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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

Figure P24.20 shows electric field lines due to a distribution of charge (not shown). The labeled regions of space are all equal in size. In which of the labeled regions, A, \(B\), and \(C\),
Identical charged pellets are released from rest from equidistant starting lines A, B, and C in Figure P24.21, in a region of nonuniform electric field. (a) Rank the pellets according to the time
You decide to make an electric field line diagram in two dimensions, with 16 lines per coulomb of charge. (a) How many lines should you draw surrounding a particle that carries +1.5 C of charge?
Two flat surfaces are near two different charged objects, and the surfaces are identical in size. Surface A has \(N\) field lines passing perpendicularly through it. Surface B has only \(N / 2\)
Imagine a system that consists of only a single positively charged object. Is it possible to have in this system a closed surface that has a negative field line flux through it? (The charged object
Closed surface \(A\) is a sphere of radius \(R\), closed surface \(B\) is a sphere of radius \(2 R\), and closed surface \(C\) is a cube with side length \(R\). At the geometric center of each closed
Three charged pellets are arranged along a line. Three hypothetical closed surfaces are drawn around this set of three pellets. The three surfaces have identical cylindrical walls but different top
In Figure P24.27, assume that a Gaussian surface drawn to surround only sphere 1 would have an electric field line flux of +4 . Sketch Gaussian surfaces that contain sphere 1 plus one or more
In the electric field line diagram for the charge arrangement shown in Figure P24.28, 12 field lines emanate from the object of charge \(+1 \mathrm{C}\). What is the field line flux through closed
In a certain field line diagram, a single electron is drawn that has four field lines terminating on it. If a closed surface in another part of this diagram is shown to have 16 field lines coming out
For the dipole in Figure P24.30, can you draw a twodimensional closed surface through which the field line flux is \((a)\) zero, \((b)+16,(c)-16\), and \((d)+3\) ?Data from Figure P24.30 E
Make an argument based on Gauss's law that a charged object cannot be held in stable translational equilibrium by electric fields alone. For a start, assume there is no other charged object in the
The chapter explains that the charge inside a closed surface is proportional to the flux through that surface. To illustrate why the surface must be closed, draw an example of a charge distribution
(a) Can you draw a Gaussian surface that offers a simple way to compute the electric field surrounding a charged dipole? (b) If not, does this mean that the relationship between field line flux and
An isolated system consists of one object carrying charge \(+q\) and one object carrying charge \(-q\). Are all the electric field lines for the system contained inside some boundary?
For a charged particle placed at the center of a spherical Gaussian surface, the field line flux through the surface is \(+\Phi\). Suppose that the spherical Gaussian surface is replaced by a cubical
Figure P24.36 shows a cross section through an infinitely long, uniformly charged hollow cylinder. How does the magnitude of the electric field vary with the radial distance \(r\) from the cylinder's
Figure P24.37 shows a cylindrical Gaussian surface straddling a charged sheet. Are there any other shapes that would be convenient for the Gaussian surface in this situation?Data from Figure P24.37
Suppose you want to determine the amount of charge on a spherical shell. You start out by surrounding the shell with a cylindrical Gaussian surface. Is it possible to use the flux everywhere on the
The magnitude of the electric field a distance \(R\) away from a particle carrying charge \(q\) is \(E_{0}\). Now consider this same quantity of charge \(q\) distributed uniformly throughout the
You are given a uniformly charged spherical shell that has a radius \(R\) and carries a positive charge \(q\). In order to measure the electric field magnitude inside, you drill a small hole that
You and your friend are working in a lab and wish to measure the surface charge density on a slab of metal. The slab is very long and very wide, but flat. You begin adding up the field line flux
You have a hollow spherical shell of radius \(R\) that carries a positive charge. The shell is very thin. You make many Gaussian surfaces concentric with the shell to determine the electric field
The two-cavity metal object in Figure P24.43 is electrically neutral, but each cavity contains a charged particle as shown. What are (a) the charge on the surface of each cavity and \((b)\) the
Some charged particles are suspended inside a hollow metal object by supports made of a material that is an electrical insulator. The metal object has charge \(+q\) distributed over its outer surface
Delicate electronic devices are sometimes enclosed inside metal boxes to protect them from external electric fields. Explain what physical phenomena might cause this protection.
