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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

A ball is thrown vertically up with a speed \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), caught by a boy leaning out of a window in 4 seconds.(a) Calculate the height of the window from the ground \((b)\) What
In a children's park, a boy uses a slide with inclination \(50^{\circ}\) with respect to the ground. Ignoring friction, calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the boy.
A box slides from rest down a \(2-\mathrm{m}\) long \(20^{\circ}\) incline. How long does it take the box to reach the bottom of the incline? \(\cdot\)
The equation of motion of a particle on \(x y\) plane as a function of time is given byCompute the particle's acceleration as a function time at \(3 \mathrm{~s}\). Here, \(b=4.5 \mathrm{~m} /
The acceleration of a particle can be represented by the equation \(a(t)=t^{2}\). The particle begins accelerating from rest at \(t=0\).(a) What is its acceleration at \(t=2 \mathrm{~s}\) ?(b) What
The equation of motion of a particle travelling along the \(x\)-axis is given aswhere \(b=0.4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{3}, c=0.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\) and \(d=50 \mathrm{~m} /
A bullet is fired directly upward and reaches a height of \(45 \mathrm{~m}\). (a) What is the muzzle speed of the gun? (b) How much time does it take the bullet to reach its maximum height?
A scout wants to determine the depth of a dark well. She drops a pebble and hears a splash 5 seconds later. If the speed of sound in air is \(343 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s},\) (a) how long does it
A rocket is fired vertically up at an average acceleration of \(2 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\). Taking \(t=0\) at lift-off, \(\) (a) what is the velocity of the rocket at \(t=1 \mathrm{~min}\)
When the volume of a gas increases, is the work done by the gas on its surroundings positive, negative, or zero?
A thermally insulated chamber fitted with a piston as its bottom surface contains an ideal gas. The piston slowly moves upward and compresses the gas into a smaller volume. Draw an energy diagram for
State whether each process is quasistatic, adiabatic, both, or neither for the defined system: (a) Water boils in a pot. System: water, (b) A balloon filled with air is slowly compressed and cooled.
A sample that contains \(5.60 \times 10^{21}\) particles of a monatomic ideal gas expands adiabatically and quasistatically from \(1.00 \mathrm{~L}\) to \(2.00 \mathrm{~L}\). If the initial gas
You are designing an engine that contains several pistons that each move \(150 \mathrm{~mm}\) per stroke. You believe the engine may consume less energy than a traditional engine if many of the
While converting a list of Kelvin temperatures to degrees Fahrenheit and degrees Celsius, you notice that one temperature on the Kelvin scale has the same numerical value on both the Fahrenheit and
Express the difference between the boiling and freezing points of water in \((a)\) kelvins, \((b)\) degrees Celsius, and (c) degrees Fahrenheit.
Liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure boils at \(-196^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What is this temperature on the Kelvin scale?
Describe how an ideal gas thermometer is constructed and how it measures temperature.
When a certain ideal gas thermometer is placed in water at the triple point, the mercury level in the right arm is \(986 \mathrm{~mm}\) above the reference mark. How far is the mercury level above
When a certain ideal gas thermometer is dipped in water boiling at atmospheric pressure, the mercury level in the right \(\mathrm{arm}\) is \(1279 \mathrm{~mm}\) above the reference mark. When the
When a certain ideal gas thermometer is immersed in a water-ice mixture at \(273.15 \mathrm{~K}\), the mercury level in the right arm is \(102 \mathrm{~mm}\) above the reference mark. When this
An engineer planning a weld from manufacturer specifications realizes that the units for temperature have been accidentally omitted. The specifications say, "The temperature of the weld should be no
For an environmental study, you need to collect temperature data for a year in a North American desert, where the temperature ranges from \(255 \mathrm{~K}\) in winter to \(320 \mathrm{~K}\) in
How much energy is required to heat \(100 \mathrm{~L}\) of water from \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) to \(55^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) ?
To make yourself some coffee, you put one cup of water \((236 \mathrm{~g})\) in a small pot on the stove. What quantity of energy must be transferred thermally to the water to raise its temperature
According to the Can Manufacturers Institute, the energy used to make an aluminum can from recycled aluminum is \(5 \%\) of the energy used to make an aluminum can from virgin ore. In a typical year,
Three diatomic molecules from different gas samplesone at \(3 \mathrm{~K}\), one at \(298 \mathrm{~K}\), and one at \(1000 \mathrm{~K}\)-are in thermal equilibrium with their respective surroundings.
