter of \(10.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) in the narrow section. If the water's speed is \(100 \mathrm{~mm}
In an air duct running along the outside of a building, air flowing through the duct has a mass density of \(1.20 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) and is moving at \(5.38 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\).
A viscous liquid is flowing through the pipe in Figure P18.26. If the flow is laminar, rank the speed of the liquid at points 1-4 in order of increasing speed.Data from Figure P18.26 2 4
Figure P18.27 shows streamlines of water flowing in two regions \(A\) and \(B\) of the same pipe (neither of the two regions shown spans the entire diameter of the pipe). Between these two regions no
The water in a river flows gently in a continuous, straight channel of uniform width. Over a certain distance downstream, the water's speed decreases. What is most likely happening? State your
You are traveling in a car when the driver lights a cigarette. Why is it that when you open a window slightly the smoky air blows out of the car? Why doesn't air from the outside flow in through the
The capped end of a pipe in your basement springs a leak. The pipe has a diameter of \(50.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) and is attached to a joist so that it is \(2.00 \mathrm{~m}\) above the basement floor. The
A garden hose \(30.0 \mathrm{~m}\) long and \(40.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) in diameter attached to a faucet carries water that enters the hose at \(2.00 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The hose was previously cut
Consider a nonviscous fluid undergoing laminar flow in an open, horizontal channel. The Bernoulli effect says that where the flow speed is greater, the pressure is smaller, but the pressure at the
A drop of liquid is placed on a surface. A particle of the liquid at the contact point is subject to a cohesive force of \(4.00 \mathrm{~N}\) directed \(52.0^{\circ}\) above the surface. If the
Three water droplets are shown in Figure P18.34. All three are in the same room with the same atmospheric pressure. In which of the three droplets is the pressure greatest and why? Data from Figure
A partially inflated and irregularly shaped balloon is shown in Figure P18.35. Rank the points on the balloon's surface in order of \((a)\) increasing tension in the membrane and \((b)\) increasing
Suppose a certain liquid in contact with a surface has cohesive and adhesive forces such that its bchavior is exactly between wetting and not wetting a surface. How do the magnitudes of the adhesive
A glass capillary tube has a diameter of \(2.00 \mathrm{~mm}\) and contains a small amount of liquid that forms a concave spherical meniscus. A particle of the liquid located where the liquid surface
Dishwashing liquid dissolved in water forms an aqueous solution containing bubbles (the "suds") that are soap-film spheres filled with air. How does the pressure difference across the surface of one
What is the relationship between the radius of a capillary tube \(R_{\text {tube }}\) and the radius of curvature \(R_{\text {men }}\) of the spherical meniscus a liquid forms in the tube, in terms
Liquid A forms a concave meniscus of radius \(R\) in a capillary tube in which its capillary rise is \(b_{A}\). Liquid \(B\) has twice the surface tension and twice the mass density of liquid
Figure 18. 32 shows a drop of a wetting liquid and a drop of a nonwetting liquid sitting on a horizontal solid surface and surrounded by air. Show that, for both drops, the relationship between the
You have three capillary tubes that are made of paraffin wax and have diameters of \(1.00 \mathrm{~mm}, 2. 00 \mathrm{~mm}\), and \(3.00 \mathrm{~mm}\). (a) Is the meniscus that water forms in each
Figure P18.43 shows the capillary rise \(h\) for the liquid in a capillary tube sitting in a dish of liquid. Suppose you insert an identical capillary tube into the liquid but push this tube deep
A certain class of submarines can dive to \(730 \mathrm{~m}\) below sea level. What is the pressure at this depth?
The thresher shark has large eyes, about \(0.10 \mathrm{~m}\) in diameter. Calculate the force exerted on a thresher shark's eye by the hydrostatic pressure in ocean water at a depth of \(400
Timbers used in building construction can withstand a pressure of \(1.4 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{~Pa}\) before being crushed. If the mass density of wood is \(ho=960 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\),
A cylindrical space capsule lands in the ocean. This capsule is \(2.34 \mathrm{~m}\) long, \(1.10 \mathrm{~m}\) in diameter, and weighted at onc end so that it floats with its long central axis
A certain diving bell for use in the ocean has a square window measuring \(0.250 \mathrm{~m}\) on each side. The inside of the bell is pressurized and maintained at a pressure of \(2.00
Pascal demonstrated his principle by causing a wooden barrel full of water to burst when a small amount of additional water was poured into a long, thin tube extending vertically upward from the top
When a garden hose with an output diameter of \(20 \mathrm{~mm}\) is directed straight upward, the stream of water rises to a height of \(0.15 \mathrm{~m}\). You then use your thumb to partially

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