A coronal discharge occurs when the electric field magnitude just above the surface of a conductor exceeds approximately \(3 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{C}\), a magnitude strong enough to
Two concentric spherical metal shells are insulated from each other and from the surroundings. The inner shell carries a charge \(+2 q\), and the outer shell carries a charge \(-q\). In electrostatic
A small ball carrying a charge \(-2 q\) is placed at the center of a spherical metal shell that carries a charge \(+q\). What are the sign and magnitude of the charge \((a)\) on the inner surface of
Figure P24.49 shows a neutral conducting block with four hollow chambers inside. A charge of \(-5 q\) has collected on the outer surface of the block. Inside three of the chambers are particles that
A pellet carrying charge \(+q\) is centered inside a spherical cavity that has been cut off-center in a solid metal sphere that carries charge \(-2 q\) (Figure P24.50). (a) How much charge resides on
A particle carries a charge of \(2 q\) and is located at the origin. The particle is surrounded by a conducting shell of inner radius \(R\) and thickness \(t\). The shell carries a charge of \(-3
Imagine a cubical Gaussian surface snugly surrounding a volleyball that is charged uniformly over its surface. The electric flux through one side of the cube is \(5.2 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{~N} \cdot
A flat sheet that has an area of \(3.0 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\) is placed in a uniform electric field of magnitude \(10 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{C}\). While keeping the shect flat, can you orient it so that
Figure P24.54 shows a cylindrical Gaussian surface enclosing a segment of a long charged wire. Consider using a spherical Gaussian surface to enclose the same segment of the wire. (a) Which surface,
A particle carries a charge of \(6.0 \mu \mathrm{C}\). Calculate the electric flux through a spherical Gaussian surface that is centered on the particle and has a radius of (a) 0. 04 m and(b) 0.08 m.
Use a symmetry argument to determine the electric flux through a Gaussian surface that encloses both charged particles that form an electric dipole. Does the value calculated for the flux depend on
Figure P24.57 shows a charged particle surrounded by three different closed surfaces, \((a),(b)\), and \((c)\). In each case, the charge on the particle and the geometry of the left side (left of the
A butterfly net hangs from a circular loop of diameter \(400 \mathrm{~mm}\). You hold the loop horizontally in a region where the electric field is \(150 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{C}\) downward, as shown
A particle that carries an unknown amount of charge is placed at the center of a hollow metal sphere of inner radius \(R_{\mathrm{i}}\) and outer radius \(R_{0}\). The magnitude of the electric field
A small conducting ball that carries a charge of \(30.0 \mathrm{nC}\) is located at the center of an electrically neutral hollow conducting sphere of inner radius \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) and outer
A solid conducting sphere \(60 \mathrm{~mm}\) in radius carries a charge of \(5.0 \mathrm{nC}\). A thick conducting spherical shell of inner radius \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) and outer radius \(120
Three particles each carrying charge \(+q\) are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side length \(a\), and the triangle is centered on the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system.
A particular closed surface has four sides. The electric flux is \(+5.0 \mathrm{~N} \cdot \mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{C}\) through side \(1,+8.0 \mathrm{~N} \cdot \mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{C}\) through
A particular cylindrical Gaussian surface encloses no charge. If 20 electric field lines pass into the cylinder through one of the flat ends of the cylinder and 16 of these lines emerge from the
Consider a rod of length \(\ell\) that carries a uniform charge distribution. Is Gauss's law practical for calculating the electric field at a radial distance \(r\) from the midpoint of the rod's
Any collection of \(N\) charged particles can be divided into \(N\) collections each containing one of the particles. Use the superposition property of electric fields to show that the electric flux
A horizontal rectangular sheet of length \(\ell\) and width \(w\) is positioned with its center a vertical distance \(w / 2\) below an infinitely long positively charged rod that has a uniform linear
A cubical shell with edges of length \(a\) is positioned so that two adjacent sides of one face are coincident with the \(+x\) and \(+y\) axes of a rectangular coordinate system and the corner formed
