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physics
physics scientists and engineers

Questions and Answers of Physics Scientists and Engineers

A Van de Graaff generator is a device that accumulates electrons on a large metal sphere until the large amount of charge causes sparks. As you’ll learn in Chapter 23, the electric field of a
The nucleus of a 125Xe atom (an isotope of the element xenon with mass 125 u) is 6.0 fm in diameter. It has 54 protons and charge q = +54e.a. What is the electric force on a proton 2.0 fm from the
Two 1.0 g spheres are charged equally and placed 2.0 cm apart. When released, they begin to accelerate at 150 m/s2. What is the magnitude of the charge on each sphere?
Pennies today are copper-covered zinc, but older pennies are 3.1 g of solid copper. What are the total positive charge and total negative charge in a solid copper penny that is electrically neutral?
A 0.10 g honeybee acquires a charge of +23 pC while flying.a. The earth’s electric field near the surface is typically (100 N/C, downward). What is the ratio of the electric force on the bee to the
A –12 nC charge is located at (x, y) = (1.0 cm, 0 cm). What are the electric fields at the positions (x, y) = (5.0 cm, 0 cm), (-5.0 cm, 0 cm), and (0 cm, 5.0 cm)? Write each electric field vector
A +12 nC charge is located at the origin.a. What are the electric fields at the positions (x, y) = (5.0 cm, 0 cm), (-5.0 cm, 5.0 cm), and (-5.0 cm, -5.0 cm)?Write each electric field vector in
The electric field 2.0 cm from a small object points away from the object with a strength of 270,000 N/C. What is the object’s charge?
What are the strength and direction of an electric field that will balance the weight of a 1.0 g plastic sphere that has been charged to -3.0 nC?
What magnitude charge creates a 1.0 N/C electric field at a point 1.0 m away?
What are the strength and direction of the electric field 4.0 cm from a small plastic bead that has been charged to -8.0 nC?
The electric field at a point in space is E = (400 î + 100 ĵ) N/C.a. What is the electric force on a proton at this point? Give your answer in component form.b. What is the electric force on an
What are the strength and direction of the electric field 1.0 mm from(a) A proton(b) An electron?
A massless spring is attached to a support at one end and has a 2.0 μC charge glued to the other end. A -4.0 μC charge is slowly brought near. The spring has stretched 1.2 cm when the charges are
Two positive point charges q and 4q are at x = 0 and x = L, respectively, and free to move. A third charge is placed so that the entire three-charge system is in static equilibrium. What are the
A 2.0 g plastic bead charged to -4.0 nC and a 4.0 g glass bead charged to +8.0 nC are 2.0 cm apart and free to move. What are the accelerations of(a) The plastic bead(b) The glass bead?
A small plastic bead has been charged to -15 nC. What are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of(a) A proton(b) An electron that is 1.0 cm from the center of the bead?
Object A, which has been charged to +4.0 nC, is at the origin. Object B, which has been charged to -8.0 nC, is at (x, y) = (0.0 cm, 2.0 cm). Determine the electric force on each object. Write each
What is the force F on the 1.0 nC charge in FIGURE EX22.20?Give your answer as a magnitude and a direction. 1.0 nC +, 1.0 cm ,' 1.0 cm 60° 60°, 1.0 cm -2.0 nC 2.0 nC FIGURE EX22.20
What is the force F on the 1.0 nC charge in Figure EX22.19?Give your answer as a magnitude and a direction. 1.0 nC 1.0 cm ,' 1.0 cm 60° 60°% 1.0 cm 2.0 nC 2.0 nC FIGURE EX22.19
What is the net electric force on charge B in FIGURE EX22.18? A(+1.0 nC | 2.0 cm -2.0 nC 1.0 cm C+) 2.0 nC FIGURE EX22.18
What is the net electric force on charge A in FIGURE EX22.17? 1.0 nC -1.0 nC 4.0 nC B 1.0 cm 1.0 cm
Two protons are 2.0 fm apart.a. What is the magnitude of the electric force on one proton due to the other proton?b. What is the magnitude of the gravitational force on one proton due to the other
A small glass bead has been charged to +20 nC. A small metal ball bearing 1.0 cm above the bead feels a 0.018 N downward electric force. What is the charge on the ball bearing?
