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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

(a) For the garden hose of Problem 50, calculate how high the water would rise if you constricted the opening to make its diameter \(1.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) rather than \(10 \mathrm{~mm}\). (b) Based on
(a) Consider a fluid whose mass density \(ho\) varies with height \(y\) above sea level. Use Eq. 18.6, \(P_{1}+ho g y_{1}=\) \(P_{2}+ho g y_{2}\), to obtain an expression that shows how \(d P\), the
A river valley is in the shape of a V. A dam is built in this valley, so it also has a \(\mathrm{V}\) shape, of height \(b\) and width \(w\) at the top and essentially zero at the bottom. Write an
If the outside air pressure changes from \(1.0 \mathrm{~atm}\) to \(1.1 \mathrm{~atm}\), by how much does mercury in a barometer rise? The mass density of mercury is \(13,534 \mathrm{~kg} /
A small block of mass \(m\) sits atop a piston that seals a volume of air in a flask in which the radius of the neck is \(R\) (Figure P18.55). Obtain an equation for the pressure in the bottle as a
The two pistons in the hydraulic system shown in Figure P18.56 are coupled through a reservoir of water. The pistons are at the same height above ground. The piston on the right has a radius of \(1.6
The container on the left in Figure P18.57 is a cube of side length \(h\). The dimensions of the container on the right are height \(h\), width \(h / 2\), and length \(h / 2\). Points A and
After pouring some water into the U-tube of Figure P18.58, you pour a volume \(V_{1}\) of oil of mass density \(ho_{1}=800 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) into the left side of the tube and a volume
Initially, both legs of a mercury manometer are open to the atmosphere, and the mercury height in the left leg is \(40.0 \mathrm{~mm}\). You inflate a balloon until it has a surface area of \(0.300
Suppose you increase the gauge pressure in the tires of your car by \(10 \%\). (a) How does the area of the tires in contact with a level road change? (b) If the gauge pressure in the tires is \(2.0
In a service station's hydraulic lift, the diameter of the large piston is \(200 \mathrm{~mm}\) and the diameter of the small piston is \(30 \mathrm{~mm}\). Force is exerted on the small piston by an
A hydrogen-filled balloon is used to lift a \(125-\mathrm{kg}\) stone off the ground. The basket holding the stone has a mass of \(15.0 \mathrm{~kg}\). What must the minimum radius \(R\) of the
In a large vat that is initially empty, a solid aluminum cylinder hangs by an ideal spring. The cylinder is \(52.5 \mathrm{~mm}\) long and \(30.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) in diameter, and the spring is
A \(15.0-\mathrm{kg}\) block measures \(0.750 \mathrm{~m}\) top to bottom, and each horizontal face has an area of \(0.0125 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\). The block hangs, with its long central axis vertical,
At an atmospheric pressure of \(1.00 \mathrm{~atm}\), the height of the liquid in the tube of a mercury barometer is \(760 \mathrm{~mm}\) only if you ignore capillary rise in the tube. Obtain an
A small, smooth cube made of wood that has a mass density of \(850 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) is dropped from rest \(5.00 \mathrm{~m}\) above the surface of a lake. Determine (a) the maximum
A right circular cone that has altitude \(h\) and a base of radius \(R\) is submerged in a liquid of mass density \(ho\). The cone's vertex points directly downward, so that the circular top face of
Water from a faucet can fill a \(4.00-\mathrm{L}\) bucket in \(1 \mathrm{~min}\). If the diameter of the water pipe feeding the faucet is \(12.5 \mathrm{~mm}\), what is the speed of the water in the
The water behind a dam built across one end of a large lake is \(25.2 \mathrm{~m}\) deep. If the dam springs a leak \(1.40 \mathrm{~m}\) above the lakebed, at what speed does water exit the hole?
Two tractor trailers, each \(16 \mathrm{~m}\) long and \(4.0 \mathrm{~m}\) tall, are parked next to each other as shown in Figure P18.70. A light wind that is blowing at \(5.0 \mathrm{~m} /
Water leaks out of a small hole in the side of a bucket. The hole is a distance \(d\) below the surface of the water, and the diameter of the hole is much smaller than the diameter of the bucket.
