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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

A \(3.0-\mathrm{kg}\) disk of radius \(50 \mathrm{~mm}\) rolls down a ramp inclined at an angle of \(28^{\circ}\) with the vertical. If the disk starts out at rest and the coefficients of static and
An almost-conical toy top (Figure P12.71) that has radius \(R=20 \mathrm{~mm}\) and inertia \(0.125 \mathrm{~kg}\) is spun up using a force of \(5.0 \mathrm{~N}\) and a string that is \(1.0
Archimedes' screw, one of the first mechanical devices invented for lifting water, is a very large screw fitted tightly inside a shaft (Figure P12.72). The bottom of the device is placed in a pool of
You attach a \(0.50-\mathrm{m}\) length of string to a \(50 \mathrm{~g}\) puck and pass the other end of the string through a hole in the center of a table. Grasping the string under the table, you
A \(30-\mathrm{kg}\) solid sphere of radius \(0.12 \mathrm{~m}\) is rolling without slipping on a horizontal surface at \(2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). (a) What average torque is required to stop
A marble that has a radius of \(10 \mathrm{~mm}\) is placed at the top of a globe of radius \(0.80 \mathrm{~m}\). When released, the marble rolls without slipping down the globe. Determine the angle
A \(4.0-\mathrm{kg}\) bowling ball is thrown down the alley with a speed of \(10.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). At first the ball slides with no rotation. The coefficient of friction between ball and
You shove a cube of inertia \(m\) and side length \(d\) so that it slides along a smooth table with speed \(v_{1}\) (Figure P12.77a). The cube then hits a raised lip at the end of the table. After it
When you want to turn a bicycle left, the first thing you do is lean left. Why is it important to do this?
If the magnitude of the vector product of two vectors is the same as the magnitude of the scalar product of the same two vectors, what is the angle between them?
A cyclist exerts a vertical force on a bike pedal. This pedal is at the end of a crank that is \(0.20 \mathrm{~m}\) long and pivoted to rotate about the axle of the chain wheel. If the cyclist pushes
The two arms of the L-shaped handle on the spigot of Figure P12.82 have a length ratio of \(1: \sqrt{3}\). At what angle \(\theta\) do you want to pull down on the end of the handle to maximize the
A \(3.0-\mathrm{kg}\) rod that is \(1.5 \mathrm{~m}\) long is free to rotate in a vertical plane about an axle that runs through the rod's center, is perpendicular to the rod's length, and runs
A motor drives a disk initially at rest through 23.9 rotations in \(5.0 \mathrm{~s}\). Assume the vector sum of the torques caused by the force exerted by the motor and the force of friction is
The angular momentum of the propellers of a small airplane points directly forward from the plane. (a) In what direction do the propellers rotate as seen from the rear of the plane? (b) If the plane
A \(40-\mathrm{kg}\) sharpening wheel of radius \(0.10 \mathrm{~m}\) is rotating at 3.3 revolutions per second. A \(6.0-\mathrm{kg}\) axe is pressed against the rim with a force of \(40 \mathrm{~N}\)
A heavy-rimmed bicycle wheel is set Figure P12.88 spinning in the direction shown in Figure P12.88. A string is tied to one end of the axle, and someone is holding up the string. (a) Use torque
A gyroscope consists of a spinning wheel mounted inside a support structure (Figure P12.89). Because of conservation of angular momentum, the gyroscope keeps its orientation in space unless some
Two identical boxes are placed on opposite ends of the board of a playground seesaw as in Figure P12.90a, so that the system is in mechanical equilibrium. (a) What happens to that equilibrium if you
For the \(x\) and \(y\) axes of a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, what is the direction of \(\hat{i} \times[\hat{i} \times[\hat{i} \times(\hat{i} \times \hat{j})] ?\)
Standing on a round raft floating on a pond, how do you turn the raft around \(180^{\circ}\) ?
Dragster drivers have to avoid supplying too much power to the vehicle because too much power causes the front end to rise in a "wheelie," compromising steering control. (a) Why does this happen? (b)
If everyone on Earth simultancously walked from west to east, by what fraction would the length of the day change? Would it lengthen or shorten?
A \(51-\mathrm{kg}\) box is suspended from the right end of a horizontal rod that has very small inertia. The left end of the rod is affixed to a wall by a pin. A wire connects the right end of the
A \(35-\mathrm{kg}\) child stands on the edge of a playground merrygo-round that has a radius of \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) and a rotational inertia of \(500 \mathrm{~kg} \cdot \mathrm{m}^{2}\). The
A neutron star is the compact remnant of a very large star that has exploded. Suppose that right after one such explosion, when much of the star's inertia has been blasted away, the star's remaining
A horizontal \(2.0-\mathrm{kg}\) rod is \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\) long. An \(8.0-\mathrm{kg}\) block is suspended from its left end, and a \(4.0-\mathrm{kg}\) block is suspended from its right end. (a)
What maximum torque can a bicyclist deliver to the pedals?