The electric force on a charged particle in an electric field is F.What will be the force if the particle’s charge is tripled and the electric field strength is halved?
Two small plastic spheres each have a mass of 2.0 g and a charge of -50.0 nC. They are placed 2.0 cm apart (center to center).a. What is the magnitude of the electric force on each sphere?b. By what
Charges A and B in FIGURE Q22.14 are equal. Each charge exerts a force on the other of magnitude F. Suppose the charge of B is increased by a factor of 4, but everything else is unchanged. In terms
Two 1.0 kg masses are 1.0 m apart (center to center) on a frictionless table. Each has +10 μC of charge.a. What is the magnitude of the electric force on one of the masses?b. What is the initial
Reproduce FIGURE Q22.13 on your paper. Then draw a dot (or dots) on the figure to show the position (or positions) where an electron would experience no net force. | | | FIGURE Q22.13
You have two neutral metal spheres on wood stands. Devise a procedure for charging the spheres so that they will have opposite charges of exactly equal magnitude. Use charge diagrams to explain your
If you bring your finger near a lightweight, negatively charged hanging ball, the ball swings over toward your finger as shown in FIGURE Q22.12. Use charge diagrams and words to explain this
You have two neutral metal spheres on wood stands. Devise a procedure for charging the spheres so that they will have like charges of exactly equal magnitude. Use charge diagrams to explain your
Metal spheres A and B in FIGURE Q22.11 are initially neutral and are touching. A positively charged rod is brought near A, but not touching. Is A now positive, negative, or neutral? Use both charge
Two neutral metal spheres on wood stands are touching. A negatively charged rod is held directly above the top of the left sphere, not quite touching it. While the rod is there, the right sphere is
A negatively charged electroscope has separated leaves.a. Suppose you bring a negatively charged rod close to the top of the electroscope, but not touching. How will the leaves respond? Use both
Figure 22.8 showed how an electroscope becomes negatively charged. The leaves will also repel each other if you touch the electroscope with a positively charged glass rod. Use a series of charge
Metal sphere A in FIGURE Q22.9 has 4 units of negative charge and metal sphere B has 2 units of positive charge. The two spheres are brought into contact. What is the final charge state of each
A linear accelerator uses alternating electric fields to accelerate electrons to close to the speed of light. A small number of the electrons collide with a target, but a large majority pass through
The two oppositely charged metal spheres in FIGURE Q22.8 have equal quantities of charge. They are brought into contact with a neutral metal rod. What is the final charge state of each sphere and of
A chemical reaction takes place among 3 molecular ions that have each lost 2 electrons, 2 molecular ions that have each gained 3 electrons, and 1 molecular ion that has gained 2 electrons. The
Suppose there exists a third type of charge in addition to the two types we’ve called glass and plastic. Call this third type X charge.What experiment or series of experiments would you use to test
What mass of aluminum has a total nuclear charge of 1.0 C?Aluminum has atomic number 13.
A plastic balloon that has been rubbed with wool will stick to a wall. Can you conclude that the wall is charged? If so, where does the charge come from? If not, why does the balloon stick?
What is the total charge of all the electrons in 1.0 L of liquid water?
A lightweight metal ball hangs by a thread. When a charged rod is held near, the ball moves toward the rod, touches the rod, then quickly “flies away” from the rod. Explain this behavior.
A glass rod that has been charged to +12 nC touches a metal sphere. Afterward, the rod’s charge is +8.0 nC.a. What kind of charged particle was transferred between the rod and the sphere, and in
Charged plastic and glass rods hang by threads.a. An object repels the plastic rod. Can you predict what it will do to the glass rod? If so, what? If not, why not?b. A different object attracts the
A plastic rod that has been charged to -15 nC touches a metal sphere. Afterward, the rod’s charge is -10 nC.a. What kind of charged particle was transferred between the rod and the sphere, and in
Four lightweight balls A, B, C, and D are suspended by threads.Ball A has been touched by a plastic rod that was rubbed with wool. When the balls are brought close together, without touching, the
A plastic rod is charged to -12 nC by rubbing.a. Have electrons been added to the rod or protons removed?b. How many electrons have been added or protons removed?