You carry a fire hose up a ladder to a height of \(10.0 \mathrm{~m}\) above ground level and aim the nozzle at a burning roof that is \(9.00 \mathrm{~m}\) high. You hold the hose horizontally and
In an aorta that has a radius of \(11 \mathrm{~mm}\) and a transmural pressure (pressure difference across the aorta wall) of \(12 \mathrm{kPa}\), blood is moving in laminar flow at \(350
Does the laminar flow of a viscous fluid exhibit the Bernoulli effect? Does Bernoulli's equation (Eq. 18. 36) apply to such a liquid?Data from Eq. 18. 36 P+pgy+pv P+pgy+pv (laminar flow of
A cylindrical tube that is \(2.20 \mathrm{~m}\) long and has a radius of \(150 \mathrm{~mm}\) is filled with water. It is oriented with its long central axis vertical, and it is open to the air at
Use integration to obtain an expression for the time interval needed for the water surface in the bucket in Problem 71 (or Example 18. 9) to drain down to the level of the hole. You can't ignore
A hollow stirrer that has a diameter of \(1.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) is inserted into a cup of water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\). The surface tension of water at that temperature is \(\gamma=7.28 \times
You insert a pipette of diameter \(0.700 \mathrm{~mm}\) into a liquid that is at \(20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) and has a mass density of \(1261 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). If the liquid rises
The volume flow rate of water at \(20.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\) through a cylindrical pipe is \(2.00 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{~m}^{3} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the volume flow rate of castor oil moving
In a low-flow showerhead that contains 18 nozzle holes, the volume flow rate of the water is \(4.00 \mathrm{~L} / \mathrm{min}\) and the water speed is \(4.30 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the
In the device for measuring surface tension shown in Figure 18. 58 , the length of the movable wire is \(\ell\). When the film holding the wire in place is water at \(20^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\), you
A horizontal pipeline is \(500 \mathrm{~mm}\) in diameter and carries oil at a rate of \(150 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{s}\). This oil has a mass density of \(850 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) and a
Water from a faucet fills a bathtub with \(100 \mathrm{~L}\) of water in \(5.00 \mathrm{~min}\). That water travels through a cylindrical pipe that has a diameter of \(12.5 \mathrm{~mm}\). What is
The archerfish can form a tube by curling its tongue against a groove in the top of its mouth and then snapping shut its gills. The fish can then spit a stream of water at its prey (Figure P18.84).
Two horizontal cylindrical pipes are connected together, and a viscous liquid undergoes laminar flow through them. The first pipe has radius \(R_{1}\) and length \(\ell_{1}\), and the second has
A liquid of viscosity \(0.456 \mathrm{~Pa} \cdot \mathrm{s}\) and mass density \(882 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) flows through a pipe at a volume flow rate of \(2.00 \mathrm{~m}^{3} /
Drops of an oil that has a mass density of \(700 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) are released from a broken undersea oil pipe that is \(1000 \mathrm{~m}\) below the ocean surface. (a) If the drops
Consider the cylindrical outer surface of the column of liquid in a tube of length \(\ell\) and radius \(R\). Imagine slicing this surface into two half cylinders along the long central axis of the
A liquid moves through a pipe of diameter \(d\) at volume flow rate \(Q_{1}\). When the pipe diameter is reduced to \(d / 4\) while the pressure is held constant, what is the new volume flow rate
A blood vessel has a diameter of \(3.20 \mathrm{~mm}\) because it is partially clogged by cholesterol. You want to remove enough cholesterol to double the volume flow rate of the blood through the
Europa, a satellite of Jupiter, appears to have a liquid ocean of water below an ice layer on its surface. The acceleration due to gravity at the surface is \(1.3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\), and
Estimate how much the air surrounding your body affects the scale reading when you stand on a spring scale.
In an automobile braking system, the brake pedal pushes on one end of a column of liquid (the brake fluid) in a rigid tube. At the other end of the tube, the liquid presses on a piston attached to a
A thick layer of oil of mass density \(800 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) floats atop (but does not mix with) water in a deep container. You gently place a sphere of uniform mass density in the
In bubble tea with pearls, a popular drink from Taiwan, balls of tapioca are put into cold tea mixed with sugar and milk. Some of the balls fall to the bottom of the cup, others rise to the surface,
A cubical box measures \(1.50 \mathrm{~m}\) on each side and has a mass of \(3000 \mathrm{~kg}\). Its walls are made of a dense but very thin metal, and the box is placed upright in a lake. (a) Once
On a planet the same size as Earth, ocean water has a mass density of \(1000 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\). A space probe measures the atmospheric pressure at the surface of this planet to be
A fire hose shoots water from ground level at an angle of \(60.0^{\circ}\) above the horizontal, with negligible air resistance. The initial speed of the water is such that the water strikes a
A spherical measuring device of radius \(250 \mathrm{~mm}\) and mass density \(1500 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) is suspended under water by two wires. Wire A pulls horizontally to the left on the
A long evacuated tube has a cross-sectional area of \(1.50 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{~m}^{2}\) and is permanently sealed at one end but can be opened at the other. When the tube is opened while oriented
A large iceberg in the shape of a cube has a mass density of \(917 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\) and floats upright in seawater that has a mass density of \(1024 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}\).