A solid ball of inertia \(m\) rolls without slipping down a ramp that makes an angle \(\theta\) with the horizontal. (a) What frictional force is exerted on the ball? (b) As a function of \(\theta\),
You make a lawn roller out of a \(125-\mathrm{kg}\) solid cylinder, set to rotate about a central axle. You rig up handles on either side of the axle so that you and a friend can pull on the handles
A marble is shot across a smooth wooden floor so that the marble both rotates about a horizontal axis and slides. If at a certain instant the marble's rotational kinetic energy equals the
A 12-kg cylinder of radius \(0.10 \mathrm{~m}\) starts at rest and rolls without slipping down a ramp that is \(6.0 \mathrm{~m}\) long and inclined at \(30^{\circ}\) to the horizontal. When the
A child runs in a straight line tangent to a playground carousel, jumps on, and holds tight as the carousel begins to rotate. Which of the following statements is correct for this collision? (a) The
In a judo hip throw, you pull your \(60-\mathrm{kg}\) opponent onto your back to bring her center of mass just above your hip and then rotate her about your hip. Assume that the lever arm distance of
You've been asked to design a flywheel and the associated emergency friction braking system for an electric vehicle. In order to fit the available space, the flywheel must be cast in the form of a
A \(3.0-\mathrm{kg}\) block is attached to one end of a light, unstretchable string that is wrapped securely around a cylinder that has a \(0.30-\mathrm{m}\) radius and a rotational inertia of \(0.80
You are building a pool table and want the design to be such that any ball that rolls into one of the side rails without slipping bounces off the rail and rolls away in another direction, again
A yo-yo is composed of two disks of radius \(a\), with many layers of string wrapped around the axle. The radial distance from the center of the axle to the top layer of string at any instant is
Consider again the rod in Figure 12.4. Calculate the sum of the torques about the left end of the rod.Data from Figure 12.4 (a) (b) 1 pivot 2 In F forces exerted on rod by weights
You hold a ball in the palm of your hand, as shown in Figure 12.10. The bones in your forearm act like a horizontal lever pivoted at the elbow. The bones are held up by the biceps muscle, which makes
You are moving a large crate mounted on swivel wheels, exerting an off-center force \(\vec{F}_{\mathrm{pc}}^{c}\) as shown in Figure 12.12. Draw an extended free-body diagram for the crate. You can
Three forces are exerted on the lever of Figure 12.7. Forces \(\vec{F}_{1}\) and \(\vec{F}_{3}\) are equal in magnitude, and the magnitude of \(\vec{F}_{2}\) is half as great. Force \(\vec{F}_{1}\)
A motor exerts a constant force of \(120 \mathrm{~N}\) tangential to the rim of a \(20-\mathrm{kg}\) cylindrical flywheel of radius \(0.50 \mathrm{~m}\). The flywheel is free to rotate about an axis
Consider the spinning disc shown in Figure 12.34, in which, a spinning conical shaft rises up into the opening in the center of the disc, and the disc begins to spin. Suppose the disc's rotational
As you accelerate from rest on a bicycle, how does the magnitude of the force of friction exerted by the road surface on the rear wheel compare with the magnitude of the force of friction exerted by
A solid cylindrical object of inertia \(m\), rotational inertia \(I\), and radius \(R\) rolls down a ramp that makes an angle \(\theta\) with the horizontal. By how much does the cylinder's energy
A cannon launches two shells at the same speed, one at \(55^{\circ}\) above horizontal and one at \(35^{\circ}\) above horizontal. Which shell, if either, has the longer range? Which shell, if
Plot the range of a projectile as a function of the launch angle above horizontal.
A ball is thrown at an angle of \(30^{\circ}\) above the horizontal at a speed of \(30 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Write the ball's velocity in terms of rectangular unit vectors.
What is the difference between leading zeros and trailing zeros? Which ones are considered significant digits?
Explain the difference between number of digits, number of decimal places, and number of significant digits in a numerical value. Illustrate your explanation using the number 0.03720 .
What is the simplest way to convert a quantity given in one unit to the same quantity given in a different unit?
What concept does density represent?
What are the seven SI base units and the physical quantities they represent?
Make an order-of-magnitude estimate of the mass of earth in kilograms.
What two pieces of information are necessary to express any physical quantity?
(a) Using what you know about the diameters of atoms from Section 1.3, estimate the length of one side of a cube made up of \(1 \mathrm{~mol}\) of closely packed carbon atoms. (b) The mass density of
What principle that relates events depends on the arrow of time? State this principle, and briefly explain what it means.
Why is the ratio on the left in Eq. 1.5 not suitable for converting inches to millimeters? 1 in. 25.4 mm 25.4 mm 1 or 1 (1.5) 1 in.