A swimming pool has a length of \(50.0 \mathrm{~m}\), a width of \(35.0 \mathrm{~m}\), and an average depth of \(2.00 \mathrm{~m}\).(a) How much energy is required to raise the temperature of the
A \(3.50-\mathrm{kg}\) block of iron initially at \(8.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~K}\) is placed on top of a \(6.25 \mathrm{~kg}\) block of copper initially at \(4.00 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~K}\). How
Devil's Throat, the longest drop in Iguazu Falls on the Brazil-Argentina border, has a height of \(82 \mathrm{~m}\). If all the kinetic energy a given volume of water acquires in dropping through
You pour \(5.0 \mathrm{~L}\) of water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) into a large pot to make spaghetti. If the heating element on your stove is rated at \(1250 \mathrm{~W}\), how many minutes does it
A helium atom is in a nanowire (a wire with a diameter on the scale of molecules) in thermal equilibrium at \(77 \mathrm{~K}\). (a) The atom is constrained in the nanowire and so can move in only one
A diatomic molecule in thermal cquilibrium at \(120 \mathrm{~K}\) is constrained to move freely only on a two-dimensional surface. (a) What is the molecule's thermal energy? (b) The molecule is
A cryogenic substance is found to have a specific heat capacity \(c\) that varies with temperature according to \(c=\beta T^{2}\), where \(\beta\) is an empirically derived constant with units
An ideal gas expands adiabatically and quasistatically in a chamber fitted with a piston. Is this process isothermal, isentropic, isobaric, isochoric, or none of these?
Figure P20.27 shows two processes, A and B, carried out on an ideal gas. In which process was the amount of work done by the gas greater?Data from Figure P20.27 P B T, TTV
Figure \(P 20. 28\) is the \(P V\) diagram for a process carried out on \(10 \mathrm{~mol}\) of an ideal gas in thermal equilibrium that begins and ends on the same state (the initial state \(i\) and
The curves in Figure P20.29 are isochors, isobars, isotherms, or isentropes. If a system is taken from initial state i to final state \(\mathrm{f}\), with \(V_{\mathrm{i}}=0.15 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and
A \(0.300-\mathrm{kg}\) sample of nitrogen gas (diatomic molecules, \(m_{\mathrm{N}_{2}}=4.652 \times 10^{-26} \mathrm{~kg}\) ) in a chamber fitted with a piston undergoes an isothermal expansion
Figure \(P 20. 31\) shows four isotherms on the \(P V\) diagram for an ideal gas. What are the temperatures of isotherms \(\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}\), and \(\mathrm{C}\) ?Data from Figure P20.31 P
An ideal gas undergoes the process represented in Figure \(\mathrm{P} 20. 32\), where the gas is in state 1 when the process begins and again in state 1 at the finish. (a) Determine the work done by
An ideal gas undergoes the process represented by the \(P V\) diagram of Figure P20.33, where the gas is in state 1 when the process begins and again in state 1 at the end of the process. Calculate
If \(1.00 \mathrm{~mol}\) of an ideal monatomic gas initially at \(72 \mathrm{~K}\) absorbs \(100 \mathrm{~J}\) of thermal energy, what is the final temperature? Assume the volume does not change.
An ideal gas is inside a cylinder fitted with a piston of cross-sectional area \(0.10 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\), and initially the gas pressure is \(5.0 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~Pa}\). A quantity \(Q=5.0
What is the thermal energy associated with \(5.6 \times 10^{18}\) nitrogen molecules, \(\mathrm{N}_{2}\), at \(100^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\) ? Assume the nitrogen can be treated as an ideal gas.
In a cylindrical chamber fitted with a piston, the piston compresses \(10.0 \mathrm{~mol}\) of ideal gas from \(1.00 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) to \(0.100 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) at a constant temperature of \(300
Figure P20.38 shows two processes, A and B, for moving \(3.45 \times 10^{22}\) particles of a monatomic ideal gas from state \(\mathrm{i}\) to state \(\mathrm{f}\). (a) Which process requires less
A \(1.00-\mathrm{mol}\) sample of an ideal diatomic gas in which the gas particles both translate and rotate is initially at \(600 \mathrm{~K}\). Energy is then added thermally to the sample until
You have a sample that contains \(9.70 \times 10^{21}\) particles of an unknown gas in a chamber that has a volume of \(0.0100 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\). The initial pressure in the chamber is \(1.84 \times
The \(P V\) diagram in Figure P20.41 shows two processes for taking an ideal gas from an initial state i to a final state \(\mathrm{f}\). How much work is done on the gas in the isochoric leg labeled
You park your car in the sun with the windows rolled up, and the interior temperature rises from \(35^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) at \(100 \mathrm{kPa}\) to \(48^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The interior volume of
Your one-story house has a floor area of \(2.0 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~m}^{2}\) and 3. 0-m-high ceilings.(a) On a hot day, you leave home with all the windows closed and the air-conditioning on. A
Steam at \(120^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and \(101.3 \mathrm{kPa}\) is added to a hollow steel can that is then sealed and allowed to cool. (a) What is the pressure inside the can at \(101^{\circ}
A sample of helium gas is allowed to expand in a process that is adiabatic and quasistatic. As the gas cools from \(105^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) to \(101^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), it does \(9.05
A 2. 00-L sample of an ideal gas initially at 1. 00 atm and \(273 \mathrm{~K}\) undergoes an isobaric process that cools the sample to \(265 \mathrm{~K}\). (a) What is the final pressure in the gas?