A cubical Gaussian surface \(30 \mathrm{~mm}\) on each side is centered on a particle that carries a charge of \(+3.0 \mu \mathrm{C}\). (a) If you draw a field line diagram with four field lines per
There is a Gauss's law for gravity analogous to Gauss's law for electricity.(a) If the electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the enclosed charge, what is the gravitational flux
A dipole that carries charges \(\pm q\) is aligned along the \(y\) axis of an \(x y z\) rectangular coordinate system, with the midpoint of the dipole at the origin. (a) Use Gauss's law to calculate
A positively charged hollow sphere of radius \(+100 \mathrm{~mm}\) has a uniform surface charge density of \(10 \mathrm{nC} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). Determine the electric field(a) 20 mm(b) 90 mm, and(c)
A positively charged solid sphere of radius \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) has a uniform volume charge density of \(250 \mathrm{nC} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). Determine the electric field(a) 20 mm,(b) 90 mm, and(c)
A positively charged thin cylindrical shell of length \(10 \mathrm{~m}\) and radius \(50 \mathrm{~mm}\) has no end caps and a uniform surface charge density of \(9 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{C} /
An infinitely long positively charged cylindrical shell of radius \(a\) has a uniform linear charge density \(\lambda_{a}\). An infinitely long cylindrical shell of radius \(b>a\) is concentric with
Two parallel vertical sheets of infinite extent carry surplus charge and are \(50 \mathrm{~mm}\) apart. Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field in all regions of space (a) when
A long, thin, positively charged wire runs along the long central axis of a hollow conducting cylinder of length \(10 \mathrm{~m}\), inner radius \(50 \mathrm{~mm}\), and outer radius \(70
A positively charged nonconducting hollow sphere of outer radius \(R\) and inner radius \(R / 2\) has a uniform volume charge density \(ho\). Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric
A positively charged nonconducting sphere of radius \(a\) has a uniform volume charge density \(ho_{0}\). It is snugly surrounded by a positively charged thick, nonconducting spherical shell of inner
An infinitely long nonconducting solid cylinder of radius \(R\) has a nonuniform but cylindrically symmetrical charge distribution. The volume charge density is given by \(ho(r)=c / r\), where \(c\)
An infinitely long positively charged wire with a uniform linear charge density \(+\lambda\) is parallel to the \(y\) axis of a Cartesian coordinate system and passes through the \(x\) axis at
Figure P24.82 shows a cross section through a system that consists of an infinitely long charged rod centered in a thick cylindrical shell of inner radius \(R\) and outer radius \(2 R\). The shell is
A positively charged solid nonconducting cylinder of length \(\ell=10 \mathrm{~m}\) and radius \(R=50 \mathrm{~mm}\) has uniform volume charge density \(+9.0 \times 10^{-9} \mathrm{C} /
Three nonconducting infinite sheets are parallel to the \(y z\) plane of an \(x y z\) coordinate system. Each sheet has a uniform surface charge density. Sheet 1 , negatively charged with surface
A particle that carries positive charge \(+q\) is located at the center of one or more concentric, thick or thin spherical shells. The shells are either made of a conducting material but are
Can the graph in Figure P24.85 be produced by a system that consists of only charged particles? If not, explain why not. If so, describe the system that contains the minimum number of charged
At what minimal radius along the perpendicular bisector of a wire of length \(0.25 \mathrm{~m}\) carrying \(30 \mathrm{nC}\) of charge does the assumption of cylindrical symmetry in applying Gauss's
An infinitely long positively charged wire that carries a uniform linear charge density \(\lambda\) passes through the origin of an \(x y\) coordinate system and lies on the \(y\) axis. At the
The origin of an \(x\) axis is placed at the center of a nonconducting solid sphere of radius \(R\) that carries a charge \(q_{\text {sphere }}\) distributed uniformly throughout its volume. A
A particle that carries charge \(+4 q\) is located at the origin of an \(x\) axis, and a uniformly charged nonconducting solid sphere of radius \(R\) and carrying charge \(+q\) is centered at \(x=+6
A positively charged nonconducting solid sphere of radius \(R\) has a nonuniform volume charge density given by \(ho_{0}\) for \(r \leq R / 2\) and given by \(2 ho_{0}(1-r / R)\) for \(R / 2 \leq r
Can an electric field line have a kink in it?
Three particles each carrying charge \(+q\) are located at the corners of an equilateral triangle whose side length is \(a\). The triangle is centered on the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system.