Can a conductor be charged? If so, how would you charge a conductor? If not, why not?
A glass rod is charged to +8.0 nC by rubbing.a. Have electrons been removed from the rod or protons added?b. How many electrons have been removed or protons added?
Can an insulator be charged? If so, how would you charge an insulator? If not, why not?
An moles of a diatomic gas with CV = 5/2 R has initial pressure pi and volume Vi. The gas undergoes a process in which the pressure is directly proportional to the volume until the rms speed of
A gas of 1.0 × 1020 atoms or molecules has 1.0 J of thermal energy. Its molar specific heat at constant pressure is 20.8 J/mol K.What is the temperature of the gas?
Rank in order, from largest to smallest, the amount of work (Ws)1to (Ws)4done by the gas in each of the cycles shown in FIGURE Q21.2. Explain. FIGURE Q21.2 2. 3.
In going from i to f in each of the three processes of FIGURE Q21.1, is work done by the system (W < 0, Ws> 0), is work done on the system (W > 0, Ws< 0), or is no net work
Consider a container like that shown in Figure 20.12, with n1 moles of a monatomic gas on one side and n2moles of a diatomic gas on the other. The monatomic gas has initial temperature
A 1.0 kg ball is at rest on the floor in a 2.0 m × 2.0 m × 2.0 m room of air at STP. Air is 80% nitrogen (N2) and 20% oxygen (O2) by volume.a. What is the thermal energy of the air in the room?b.
At what temperature does the rms speed of(a) A nitrogen molecule(b) A hydrogen molecule equal the escape speed from the earth’s surface?(c) You’ll find that these temperatures are very high, so
The rms speed of the molecules in 1.0 g of hydrogen gas is 1800 m/s.a. What is the total translational kinetic energy of the gas molecules?b. What is the thermal energy of the gas?c. 500 J of work
2.0 g of helium at an initial temperature of 300 K interacts thermally with 8.0 g of oxygen at an initial temperature of 600 K.a. What is the initial thermal energy of each gas?b. What is the final
A 100 cm3 box contains helium at a pressure of 2.0 atm and a temperature of 100°C. It is placed in thermal contact with a 200 cm3 box containing argon at a pressure of 4.0 atm and a temperature of
FIGURE P20.50 shows the thermal energy of 0.14 mol of gas as a function of temperature. What is CV for this gas? E (J) 1892--- 1492 - 1092 T (°C) FIGURE P20.50 100 200
A 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm box contains 0.010 mol of nitrogen at 20°C. What is the rate of collisions (collisions/s) on one wall of the box?
FIGURE CP21.74 shows the Diesel cycle. It is similar to the Otto cycle (see Problem 21.73), but there are two important differences.First, the fuel is not admitted until the air is fully compressed
The gasoline engine in your car can be modeled as the Otto cycle shown in FIGURE CP21.73. A fuel-air mixture is sprayed into the cylinder at point 1, where the piston is at its farthest distance from
A heat engine using a diatomic ideal gas goes through the following closed cycle:■ Isothermal compression until the volume is halved.■ Isobaric expansion until the volume is restored to its
A refrigerator using helium gas operates on the reversed cycle shown in FIGURE CP21.71. What are the refrigerator??s (a) Coefficient of performance (b) Power input if it operates at 60 cycles per
FIGURE CP21.70 shows two insulated compartments separated by a thin wall. The left side contains 0.060 mol of helium at an initial temperature of 600 K and the right side contains 0.030 mol of helium
100 mL of water at 15°C is placed in the freezer compartment of a refrigerator with a coefficient of performance of 4.0. How much heat energy is exhausted into the room as the water is changed to
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.400 kJ
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.0.20 =
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.4.0 =
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Finish the solution of the problem.0.80 =
A heat engine with 0.20 mol of a monatomic ideal gas initially fills a 2000 cm3 cylinder at 600 K. The gas goes through the following closed cycle:■ Isothermal expansion to 4000 cm3.■ Isochoric
The heat engine shown in FIGURE P21.63 uses 0.020 mol of a diatomic gas as the working substance. a. Determine T1, T2, and T3.b. Make a table that shows ΔEth, Ws, and Q for each of the three
