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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

Translate the kinetic energy graph in Figure 7. 2 into three sets of energy bars: before the collision, during the collision, and after the collision. In each set, include a bar for \(K_{1}\), a bar
Describe a scenario to fit the energy bars shown in Figure 7. 22. What happens during the interaction?Data from Figure 7. 22 AE, AE LLEF AK AU K U E E K U E, E
Describe a scenario to fit the velocity-versus-time curves for two colliding objects shown in Figure 7. 23. All motion is confined to the \(x\) axis. What happens to the initial energy of the system
A truck is traveling at a constant \(25 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) when a motorcycle speeds past at a constant \(40 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). On which vehicle, if either, is the magnitude of the
You wish to move a crate. (a) Is there a minimum value for the magnitude of the pushing force you have to exert to set the crate in motion? (b) Is there a minimum value for the magnitude of the
Sketch the \(\sum F_{x}(t)\) curve for the vector sum of forces exerted on the object whose \(x\) component of momentum is plotted in Figure P8.3. Curve sections are numbered for reference.Data from
The \(x\) component of the vector sum of forces exerted on a cart moving on a low-friction track is measured in the laboratory with the aid of a spring-loaded sensor and a monitoring computer. From
If a single known force is exerted on an object of unknown initial velocity for a certain time interval, you know the change in the object's momentum. However, you don't know its change in kinetic
Consider a coal mining cart being loaded with coal as it moves along a horizontal track. Suppose that a tractor exerts a constant horizontal force on this cart. Is there any situation in which the
A worker pushes a box in a factory. In each case, decide which force has the greater magnitude: the force exerted by the worker on the box or the force exerted by the box on the worker. (a) The box
In many science fiction movies, someone is portrayed moving something with her or his mind-an amazing feat called telekinesis. What does your knowledge of forces predict about the effect of a
Which of the following can exert a force: \((a)\) a hammer,(b) a nail,(c) a person,(d) a chair, \((e)\) a ship, \((f)\) water, (g) Earth?
During a tennis volley, a ball that arrives at a player at \(40 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) is struck by the racquet and returned at \(40 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The other player, realizing that
A pitcher throws a fastball toward home plate. (a) When the ball is halfway to the plate, is the pitcher's push still exerted on the ball? (b) What forces, if any, are exerted on the ball at the
A car's acceleration forward must be due to a force exerted on the car, and the only thing that can push forward on the car is the road (in contact with the tires). So, what purpose does the engine
A baby is bouncing in a seat fastened by an elastic cord to a hook on the ceiling. At the top of his bounce, his velocity is instantaneously zero. Is the vector sum of forces exerted on him at that
(a) Can an object ever exert both a contact force and a field force on another object? (b) Can an object ever exert a contact force on something without exerting a field force on that same object?
You push on a refrigerator, but it doesn't move. Explain why not.
You are discussing physics homework with a friend while the two of you are riding your bikes. Distracted, you collide with a parked car. The car doesn't move. Your friend says, "Of course not! The
What interaction does a bathroom (spring) scale actually measure?
A table sits on the floor, and a vase containing water and flowers sits on top of the table. All objects are at rest. Identify all forces exerted on the table, and describe how these forces are
You are in a stationary elevator, so that the contact force exerted by the floor on you is equal in magnitude to the force of gravity exerted on you. When the elevator starts downward, which force
When you are standing motionless on the ground, your feet exert a force on Earth. Why doesn't Earth move away from you?
You push on a crate, and it starts to move-but you don't. Draw a free-body diagram for you and one for the crate; show only the horizontal forces. Then use the diagrams and your knowledge about
The force of air resistance on any object falling through the air increases with the object's speed. What happens to the acceleration of a raindrop as it falls from a cloud?
You are carrying your 3-year-old niece on your shoulders in an elevator cabin that is moving upward with velocity \(1.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) and constant downward acceleration of \(1.0
A delivery person in an elevator is holding a package by an elastic cord. (Don't ask why.) (a) What happens to the length of the cord when the elevator accelerates upward? Draw the free-body diagram
Suppose a rope that is hanging by one end from the ceiling has a large inertia. Is the tension in the rope uniform throughout the length?
