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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

Using a rope, you pull a friend sitting on a swing (Figure 10.16). (a) As you increase the angle \(\theta\), does the magnitude of the force \(\vec{F}_{\mathrm{rp}}^{c}\) required to hold your friend
If each major grid unit in Figure 10.27 corresponds to \(1 \mathrm{~m}\), specify the location of point \(\mathrm{P}\) in polar coordinates.Data from Figure 10.27 (a) Rectangular coordinates y
The ball of Figure 10.32 is launched from the origin of an \(x y\) coordinate system. Write expressions giving, at the top of its trajectory, the ball's rectangular coordinates in terms of the
How far from the launch position is the position at which the ball of Figure 10.32 is once again back in the cart? (This distance is called the horizontal range of the projectile.)Data from Figure
Pucks 1 and 2 slide on ice and collide. The inertia of puck 2 is twice that of puck 1 . Puck 1 initially moves at \(1.8 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\); puck 2 initially moves at \(0.20 \mathrm{~m} /
A hiker is helping a friend up a hill that makes an angle of \(30^{\circ}\) with level ground. The hiker, who is farther up the hill, is pulling on a cable attached to his friend. The cable is
While designing a conveyor belt system for a new airport, you determine that, when a typical suitcase is moving up an incline of \(20^{\circ}\), the magnitude of the maximum forward acceleration a
In the diagrams in Figure 10. 22, the velocity of an object is given along with the vector representing a force exerted on the object. For each case, determine whether the object's speed increases,
Draw the sum \(\vec{A}+\vec{B}\) and the difference \(\vec{A}-\vec{B}\) of each vector pair in Figure 10. 23 .Data from Figure 10. 23 88 (a) (9) L 189 (c) 109 F V 100 B (P)
Each diagram in Figure 10. 24 indicates the momentum of an object before and after a single force is exerted on it. For each case determine the direction of the force.Data from Figure 10. 24 (a) TA
While driving to school, you place your coffee cup on the dashboard. Which type of force of friction allows the cup to stay put on the dashboard when the car speeds up? Does this force do any work on
A mosquito splatters onto the windshield of a moving bus and sticks to the glass. (a) During the collision, is the magnitude of the change in the mosquito's momentum smaller than, larger than, or
Identify all the forces exerted on the italicized object in each situation: (a) A book is lying on top of a magazine on a table. (b) A ball moves along a trajectory through the air. (c) A person is
Draw a free-body diagram for a book lying motionless on the floor.
Consider a person hanging motionless from a ring suspended from a cable, with the person's feet not touching the floor. Draw a free-body diagram for the ring.
A woman stands in an elevator that is accelerating upward. Draw a free-body diagram for her.
If two people, \(A\) and \(B\), pull on opposite ends of a rope that is at rest, each exerting a horizontal tensile force of magnitude \(F\), the tension in the rope is \(\mathcal{T}=F\). Suppose
A person is sitting on a stool in an elevator. The forces exerted on the stool are a downward force of magnitude \(60 \mathrm{~N}\) exerted by Earth, a downward force of magnitude \(780 \mathrm{~N}\)
A tennis ball of inertia \(0.20 \mathrm{~kg}\) is launched straight up in the air by hitting it with a racquet. If the magnitude of the acceleration of the ball while it is in contact with the
A book of inertia \(1.2 \mathrm{~kg}\) is placed on top of the spring in Figure 8.18. What is the displacement of the top end of the spring from the relaxed position when the book is at rest on top
(a) Two forces, one twice the magnitude of the other, are exerted on identical objects during the same time interval. Which force causes the greater change in momentum? (Assume that no other forces
The free-body diagram of a box subjected to forces is shown in Figure 8. 13. Because we are concerned about only the horizontal motion, the forces in the vertical direction have been omitted.(a) What
A block of wood rests on a shelf, and a second block of wood rests on top of the first. (a) List the objects in the environment of the top block. (b) List the objects in the environment of the bottom
Complete the following sentences, applying the reciprocity of forces. (Example: If I push down on the seat of my chair, the seat of my chair pushes up on me.)If I push to the right on the wall, . . .
If an impulse is delivered to a system, is work necessarily done on the system?
Hitting a door with your bare fist hurts more than hitting a sofa cushion. In work terms, explain why this is so.