What does the phrase arrow of time mean?
Use prefixes from Table 1.3 to remove either all or almost all of the zeros in each expression. (a) \(\ell=150,000,000 \mathrm{~m},(b) t=0.000000000012 \mathrm{~s},(c) 1200 \mathrm{~km} /
Physicists study phenomena that extend over what range of sizes? Over what range of time intervals?
A single chemical reaction takes about \(10^{-13} \mathrm{~s}\). What order of magnitude is the number of sequential chemical reactions that could take place during a physics class?
In physics, what is the definition of universe?
(a) State a possible cause for the following events: (i) The light goes out in your room; (ii) you hear a loud, rumbling noise; (iii) a check you wrote at the bookstore bounces. (b) Could any of the
A planar shape is formed from four straight-line segments of length \(\ell\) that do not cross. One end of segment 1 is connected to one end of segment 2 such that they make a \(30^{\circ}\) angle.
Assume the radiation from the cesium atom mentioned in Problem 26 moves at the speed of light. How many meters does the radiation travel in the length of time corresponding to the period calculated
What are the benefits of making order-of-magnitude estimates?
When checking calculations, what do the letters in the acronym VENUS stand for?
Summarize the four-stage problem-solving procedure used in this book.
How many significant digits are appropriate in expressing the result of a multiplication or division?
The Sun is approximately 93 million miles from Earth. (a) What is this distance in millimeters? (b) How many Earths could fit side by side in this distance?
To work an order-of-magnitude problem, you need the value of the mass density of water, but you don't know what that value is. Design either a translation strategy or a division strategy for making
What is the purpose of the Concepts part of each chapter in the Principles volume of this book? What is the purpose of the Quantitative Tools part of each Principles chapter?
(a) Express the circumference of a circle of radius \(R=27.3 \mathrm{~mm}\) with the correct number of significant digits. (b) Let \(a=12.3, b=3.241\), and \(c=55.74\). Compute \(a+b+c\). (c) Let
When solving physics problems, what are the advantages of making simplified visual representations of the situations?
Which types of geometrical symmetry mentioned in the Principles volume does a sphere have?
Picture a long, straight corridor running east-west, with a water fountain located somewhere along it. Starting from the west end of the corridor, a woman walks a short distance east along the
To what order of magnitude should you round the numbers 2900 and 3100? Explain why your answers are different for the two numbers.
You and your spouse are working out a seating arrangement around a circular table for dinner with John and Mary Jones, Mike and Sylvia Masters, and Bob and Cyndi Ahlers. Mike is not fond of the
What does expressing a value to an order of magnitude mean? Why would we express values in this way?
At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, 1 mol of helium gas has a volume of 24 .5 x 10-3 m3 . The same amount of liquid helium has a volume of 32 .0 x10-6 m3. What are the number and mass
What are two types of symmetry that are demonstrated in the reproducibility of experimental results?
Imagine magnifying each atom in an apple to the size of the apple. What would the diameter of the apple then be?
What does symmetry mean in physics?
Based on the early definition of the meter, one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole, what is Earth's radius?
Describe the difference between the two types of reasoning involved in doing science.
You always store your pencils in a cylindrical case. One day while traveling in the tropics, you discover that the cap, which you have placed back on the case day in, day out for years, doesn't fit
Name some skills that are useful in doing science.
After reading this section, reflect on your goals for this course. Write down what you would like to accomplish and why you would like to accomplish this. Once you have done that, turn to the final
A battery-operated portable music player fails to play when it is turned on. Develop a hypothesis explaining why it fails to play, and then make a prediction that permits you to test your hypothesis.
In Exercise 1.2, each of the conclusions drawn from the two possible outcomes contains a hidden assumption. What are the hidden assumptions?Data From Exercise 1.2:A battery-operated portable music
Briefly describe the scientific method and what it involves.
What is a common definition of physics? That is, what is physics about?
I have two coins in my pocket, together worth 30 cents. If one of them is not a nickel, what coins are they?
Calculate:(a) \(f=a /(b c)\), where \(a=2.34\mathrm{~mm}^{2}, b=54.26\mathrm{~m}\), and \(c=0.14\mu \mathrm{m}\);(b) \(g=k t^{3}\), where \(k=1.208\times 10^{-2}\mathrm{~s}^{-3}\) and
For a given level of technology, there is a maximum density of "bits" of information that can be stored on a computer's hard-drive disk. The data are stored in a tight spiral, so that "tracks" are
What is the ratio of the rotational speed of Earth's daily rotation to that of its annual revolution?
When one race car passes another during a race, the passing car usually tries to pass on the inner lane of a curve in the track. Why?
The toy race track in Figure P11.4 has three lanes, and cars cannot change lanes. The centerlines of any two adjacent lanes are 100 mm apart, and the innermost lane has a radius of 1.00 m.(a) If each

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