A cylindrical \(\log\) of length \(\ell\) and radius \(R\) floats horizontally half submerged in a liquid of mass density \(ho\). (a) By direct integration of the pressure over the surface of the
Working on a team designing a new cargo ship, you have been charged with investigating what dimensions enable a steel ship to carry as much cargo as possible. Certainly the larger the ship, the more
Watching a parent and child balancing on a seesaw, you begin to wonder what effect the buoyant force exerted by the surrounding air might have on the distance each of them must be from the pivot to
You have been given the task of determining, for a redwood tree \(100 \mathrm{~m}\) tall, the mechanisms that allow the tree to grow to such a height and the mechanisms that prevent it from growing
The amplitude of a surface wave for which \(\lambda=0.050 \mathrm{~m}\) is \(5.0 \mathrm{~mm}\) at a distance of \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) from a point source. What is the amplitude of the wave (a) 10 m
Given that the speed of sound waves in dry air is \(343 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), determine the wavelengths at the lower and upper ends of the audible frequency range \((20 \mathrm{~Hz}-20
For the situation shown in Figure 17.16a, how many nodes are there along the line segment \(S_{1} S_{2}\) that connects the centers of the two sources?Data from Figure 17.16a (a) Both sources
The minimum intensity audible to the human ear is called the threshold of hearing. For a \(1.0-\mathrm{kHz}\) sound wave, this threshold is approximately \(10^{-12} \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\).
A clarinet can produce sound waves of intensity level about \(70 \mathrm{~dB}\). By how much does the intensity level increase if a second clarinet is played at the same time?
You and a friend are running laps around a race track. You begin together, and both of you run at constant speed, but you run faster than she does. Because the time interval \(T_{y}\) you take to
Your middle-C tuning fork oscillates at \(261.6 \mathrm{~Hz}\). When you play the middle-C key on your piano together with the tuning fork, you hear 15 beats in \(10 \mathrm{~s}\). What are the
Standing alongside a straight section of railroad track as a train passes, you record the sound of the train's horn. By analyzing the recording, you determine that the frequency of the sound was
A neat trick for determining whether or not a train is coming is to press your ear to a railroad track. Why is this much more effective than listening for the train's sound carried by air?
Suppose a material is stiffer in the \(x\) direction than in the \(y\) direction. Draw the wavefronts emanating from a point source embedded in this material and radiating in these two directions.
Your professor delivers a lecture. Does the amplitude of sound waves in the classroom decrease like \(1 / r\), where \(r\) is the distance from the professor to you?
A cannon is fired some distance away from you, and you wish to estimate that distance by determining how much sound energy enters your ear. (a) How does the sound energy depend on the distance
One form of whispering gallery is an elliptical room where a person standing at one focus can hear quite clearly someone speaking very quietly at the other focus. Use your knowledge of ellipses to
Because the audible range in bats is about \(10 \mathrm{kHz}\) to more than \(120 \mathrm{kHz}\), these animals are oblivious to normal human conversation, which is at frequencies of typically
Standing waves (see Section 16. 6) can form when sound traveling inside a closed tube reflects from each end. These waves have a node at each (immovable) end. Standing waves can also form in a tube
Sketch the three lowest-frequency harmonic wave function patterns for standing waves in the air in a tube that is open at both ends, (a) representing displacement nodes and antinodes and \((b)\)
If the frequency of the sources in Figure P17.10 is increased, do the nodal lines get farther apart, get closer together, or remain unchanged?Data from Figure 17.10 nodal lines SOM
What happens to the nodal lines in Figure P17.10 if the phase of one of the sources is shifted by \(180^{\circ}\) ?Data from Figure 17.10 nodal lines SOM
Are stable nodal lines formed by two sources that emit waves that have the same amplitude but different frequencies?