If you drop a brick from a height of \(50 \mathrm{~mm}\) onto your toe, it probably won't hurt much, but if you drop the brick from a height of \(0.5 \mathrm{~m}\), it will hurt. The force of gravity
An object moves with constant velocity. What can you say about the work done on a system that includes only this object?
You hold a small steel ball in your hand above a laundry basket. Then you throw it straight up and watch as it rises, falls, and comes to rest in the pile of dirty laundry. Ignoring friction, discuss
The \(x\) component of velocity of a particle as a function of time is shown in Figure P9.6. Over what intervals is the work done on the particle \((a)\) positive, \((b)\) negative, (c) zero?Data
When you stand up from a seated position, you push down with your legs. Does this mean you do negative work when you stand up?
Mountain climbers know that it is harder to hike down a hill than to walk on level ground. Why is this so?
As a car accelerates from rest to highway speed, a pedestrian watching the motion sees positive work done on the car because its kinetic energy increases. However, from the reference frame of someone
A system consists of two interacting particles 1 and 2 , with particle 1 confined to an \(x\) axis and the system in equilibrium when particle 1 is at a given position on that axis. If displacing
Does work done on a system necessarily change the system's kinetic energy?
Taking off on a runway, a small jet experiences a forward force of \(90,000 \mathrm{~N}\) exerted by the engine and a backward force of \(16,000 \mathrm{~N}\) exerted by the air. Choose a system and
A block launched at speed \(v\) down an incline slides down the incline (there is friction between the block and incline) and into a spring (Figure P9.13), where it slows to zero speed as the spring
What, if anything, is wrong in the energy diagram in Figure P9.14 for a system comprising Earth, an inclined plane, and a block sliding along the incline? The block slides down the incline at
What possible scenario is described by the energy diagram in Figure P9.15?Data from Figure P9.15 AK AU , W
You are lifting a ball at constant velocity.(a) When the system is the ball, is work done on the system? If so, by what agent \((s)\) ? \((b)\) Describe the potential energy of this system during
You throw a ball straight up into the air. If air resistance affects the motion of the ball, which takes longer: the upward trip or the downward trip? Analyze using three different systems.
A tomato is launched vertically from a spring-loaded toy cannon placed on the pavement. The tomato rises to some maximum height and then falls back, but you have removed the cannon so that the tomato
A ball in motion collides elastically with an identical ball at rest. If we treat each ball as a separate system, is the work done on each ball the same?
How much work does gravity do on a \(2.0-\mathrm{mg}\) raindrop as the drop falls to the ground from a cloud \(2000 \mathrm{~m}\) above the ground?
At the end of a delivery ramp, a skid pad exerts a constant force on a package so that the package comes to rest in a distance \(d\). When the pad is replaced by one that requires a distance of \(2
At the end of a delivery ramp, a skid pad exerts a constant force on a package so that the package comes to rest in a distance \(d\). The ramp is changed so that the same package arrives at the skid
A \(55-\mathrm{kg}\) acrobat must jump high and land on his brother's shoulders. To accomplish this, he leaps from a crouched position to a height where his center of mass is \(1.20 \mathrm{~m}\)
A beetle that has an inertia of \(4.0 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~kg}\) sits on the floor. It jumps by using its muscles to push against the floor and raise its center of mass. (a) If its center of mass
A bicyclist pedals a distance \(d\) at constant speed on a level stretch of road. She then pedals up a hill and passes slowly over the top. As she coasts down the other side of the hill, she applies
In emergency braking, a certain car requires \(7.0 \mathrm{~m}\) to come to a stop from an initial speed of \(10 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Use an argument based on work done on the car to determine
At instant \(t_{0}\), you are sitting on a dock and you begin using a rope to lower a \(4.0-\mathrm{kg}\) lobster trap into the water, \(1.4 \mathrm{~m}\) below. You lower the trap at a constant