A cylinder fitted with a piston contains \(1.00 \mathrm{~mol}\) of air at room temperature, \(20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The air is slowly compressed by the piston while the temperature is kept
A chamber fitted with a piston can be controlled to keep the pressure in the chamber constant as the piston moves up and down to increase or decrease the chamber volume. If the chamber contains an
Your lab mate is measuring the heat capacity ratio of an unknown diatomic gas at room temperature and standard atmospheric pressure. She obtains values for \(C_{P}\) and \(C_{V}\) and tells you the
A spherical air bubble in a lake expands as it rises slowly to the surface. At the point it starts to rise, the pressure is \(2.00 \mathrm{~atm}\), the temperature of the water is \(10.0^{\circ}
A chamber fitted with a piston contains \(1.00 \mathrm{~mol}\) of an ideal gas. (a) The piston is slowly moved to decrease the chamber volume while the gas temperature is held constant at \(296
To change the volume of a gas isothermally by a factor \(f_{1}\) of its initial value, it is necessary to do work \(W_{1}\) on the gas. What work \(W_{2}\) is needed to change the volume by a factor
An ideal gas initially at volume \(V_{1}\), pressure \(P_{1}\), and temperature \(T_{1}\) undergoes an isobaric process that changes its temperature to \(T_{2}\). The gas immediately undergoes an
At temperature \(T\), a balloon is partly inflated with an ideal gas to a volume of \(1.0 \mathrm{~L}\). The balloon is then put in a low-pressure container at the same temperature \(T\) and its
A 1. 00-mol sample of an ideal gas expands such that its entropy doubles to \(1.345 \times 10^{24}\). The temperature is held constant at \(100 \mathrm{~K}\) during the expansion. (a) How much work
A \(0.320-\mathrm{kg}\) piston seals a chamber that contains \(7.55 \times 10^{24}\) helium atoms initially at \(2.00^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The piston is free to move vertically, but it is originally
The ideal gas law is valid for a gas when, among other things, any interactions between particles are ignored. A more realistic model was proposed by Johannes Diderik van der Waals in 1873 , for
A sample of diatomic ideal gas \((\gamma=1.4)\) initially has a volume of \(20.0 \mathrm{~L}\) and is at \(5.00 \mathrm{~atm}\) and \(320 \mathrm{~K}\). The gas undergoes the process shown in Figure
A sample of nitrogen gas \((\gamma=1.4)\) initially has a volume of \(0.61 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and a pressure of \(1.00 \mathrm{~atm}\). If the sample expands isentropically to a volume of \(1.00
A sample of an ideal gas for which \(\gamma=\frac{7}{5}\) initially has a volume of \(1.00 \mathrm{~L}\) and a pressure of \(100 \mathrm{~Pa}\). If the gas expands isentropically to \(1.20
Figure \(P 20. 61\) shows the \(P V\) diagram for a monatomic ideal gas undergoing an isobaric expansion \(1 \rightarrow 2\) followed by an isochoric pressure increase \(2 \rightarrow 3\). If the
An ideal gas for which \(\gamma=1.4\) initially has a volume of \(1.5 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and a pressure of \(15 \mathrm{MPa}\). The gas is then slowly compressed isentropically to a volume of \(0.50
A \(\frac{1}{3}\)-mol sample of an ideal gas is sealed in a container and heated from \(273 \mathrm{~K}\) to \(500 \mathrm{~K}\). For this gas, what is the value of \(C_{P}\) in units of \(k_{B}\) if
Two identical thermally insulated spherical tanks, A and B, are connected by a valve. Initially tank A contains \(10 \mathrm{~mol}\) of an ideal diatomic gas, tank B is evacuated, and the valve is
As part of a physics experiment, air under high pressure is allowed to expand isentropically out of a metal can and into an empty plastic bag. When the expansion is complete, the bag and contents are
A gas is inside a cylinder fitted with a piston. The gas and its surroundings are both at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), and the gas is compressed as the piston moves and decreases the cylinder volume.