A particle of charge \(q\) and mass \(m\) is placed above an infinite charged sheet for which the surface charge density is \(\sigma\). The sheet carries the same type of charge as the particle. What
Infinite positively charged sheet 1 has uniform surface charge density \(\sigma_{1}=+4.0 \mathrm{nC} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) and is located in the \(y z\) plane of a Cartesian coordinate system. Infinite
A conducting, thick spherical shell of inner radius \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) and outer radius \(120 \mathrm{~mm}\) has no net charge. A particle carrying a \(3.0-\mathrm{nC}\) charge is placed at its
A system is composed of two infinitely long concentric cylinders, an outer cylinder \(\mathrm{O}\) and an inner cylinder I. Each is either conducting or nonconducting, and both have a uniform surface
Near Earth's surface, the electric field has a magnitude of \(150 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{C}\) and points downward. Treating Earth's surface as a conducting sphere, calculate the surface charge density
An electron initially \(3.00 \mathrm{~m}\) from a nonconducting infinite sheet of uniformly distributed charge is fired toward the sheet. The electron has an initial speed of \(400 \mathrm{~m} /
Figure P24.101 shows four charge distributions in an \(x y z\) coordinate system. A is a charged particle at the origin, \(\mathrm{B}\) is a charged conducting solid sphere of radius \(R\) centered
A positively charged nonconducting infinite sheet that has a uniform surface charge density \(\sigma\) lies in an \(x y\) plane. As shown in Figure P24.102, a circular region of radius \(R\) has been
A nonconducting positively charged slab 1 of thickness \(2 a\) has a nonuniform but symmetrical volume charge density \(ho_{0} x / a\). The sheet is centered, at \(x=0\), on the \(y z\) plane of a
A quantity of positive charge is distributed throughout the volume of a long nonconducting rod, which lies on the \(z\) axis and is centered at \(z=0\). The rod's radius \(R\) is much smaller than
You are a crewmember on a space station orbiting Earth. To investigate some physics you remember from college, you drill a small hole all the way through a large solid nonconducting sphere of radius
You need to create a uniform electric field in a small region of space, and all you have to work with is one large styrofoam ball that carries a uniform volume charge distribution \(ho\). You cut the
Electrical power lines are often not insulated, and the magnitude of the electric field of the surrounding air is about \(3 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{C}\). At greater electric field
An infinitely large positively charged nonconducting sheet 1 has uniform surface charge density \(\sigma_{1}=\) \(+130.0 \mathrm{nC} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) and is located in the \(x z\) plane of a
A point \(\mathrm{P}\) is located at \(x_{\mathrm{p}}=2.0 \mathrm{~m}, y_{\mathrm{P}}=3.0 \mathrm{~m}\). What are the magnitude and direction of the electric field at \(\mathrm{P}\) due to a particle
(a) Are the accelerations of the motions shown in Figure 4.1 constant?(b) For which surface is the acceleration largest in magnitude? Figure 4.1 Velocity-versus-time graph for a wooden block sliding
What is the change in velocity of \((a)\) cart 1 (b) cart 2 in Figure 4.6?(c) What do you notice about your two answers? Figure 4.6 Velocity-versus-time graph for two identical carts before and
The \(x\) component of the final velocity of the standard cart in Figure 4.8 is positive. Can you make it negative by adjusting this cart's initial speed while still keeping the half cart initially
Verify that \(\left|\Delta v_{\mathrm{u} x}\right| /\left|\Delta v_{\mathrm{s} x}\right| \approx 1 / 3\) for the two carts in Figure 4.9. Figure 4.9 Velocity-versus-time graph for a standard cart and
What is the ratio of the \(x\) components of the change in velocity for the plastic and metal carts, \(\Delta v_{\mathrm{p} x} / \Delta v_{\mathrm{m} x}\), in Figure 4.10? Figure 4.10
Is the inertia of the cart of unknown inertia in Figure 4.9 greater or less than that of the standard cart? Figure 4.9 Velocity-versus-time graph for a standard cart and a cart of unknown inertia
Are the following quantities extensive or intensive: \((a)\) inertia, \((b)\) velocity, \((c)\) the product of inertia and velocity?
Which of these quantities is extensive?(a) money,(b) temperature,(c) humidity, \((d)\) volume.
In part \(a\) of Example 4.6, what are the directions of the changes in momentum, \(\Delta \vec{p}_{\mathrm{s}}\) and \(\Delta \vec{p}_{\mathrm{r}}\), of the two carts?Data from Example 4.6(a) A red
Is the change in the momentum \(\Delta \vec{p}\) zero or nonzero for the following choices of system over the 120-ms time interval in Figure 4.19:(a) puck in Figure 4.19a,(b) cart in Figure 4.19b,(c)
Imagine sitting on a sled on the slippery surface of a frozen lake. To reposition yourself closer to the back of the sled, you push with your legs against the front end. (a) Do you constitute an

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