Speaker manufacturers often discourage placing speakers in front of curtains or drapes because having an uncovered wall behind the speakers often alleviates dead listening spots in the room. Explain
How many nodal lines are created by two point sources that are separated by a distance equal to \(2.5 \lambda\) ?
Vibration in a car can create concentric ripples on the surface of a cup of coffee sitting on the dashboard. What kind of waves are the ripples, and why are they circular?
Two sound sources emitting at the same wavelength \(\lambda\) are placed a distance \(d_{\mathrm{s}}\) apart and a perpendicular distance \(d_{\mathrm{m}}\) away from a row of microphones. Show that
Two coherent sources of water waves of frequency \(f\) and speed \(c\) are a distance \(d\) apart and equal in amplitude. Nodal lines exist where the path lengths from the sources differ by an odd
Three equally spaced, coherent sources of water waves of frequency \(f\) are in a line with a distance \(d\) separating each adjacent pair. All three sources have the same amplitude. Nodal lines
When your mother shouted at you to come inside when you were a kid, how could you hear her when you were around a corner?
The speaker in Figure P17.20 faces a narrow obstructing panel made of sound-absorbing material. A microphone is placed dead center behind the panel. Does the microphone pick up sound or not?Data from
Two very small, coherent sources are separated by \(d=2 \lambda\), where \(\lambda\) is the wavelength of the circular waves created by each source. (a) Use Huygens' principle to construct a dozen
A radio station has a power output of \(140 \mathrm{~W}\) and is located \(1.5 \mathrm{~km}\) from your house. The radio signal is emitted uniformly in all directions. What is the intensity \(I\) of
You measure the intensity of a sound wave to be \(5.70 \mathrm{~W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). If the power output of the signal is \(90 \mathrm{~W}\) and the signal is emitted in all directions, how far
One mosquito emits a sound of intensity level \(15 \mathrm{~dB}\), as measured on a decibel meter \(0.50 \mathrm{~m}\) away. What is the intensity level of the sound emitted by 100 mosquitoes at the
If ten screaming children on the playground produce a sound for which the intensity level is \(80 \mathrm{~dB}\), how many children do you need to produce an \(82-\mathrm{dB}\) sound?
A sound source at the center of a cubical room radiates uniformly in all directions. What is the difference in decibels between the intensity level at a ceiling corner of the room and the intensity
At a distance of \(3.0 \mathrm{~m}\) from your stereo system with two speakers, what power output must your stereo amplifier have in order for the intensity level to be \(80 \mathrm{~dB}\) ? Assume
A satellite orbiting Earth at an altitude of \(450 \mathrm{~km}\) emits a radio signal that has a power level of \(12 \mathrm{~W}\) when it reaches Earth. The signal is beamed in such a way that it
At a basketball game in an enclosed arena, you happen to sit next to a screaming baby. If the baby's yell arrives at your ear with an intensity level of \(75 \mathrm{~dB}\), and the music that
The intensity level from a directional loudspeaker at your position at a political rally is \(95 \mathrm{~dB}\).(a) What is the intensity \(I\) of the sound in watts per square meter? \((b)\) What
You are on the design team for a new airport. The developer wants to build a hotel as close to the airport as possible. The intensity level of a large jet during takeoff is \(140 \mathrm{~dB}\) at
The intensity level at the front of a library reading room is \(70 \mathrm{~dB}\) when 120 students are in the room and \(20 \mathrm{~dB}\) when the room is empty. What do you expect the intensity
A typical car horn has an intensity level of \(90 \mathrm{~dB}\) at a distance of \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\). (a) What is the intensity level of 16 cars all honking their horns at an intersection on a city
On a whale-watching expedition, your underwater sound detector picks up a whale sound that has an intensity of \(9.0 \mu \mathrm{W} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\). (a) What is the intensity level \(\beta\) of
A frequency generator (a device that produces sinusoidal signals whose frequency and amplitude can be independently set) is used to power a horn. The frequency is set to \(2000 \mathrm{~Hz}\), and
Suppose that two coherent, spherical sound sources, 1 and 2 , each generate the same amount of power \(P\). The distance between the sources is \(2 \lambda\). Point \(\mathrm{R}\) is on a line of
Your bedroom is \(8.0 \mathrm{~m}\) away from the living room. When requested by your parents to turn down your stereo, you do, and the intensity level where they are sitting in the living room drops
If two superimposed frequencies differ by more than about \(20 \mathrm{~Hz}\), what do you hear?

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