Walking beside a pasture, you and a fellow student see a farmer pulling a mule with a rope and getting nowhere. Your friend says, "The force with which the mule is pulling on the rope has the same
In a game of tug of war, the blue team is beating the red team, and the red team is accelerating toward the mud pit between the two teams. Which has the greater magnitude, if either: the force the
The standard coupling between railroad cars must be capable of withstanding the maximum tensile force exerted on any coupling in a given train. (a) If a locomotive is pulling ten cars and speeding
In an electric breakdown in air (a spark), an electron (inertia \(9.11 \times 10^{-31} \mathrm{~kg}\) ) experiences an electric force of \(4.83 \times 10^{-13} \mathrm{~N}\). What is the magnitude of
A \(2.3-\mathrm{kg}\) object experiences a single, time-dependent force \(F_{x}(t)=(10 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{s}) t-(20 \mathrm{~N})\). What is the object's acceleration at \(t=0,2.0 \mathrm{~s}\),
Is it possible to figure out an object's past motion if you know its present position and velocity and the history of all the forces exerted on it?
The force exerted by expanding gases is what propels a shell out of a gun barrel. Suppose a force that has an average magnitude \(F\) propels the shell so that it has a speed \(v\) at the instant it
A \(50-\mathrm{kg}\) pneumatic hammer is fitted with a shock absorber at the top to lessen the impact on the worker. The vertical displacement of the hammer as a function of time is given by \(x(t)=a
You push with a steady force of \(19 \mathrm{~N}\) on a \(48-\mathrm{kg}\) desk fitted with casters (wheels that swivel) on its four feet. How long does it take you to move the desk \(5.9
In Figure P8.35, a \(50-\mathrm{kg}\) skier heads down a slope, reaching a speed of \(35 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). She then slides across a horizontal snow field but hits a rough area. Assume the
A \(2.34-\mathrm{kg}\) cart on a long, level, low-friction track is heading for a small electric fan at \(0.23 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The fan, which was initially off, is turned on. As the fan
What is the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by Earth on a \(1.0 \mathrm{~kg}\) brick when the brick is \((a)\) in free fall and \((b)\) resting on a table?
Estimate the magnitude of the force of gravity exerted on(a) a packet of sugar,(b) a cup of water,(c) a packed carryon suitcase, \((d)\) an adult gorilla, and(e) a midsize car.
The magnitude of the gravitational force exerted on the piano in Figure P8.39 is 1500 N. With how much force do you have to pull on the rope in order to hold up the piano \((a)\) with the single
The piano in Figure P8.39 is being lowered with an acceleration of magnitude exactly \(g / 8\). To maintain this acceleration, with what force magnitude must the person pull on the rope \((a)\) with
If the force of gravity exerted by Earth on a fully suited astronaut at Earth's surface is \(1960 \mathrm{~N}\), what is the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted on her \((a)\) on Jupiter,
You are climbing a rope straight up toward the ceiling. (a) What are the magnitude and direction of the force you must exert on the rope in order to accelerate upward at \(1.5 \mathrm{~m} /
Two blocks are tied together by a cord draped over a pulley (Figure P8.43). (a) At first, the block on the table does not slip. How does the tension in the cord compare with the gravitational force
Assume that the block on the table in Figure P8.43 has twice the inertia of the hanging block. (a) You give the block on the table a push to the right so that it starts to move. If the magnitude of
Assume that the block on the table in Figure P8.43 has half the inertia of the hanging block. (a) You push the block on the table to the right so that it starts to move. If the magnitude of the
A bag of concrete mix is tied to one end of a rope that is looped over a pulley attached to the ceiling, and the other end of the rope is tied to a pallet of lumber (Figure P8.46), The concrete mix
All blocks in Figure P8.47 are identical and you can ignore any friction in the pulleys. Rank the configurations in increasing order of tension in the rope. (Use free-body diagrams.)Data from Figure
Picture an object in free fall. If the leading face of the object (which means the face closest to the ground) has a large surface area, air resistance becomes important. For low speeds, the force
At a munitions factory, chemicals \(M\) and \(P\) have to be added to a vat containing chemical \(\mathrm{C}\). Chemicals \(\mathrm{M}\) and \(\mathrm{P}\) have to be added simultaneously to prevent
A \(66-\mathrm{kg}\) person experiences a gravitational force of about \(660 \mathrm{~N}\). Yet, if this person were to jump onto a spring scale, the scale would briefly read about \(2400
A \(20-\mathrm{kg}\) child stands in the center of a trampoline. (a) If the trampoline center is \(0.11 \mathrm{~m}\) lower than before she got on, what is the spring constant of the trampoline? (b)
Two springs have spring constants \(k_{1}\) and \(k_{2}>k_{1}\). Connected as shown in Figure P8.52, they act like one spring. Compute the spring constant of the combination, and determine whether
Two springs have spring constants \(k_{1}\) and \(k_{2}>k_{1}\). Connected as shown in Figure P8.53, they act like one spring. Compute the spring constant of the combination. Is the combination
Two springs are hooked together end to end. When a \(4.0-\mathrm{kg}\) brick is suspended from one end of the combination, the combination stretches \(0.15 \mathrm{~m}\) beyond its relaxed length.