A 1. 1-kg lobster climbs into the trap of Problem 27, and at instant \(t_{3}\) you begin to haul the trap up onto the dock. The trap moves at a constant \(0.40 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) through the
A \(20-\mathrm{kg}\) child runs up the amusement-park wave slide shown in Figure P9.29. When she is nearly at the top of the first hump, which is \(0.90 \mathrm{~m}\) above the water, she flops down
In the block-and-tackle arrangement shown in Figure P9.30, three segments of the single rope pull on the block. (a) Show that the magnitude \(F_{\mathrm{pr}}^{\mathrm{c}}\) of the force exerted by a
The pair of pulleys shown in Figure P9.31 is used to lift a \(50-\mathrm{kg}\) block \(0.25 \mathrm{~m}\). The constant acceleration of the block during the lift is \(+2.5 \mathrm{~m} /
You push a blob of gelatin with a constant force of \(3.0 \mathrm{~N}\) across a wet table on which it slides easily. Because the blob shape distorts, its center of mass moves only \(30
A \(1000-\mathrm{kg}\) car traveling at \(5.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) runs into the side of an underpass. The concrete wall is not affected, but the car crumples such that in the time interval
A \(60-\mathrm{kg}\) ice skater stands facing a wall with his arms bent and then pushes away from the wall by straightening his arms. At the instant at which his fingers lose contact with the wall,
Two \(0.50-\mathrm{kg}\) carts, one red and one green, sit about half a meter apart on a low-friction track. You push on the red one with a constant force of \(2.0 \mathrm{~N}\) for \(0.15
Two \(0.50-\mathrm{kg}\) carts are pushed toward each other from starting positions at cither end of a \(6.0-\mathrm{m}\) low-friction track. Each cart is pushed with a force of \(3.0 \mathrm{~N}\),
You have a \(2.0-\mathrm{m}\) chain lying on the floor alongside ten \(0.10-\mathrm{kg}\) cubical blocks, each \(0.20 \mathrm{~m}\) on a side. Each block is resting on the floor, and the inertia of
A \(1.0-\mathrm{kg}\) cart and a \(0.50-\mathrm{kg}\) cart sit at different positions on a low-friction track. You push on the \(1.0-\mathrm{kg}\) cart with a constant \(2.0-\mathrm{N}\) force for
Two \(1.0-\mathrm{kg}\) blocks, one gray and one tan, are lined up along a horizontal \(x\) axis. The gray block is at \(x=-4.0 \mathrm{~m}\), and the \(\tan\) one is at \(x=+4.0 \mathrm{~m}\). A
Two identical \(0.50-\mathrm{kg}\) carts, each \(0.10 \mathrm{~m}\) long, are at rest on a low-friction track and are connected by a spring that is initially at its relaxed length of \(0.50
Because the soles of your shoes have cleats, you can exert a backward force of \(100 \mathrm{~N}\) on ice, allowing you to exert a similar forward force if you throw an object. A \(10-\mathrm{kg}\)
A bullet of inertia \(m\) traveling at speed \(v\) is fired into a wooden block that has inertia \(4 m\) and rests on a level surface. The bullet passes through the block and emerges with speed \(v /
You fire a bullet of inertia \(m\) into the block shown in Figure P9.43. The bullet is initially traveling at speed \(v\), and the inertia of the block is \(4 \mathrm{~m}\). The surface on which the
Spring B is stiffer than spring A. Which one has more energy stored in it if you (a) compress both springs with the same force and \((b)\) compress both springs the same displacement from their
Which arrangement in Figure P9.45 requires more work to give the block a rightward displacement \(\vec{d}\) ? The springs, blocks, and surfaces are identical in the two arrangements and the springs
Estimate the work done by the force plotted in Figure P9.46 for an object displaced from \(x=1.0 \mathrm{~m}\) to \(x=3.0 \mathrm{~m}\).Data from Figure P9.46 F(N) 3 2 1 2 3 x (m) 4
Stretching a certain spring \(0.10 \mathrm{~m}\) from its relaxed length requires \(18 \mathrm{~J}\) of work. How much more work does it take to stretch this spring an additional \(0.10 \mathrm{~m}\)
A force varies with time according to the expression \(F=a \Delta t\), where \(a=2.0 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{s}\). From this information, can you determine the work done on a particle that experienced
In pushing a \(0.024-\mathrm{kg}\) dart into a toy dart gun, you have to exert an increasing force that tops out at \(6.0 \mathrm{~N}\) when the spring is compressed to a maximum value of \(0.12
The work done by a certain force is given by \(W(\Delta x)=\) \(a \Delta x+b(\Delta x)^{3}\). Write an expression for the force as a function of \(\Delta x\).