The heat engine shown in FIGURE P21.62 uses 2.0 mol of a monatomic gas as the working substance.a. Determine T1, T2, and T3.b. Make a table that shows Î”Eth, Ws, and Q for each of the
A heat engine using 120 mg of helium as the working substance follows the cycle shown in FIGURE P21.61. a. Determine the pressure, temperature, and volume of the gas at points 1, 2, and 3.b. What is
FIGURE P21.60 is the pV diagram of Example 21.2, but now the device is operated in reverse. a. During which processes is heat transferred into the gas?b. Is this QH, heat extracted from a hot
A heat engine uses a diatomic gas that follows the pV cycle in FIGURE P21.59. a. Determine the pressure, volume, and temperature at point 2.b. Determine ΔEth, Ws, and Q for each of the three
A heat engine using a monatomic gas follows the cycle shown in FIGURE P21.58. a. Find Ws, Q, and ΔEth for each process in the cycle. Display your results in a table.b. What is the thermal
FIGURE P21.57 shows the cycle for a heat engine that uses a gas having Ï’ = 1.25. The initial temperature is T1= 300 K, and this engine operates at 20 cycles per second.a. What is the power
A heat engine using a diatomic gas follows the cycle shown in FIGURE P21.56. Its temperature at point 1 is 20°C.a. Determine Ws, Q, and Î”Ethfor each of the three processes in this
A heat engine using 1.0 mol of a monatomic gas follows the cycle shown in FIGURE P21.55. 3750 J of heat energy is transferred to the gas during process 1 †’ 2.a. Determine Ws, Q, and
Engineers testing the efficiency of an electric generator gradually vary the temperature of the hot steam used to power it while leaving the temperature of the cooling water at a constant 20°C.They
The electric output of a power plant is 750 MW. Cooling water flows through the power plant at the rate 1.0 × 108 L/h. The cooling water enters the plant at 16°C and exits at 27°C. What is the
A nuclear power plant generates 3000 MW of heat energy from nuclear reactions in the reactor’s core. This energy is used to boil water and produce high-pressure steam at 300°C. The steam spins a
A typical coal-fired power plant burns 300 metric tons of coal every hour to generate 750 MW of electricity. 1 metric ton = 1000 kg. The density of coal is 1500 kg/m3 and its heat of combustion is 28
Consider a 1.0 MW power plant (this is the useful output in the form of electric energy) that operates between 30°C and 450°C at 65% of the Carnot efficiency. This is enough electric energy for
A car’s internal combustion engine can be modeled as a heat engine operating between a combustion temperature of 1500°C and an air temperature of 20°C with 30% of the Carnot efficiency.The heat
A heat engine running backward is called a refrigerator if its purpose is to extract heat from a cold reservoir. The same engine running backward is called a heat pump if its purpose is to exhaust
A Carnot heat engine and an ordinary refrigerator with coefficient of performance 2.00 operate between reservoirs at 350 K and 250 K. The work done by the Carnot heat engine drives the refrigerator.
FIGURE P21.46 shows a Carnot heat engine driving a Carnot refrigerator.a. Determine Q2, Q3, and Q4.b. Is Q3greater than, less than, or equal to Q1?c. Do these two devices, when operated together in
A Carnot engine operates between temperatures of 5°C and 500°C. The output is used to run a Carnot refrigerator operating between -5°C and 25°C. How many joules of heat energy does the
A Carnot heat engine operates between reservoirs at 182°C and 0°C. If the engine extracts 25 J of energy from the hot reservoir per cycle, how many cycles will it take to lift a 10 kg mass a height
There has long been an interest in using the vast quantities of thermal energy in the oceans to run heat engines. A heat engine needs a temperature difference, a hot side and a cold side.
A freezer with a coefficient of performance 30% that of a Carnot refrigerator keeps the inside temperature at -22°C in a 25°C room. 3.0 L of water at 20°C are placed in the freezer. How long does
An ideal refrigerator utilizes a Carnot cycle operating between 0°C and 25°C. To turn 10 kg of liquid water at 0°C into 10 kg of ice at 0°C,(a) How much heat is exhausted into the room(b) How
Prove that the coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator is KCarnot = TC /(TH - TC).

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