When a \(5.0-\mathrm{kg}\) box is hung from a spring, the spring stretches to \(50 \mathrm{~mm}\) beyond its relaxed length. In an elevator accelerating upward at \(2.0 \mathrm{~m} /
Suppose that when you lie on your bed, your body is supported by 30 of the springs in the mattress. Assuming that all the springs are identical and that your body presses on each spring equally,
In the modified Atwood machine shown in Figure P8.57, each of the three blocks has the same inertia \(m\). One end of the vertical spring, which has spring constant \(k\), is attached to the single
Your boss hands you a bag containing four springs, A, B, C, and D, and tells you that they all have the same relaxed length. He wants you to rank them by the values of their spring constants. He
A \(5.0-\mathrm{kg}\) red book is suspended from a spring attached to the ceiling of an elevator that is accelerating downward. Attaching the book causes the spring to stretch \(71 \mathrm{~mm}\)
Why does a dropped dinner plate break when it lands on a tile floor but not when it lands on carpet?
If you try to pound a nail into a board with a \(2.5-\mathrm{kg}\) rubber mallet, you will have less luck than if you use a 0. 8 kg steel hammer. Why?
In a baseball game, a batter hits the \(0.150-\mathrm{kg}\) ball straight back at the pitcher at \(180 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\). If the ball is traveling at \(160 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) just
In Figure P8.63, a heavy potted plant hangs by an enveloping hanger made of heavy yarn. (a) If you pull slowly on the tassel at the bottom, where is the hanger most likely to break? Why? (b) If you
Estimate the impulse delivered by a hammer to a nail being driven into a wood plank.
A \(1500-\mathrm{kg}\) car goes from 0 to \(100 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) in \(60 \mathrm{~s}\). (a) What is the impulse delivered to the car? (b) What is the average vector sum of forces exerted
A horizontal force \(F_{\text {slide }}\) is exerted on a \(5.0-\mathrm{kg}\) box sliding on a polished floor. As the box moves, the magnitude of \(F_{\text {slide }}\) increases smoothly from 0 to
Just before hitting the ground, a partially inflated \(0.625-\mathrm{kg}\) basketball has a speed of \(3.30 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Then it loses half of its kinetic energy as it bounces. (a)
A \(1.2-\mathrm{kg}\) ball dropped from a height of \(3.0 \mathrm{~m}\) onto a steel plate rigidly attached to the ground bounces back up to a height of \(2.5 \mathrm{~m}\). (a) What is the impulse
A \(0.050-\mathrm{kg}\) egg falls off a table that is \(1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) high and lands on a tile floor. (a) What is the impulse delivered to the egg by the floor? (b) The egg lands on its side, and
When it crashes into a bridge support that does not move, a car goes from \(80 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}\) to 0 in \(1.23 \mathrm{~m}\). (a) What is the impulse delivered to the \(70-\mathrm{kg}\)
A volleyball player serves the ball. The \(0.27-\mathrm{kg}\) ball was moving straight up and is at the high point of its trajectory when she hits it in a purely horizontal direction. The magnitude
A \(70-\mathrm{kg}\) student is falling toward Earth. (a) Draw one free-body diagram for Earth and one for the student. Assume that air resistance can be ignored. (b) Calculate the student's
Two \(5.00-\mathrm{kg}\) carts, one red and the other green, are \(1.00 \mathrm{~m}\) apart on a surface where either cart experiences a constant frictional force of \(5.00 \mathrm{~N}\) when it
Two \(0.500-\mathrm{kg}\) carts are \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\) apart on a low-friction track. You push one of the carts with a constant force of \(2.00 \mathrm{~N}\) directed so that the cart you push
A force of magnitude \(F\) is exerted on the leftmost face of two blocks sitting next to each other on a slippery surface, with two of their faces touching. The inertia of the block on the right is
A \(2.0-\mathrm{kg}\) cart and an \(8.0-\mathrm{kg}\) cart are connected by a relaxed, horizontal spring of spring constant \(300 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\). You pull the \(8.0-\mathrm{kg}\) cart