A \(6.0-\mathrm{kg}\) bowling ball is held \(10 \mathrm{~mm}\) above a mattress and then released from rest and allowed to fall, sinking into the mattress. Model the mattress as a single spring with
In a carnival game, the player throws a ball at a haystack. For a typical throw, the ball leaves the hay with a speed exactly one-half of the entry speed. (a) If the frictional force exerted by the
The force exerted on a certain object varies with the object's position according to the function \(F_{x}(x)=a x^{2}+b x^{3}\) where \(a=3.0 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}^{2}\) and \(b=-0.50 \mathrm{~N} /
You devise a wind-up car powered by a spring for trips to the grocery store. The car has an inertia of \(500 \mathrm{~kg}\) and is \(4.2 \mathrm{~m}\) long. It should be able to accelerate from rest
A \(0.15 \mathrm{~kg}\) cart on wheels is at rest at the origin of an \(x\) axis between (but not connected to) two relaxed springs aligned along that axis. When the cart is pushed to the left of the
To complement the baseball-pitching machines at the sports complex where you work, you have designed a catching machine using a mitt, a spring, and a latch that locks the spring in place when the
Suppose a jogger has to exert a force of \(25 \mathrm{~N}\) against air resistance to maintain a velocity of \(+5.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). At what rate is the jogger expending energy?
A \(35-\mathrm{kg}\) girl climbs a \(10-\mathrm{m}\) rope in \(25 \mathrm{~s}\). What is her average power?
Hiking trails on steep slopes often zigzag back and forth rather than running in a straight path up the slope. What does having a zigzag path accomplish, given that getting to the top of the slope
Your \(1000-\mathrm{kg}\) car, moving at \(7.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\), approaches the bottom of a hill that is \(20 \mathrm{~m}\) high (Figure P9.60). To save gas, you use on average only \(3.3
A constant, nondissipative external (net) force is exerted on a particle. Is the same work done on the particle each second?
A team of dogs accelerates a \(200-\mathrm{kg}\) dogsled from 0 to \(5.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) in \(3.0 \mathrm{~s}\). (a) What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the dogs on the sled?
A \(20-\mathrm{kg}\) child wants to slide along a horizontal yard toy that consists of a slick plastic sheet covered with a thin layer of water to reduce friction to almost zero. To cause him to
A cog system on the beginning segment of a roller coaster needs to get 25 occupied cars up a \(100-\mathrm{m}\) vertical rise over a time interval of \(60 \mathrm{~s}\). Each car experiences a
A box slides across a frozen pond toward the left shore as two children standing on opposite shores pull on the box with ropes. The child on the left shore pulls with a force of \(3.0 \mathrm{~N}\),
A motor must lift a 1000-kg elevator cab. The cab's maximum occupant capacity is \(400 \mathrm{~kg}\), and its constant "cruising" speed is \(1.5 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). The design criterion is
An elevator operated by an electric motor rises at a constant speed. What is the work done on the elevator as it rises a distance \(b\) ?
Is it possible for a force to be exerted on an object along the direction of the object's motion and still produce no change in the object's kinetic energy? If yes, give an example. If no, explain
A shopping cart that has an inertia of \(12 \mathrm{~kg}\) when empty is loaded with \(38 \mathrm{~kg}\) of groceries. A child pushing the loaded cart loses control, and the cart rolls into a
Is it possible for the kinetic energy of an object to remain constant even when the vector sum of the forces exerted on the object is not zero? If yes, give an example. If no, explain why not.
To be rescued from the roof of a burning building, a \(70-\mathrm{kg}\) man must be able to jump straight up and catch hold of a rope ladder hanging from a helicopter. He has to raise his center of
About how much work does a trash collector do in the course of an 8-hour shift?
A constant, nondissipative external force is applied to a solid block, and it is found that the rate at which energy is delivered by the force is constant as the block moves horizontally. What does
An object is suspended from the ceiling by a spring aligned along a vertical \(x\) axis, with upward defined as the positive \(x\) direction. When the spring is at its relaxed length, the object is
You are midway up hill A in Figure P9.75. Across the valley is the shorter hill \(B\), the summit of which is slightly higher than your present spot. You want to roll a ball so that it crests hill B.
A \(10-\mathrm{kg}\) dog jumps up in the air to catch a ball. The dog's center of mass is normally \(0.20 \mathrm{~m}\) above the ground, and he is \(0.50 \mathrm{~m}\) long. The lowest he can get

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