An ideal gas that initially has a volume of \(1.00 \mathrm{~mL}\) and is at \(1.00 \mathrm{~atm}\) expands isentropically to \(10.0 \mathrm{~mL}\) and \(0.0215 \mathrm{~atm}\). (a) How many degrees
A chamber fitted with a piston contains \(1.00 \mathrm{~mol}\) of a monatomic ideal gas that is taken from an initial state i to a final state \(f\) via states 1 and 2 . The chamber volume is
An ideal monatomic gas expands isentropically from an initial pressure \(P_{\mathrm{i}}\) and initial volume \(V_{\mathrm{i}}\) to a final pressure \(P_{\mathrm{t}}=P_{\mathrm{i}} / 20\) and final
A thermodynamic process raises the temperature of \(1.00 \mathrm{~mol}\) of water from \(59.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) to \(61.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). What is the change in thermal energy of the water?
An ice cream maker is in the form of a soccer ball (Figure P20.71). You fill the inner container with a mixture of cream and sugar at \(32.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and add rock salt and ice to the
\(2.00 \times 10^{4} \mathrm{~J}\) of energy is transferred thermally into a huge tank filled with liquid water. The water temperature remains constant at \(10.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) during the
An iceberg initially at \(273 \mathrm{~K}\) is stopped in its motion by a small island. During the first few seconds of contact, \(10 \mathrm{~kJ}\) of energy is transferred thermally from the island
The average normal temperature of the human body is \(98.6^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\). What is this temperature on the Celsius scale?
Which are the most likely units for a measured temperature with a numerical value of \((a)-322\) and (b) 0 ?
An ideal gas undergoes an isentropic process that changes its pressure from \(P_{i}\) to \(P_{f}\) and its volume from \(V_{\mathrm{i}}\) to \(V_{t}\). What is the work done on the gas?
A 22.7-g sample of diatomic oxygen gas molecules is in a sealed rigid container that has a volume of \(0.0240 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\). If the gas is initially at \(-1.50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), by how much
It is somerimes said, erroneously, that biological organisms violate the second law of thermodynamics because the biochemical reactions they carry out reduce their entropy by converting incoherent
Two identical samples of a monatomic ideal gas start out at the triple point of water. Sample A is heated isochorically to five times its original temperature. Sample B is compressed isentropically
You are working in a factory that uses water in its cooling systems and consequently has a lot of steam reservoirs. Due to carclessness, a \(70.0-\mathrm{kg}\) metal plate has been left on top of the
You are the founder of a start-up company that extracts electrical energy from ocean waves, a process called WaveGen. Your basic technology is a tube anchored vertically to the ocean floor. The unit
Figure 20. 26 shows the energy changes for a certain system over a short time interval. Describe what is happening to the system. From the diagram, what can you conclude about the temperature of the
On a really hot day, which temperature scale \(\left({ }^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right.\) or \(\left.{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\right)\) registers the greater number? On a really cold day, which temperature
Which material in Table 20. 2 has the greatest specific heat capacity? The smallest? Imagine that objects made of these materials are placed on your hand. The objects have the same mass and are
What is the approximate thermal energy of a molecule that has three degrees of translational freedom, two degrees of rotational freedom, and two degrees of vibrational freedom? The molecule is in a
Which types of processes are represented in Figure 20. 24? For each process, determine whether the following quantities are positive, negative, or zero: \(\Delta T, \Delta V, \Delta P\).Data from
When the bulb of an ideal gas thermometer is immersed in water at the triple point, the height of the mercury column above the reference mark is \(760 \mathrm{~mm}\). The same thermometer is then
Derive an expression for converting a temperature (a) from the Celsius scale to the Fahrenheit scale, (b) from the Kelvin scale to the Fahrenheit scale, and (c) from the Fahrenheit scale to the
At room temperature, do collisions between nitrogen molecules have enough energy to set a nitrogen molecule rotating? Enough to set it vibrating? The quantum of energy associated with rotation is
In quasistatic process A of Figure 20.24, an ideal gas is brought from an initial to a final state while its temperature is held fixed. In quasistatic process B, an identical gas is brought in two
In Figure 20.28, an ideal gas is brought from an initial state \(\mathrm{i}\) to a final state \(\mathrm{f}\) by two processes. The initial volume and pressure are \(0.50 \mathrm{~m}^{3}\) and \(100

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