A \(1500-\mathrm{kg}\) truck and a \(1000-\mathrm{kg}\) car are parked with their rear bumpers nearly touching each other in a level parking lot. Both vehicles have their brakes off so that they are
A \(70-\mathrm{kg}\) skier is being towed on a rope behind a \(450-\mathrm{kg}\) snowmobile on a smooth, snow-covered surface at \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) when the snowmobile hits a patch of
A \(4.0-\mathrm{kg}\) block and a \(2.0-\mathrm{kg}\) block are connected to opposite ends of a relaxed spring of spring constant \(300 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\). The blocks are pushed toward each
You push your \(0.70-\mathrm{kg}\) pillow across your bed with a constant force of \(10 \mathrm{~N}\). The bed provides a frictional force of \(6.0 \mathrm{~N}\). What is the acceleration of the
You and a child are standing on a bathroom scale, which uses compression of a spring to measure the force exerted by your feet on the scale. What happens to the scale reading as you lift the child
You build a \(2.0-\mathrm{kg}\) mound of mashed potatoes on a kitchen scale (which is a spring scale). You then use a large spoon to press on the top of the mound at a constant force of \(3.0
You use a rope of length \(\ell\) to tie the front of a \(1500-\mathrm{kg}\) truck to the rear of a \(1000-\mathrm{kg}\) car and then use an identical rope of length \(\ell\) to tie the front of the
A tugboat pulls two barges down the river. The barge connected to the tugboat, carrying coal, has an inertia of \(2.0 \times 10^{5} \mathrm{~kg}\), and the other barge, carrying pig iron, has an
A farmer is trying to haul three \(500-\mathrm{kg}\) trailers connected together with identical ropes that will break if their tension exceeds \(2000 \mathrm{~N}\). The first trailer is connected to
A train engine is pulling four boxcars, each of inertia \(m\). The engine can exert a force of magnitude \(F\) on what it is pulling. Assuming that friction can be ignored, what is the tension in
A red \(10-\mathrm{kg}\) cart is connected to a \(20-\mathrm{kg}\) cart by a relaxed spring of spring constant \(60 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\). The \(20-\mathrm{kg}\) cart is resting against another
A toy wagon initially at rest is pulled by a child from one end of a driveway to the other end. The magnitude of the force the wagon exerts on the child is the same as the magnitude of the force the
In years past, car frames were built as stiff as possible, but today's cars are built with "crumple zones" in the front and rear portions of the frame. What is the purpose of this design change?
A \(60-\mathrm{kg}\) student is in an elevator moving downward with constant velocity. He uses a bathroom scale to measure the upward force exerted on his feet. What force magnitude does the scale
You want to hang an object from the ceiling of an elevator that has a maximum acceleration of \(4.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\). (a) If you hang the object with fishing line that supports \(45
You need to lower a \(45-\mathrm{kg}\) safe from a window to the bed of a \(1800-\mathrm{kg}\) truck. You have a rope that is just long enough, but it will support no more than \(42 \mathrm{~kg}\).
A \(10-\mathrm{kg}\) cart is connected to a \(20-\mathrm{kg}\) cart by a relaxed spring of spring constant \(1000 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}\), and both carts are placed on a low-friction track. You
A 5. 0-kg block suspended from a spring scale is slowly lowered onto a vertical spring (Figure P8.94). (a) What does the scale read before the block touches the vertical spring? (b) If the scale
You need to lift a heavy load of inertia \(m_{c}\) upward with an acceleration of magnitude \(g / 8\). You have two pulleys of inertia \(m_{\mathrm{p}} \ll m_{i}\), one attached to a beam above the
You and your uncle are fishing. You are using 22-N fishing line, which means the line can support that much tension without breaking. Your uncle challenges you to catch the biggest fish you can land
Your \(70-\mathrm{kg}\) friend always thinks he can dominate you in contests of strength because, even though you are a very athletic gymnast, your inertia is \(63 \mathrm{~kg}\). This time, while

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