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physics
physics scientists and engineers

Questions and Answers of Physics Scientists and Engineers

Suppose you could suddenly increase the speed of every molecule in a gas by a factor of 2.a. Would the temperature of the gas increase by a factor of 21/2, 2, or 22? Explain.b. Would the molar
A lottery machine uses blowing air to keep 2000 Ping-Pong balls bouncing around inside a 1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.0 m box. The diameter of a Ping-Pong ball is 3.0 cm. What is the mean free path between
Suppose you could suddenly increase the speed of every molecule in a gas by a factor of 2.a. Would the rms speed of the molecules increase by a factor of 21/2, 2, or 22? Explain.b. Would the gas
The mean free path of a molecule in a gas is 300 nm. What will the mean free path be if the gas temperature is doubled at(a) Constant volume(b) Constant pressure?
If the pressure of a gas is really due to the random collisions of molecules with the walls of the container, why do pressure gauges—even very sensitive ones—give perfectly steady readings?
Integrated circuits are manufactured in vacuum chambers in which the air pressure is 1.0 × 10-10 mm of Hg. What are(a) The number density(b) The mean free path of a molecule? Assume T = 20°C.
The mean free path of molecules in a gas is 200 nm.a. What will be the mean free path if the pressure is doubled while the temperature is held constant?b. What will be the mean free path if the
The density of air at STP is about 1/1000 the density of water. How does the average distance between air molecules compare to the average distance between water molecules? Explain.
At what pressure will the mean free path in room-temperature (20°C) nitrogen be 1.0 m?
A 1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.0 m cube of nitrogen gas is at 20°C and 1.0 atm. Estimate the number of molecules in the cube with a speed between 700 m/s and 1000 m/s.
Gases, in contrast with solids and liquids, are very compressible.What can you infer from this observation about the microscopic nature of gases?
The number density of an ideal gas at STP is called the Loschmidt number. Calculate the Loschmidt number.
Solids and liquids resist being compressed. They are not totally incompressible, but it takes large forces to compress them even slightly. If it is true that matter consists of atoms, what can you
A monatomic gas fills the left end of the cylinder in Figure CP19.82. At 300 K, the gas cylinder length is 10.0 cm and the spring is compressed by 2.0 cm. How much heat energy must be added to the
0.020 mol of a diatomic gas, with initial temperature 20°C, are compressed from 1500 cm3 to 500 cm3 in a process in which pV2 = constant. How much heat energy is added during this process?
One cylinder in the diesel engine of a truck has an initial volume of 600 cm3. Air is admitted to the cylinder at 30°C and a pressure of 1.0 atm. The piston rod then does 400 J of work to rapidly
Figure CP19.79 shows a thermodynamic process followed by 0.015 mol of hydrogen. How much heat energy is transferred to the gas? p (atm) 2- -V (cm³) 300 100 200 FIGURE CP19.79
A beaker with a metal bottom is filled with 20 g of water at 20°C. It is brought into good thermal contact with a 4000 cm3 container holding 0.40 mol of a monatomic gas at 10 atm pressure.Both
10 g of aluminum at 200°C and 20 g of copper are dropped into 50 cm3 of ethyl alcohol at 15°C. The temperature quickly comes to 25°C. What was the initial temperature of the copper?
You are given the equation used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation.b. Finish the solution of the problem.(10
You are given the equation used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation.b. Finish the solution of the problem.(200 × 10-6
You are given the equation used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation.b. Finish the solution of the problem.50 J =
The sun’s intensity at the distance of the earth is 1370 W/m2.30% of this energy is reflected by water and clouds; 70% is absorbed. What would be the earth’s average temperature (in °C) if the
A satellite to reflect radar is a 2.0-m-diameter, 2.0-mm-thick spherical copper shell. While orbiting the earth, the satellite absorbs sunlight and is warmed to 50°C. When it passes into the
Most stars are main-sequence stars, a group of stars for which size, mass, surface temperature, and radiated power are closely related. The sun, for instance, is a yellow main sequence star with a
A cylindrical copper rod and an iron rod with exactly the same dimensions are welded together end to end. The outside end of the copper rod is held at 100°C, and the outside end of the iron rod is
A cubical box 20 cm on a side is constructed from 1.2-cm thick concrete panels. A 100 W light bulb is sealed inside the box.What is the air temperature inside the box when the light is on if the
You would like to put a solar hot water system on your roof, but you’re not sure it’s feasible. A reference book on solar energy shows that the ground-level solar intensity in your city is 800
When strong winds rapidly carry air down from mountains to a lower elevation, the air has no time to exchange heat with its surroundings. The air is compressed as the pressure rises, and its
A cylinder with a movable piston contains n moles of gas at a temperature higher than that of the surrounding environment. An external force on the piston keeps the pressure constant while the gas
You come into lab one day and find a well-insulated 2000 mL thermos bottle containing 500 mL of boiling liquid nitrogen. The remainder of the thermos has nitrogen gas at a pressure of 1.0 atm. The
0.10 mol of nitrogen gas follow the two processes shown in Figure P19.58. How much heat is required for each? p (atm) 3 Isotherm 2- Adiabat V (cm³) 3000 FIGURE P19.58 1000 2000
0.10 mol of nitrogen gas follow the two processes shown in Figure EX19.31. How much heat is required for each? p (atm) 3 2 - V (cm³) 0+ 2000 3000 1000 FIGURE EX19.31
A scientist whose scale is broken but who has a working 2.5 kW heating coil and a thermometer decides to improvise to determine the mass of a block of aluminum she has recently acquired. She heats
Draw a first-law bar chart (see Figure 19.12) for the gas process in Figure EX19.7.Figure 19.12 -V FIGURE EX19.7 (a) Isothermal process: AEh = 0 (b) Isochoric process: W = 0 (c) Adiabatic process: Q
The closed cylinder of FIGURE CP18.74 has a tight-fitting but frictionless piston of mass M. The piston is in equilibrium when the left chamber has pressure p0and length L0while the spring on the
Containers A and B in FIGURE CP18.73 hold the same gas. The volume of B is four times the volume of A. The two containers are connected by a thin tube (negligible volume) and a valve that is closed.
The cylinder in FIGURE CP18.72 has a moveable piston attached to a spring. The cylinder€™s cross-section area is 10 cm2, it contains 0.0040 mol of gas, and the spring constant is 1500 N/m.
An inflated bicycle inner tube is 2.2 cm in diameter and 200 cm in circumference. A small leak causes the gauge pressure to decrease from 110 psi to 80 psi on a day when the temperature is 20°C.
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Draw a pV diagram.c. Finish the solution
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Draw a pV diagram.c. Finish the solution
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Draw a pV diagram.c. Finish the solution
You are given the equation(s) used to solve a problem. For each of these, you are toa. Write a realistic problem for which this is the correct equation(s).b. Draw a pV diagram.c. Finish the solution
Five grams of nitrogen gas at an initial pressure of 3.0 atm and at 20°C undergo an isobaric expansion until the volume has tripled.a. What is the gas volume after the expansion?b. What is the gas
A container of gas at 2.0 atm pressure and 127°C is compressed at constant temperature until the volume is halved. It is then further compressed at constant pressure until the volume is halved
10 g of dry ice (solid CO2) is placed in a 10,000 cm3 container, then all the air is quickly pumped out and the container sealed. The container is warmed to 0°C, a temperature at which CO2 is a
4.0 g of oxygen gas, starting at 820°C, follow the process 1 †’ 2 shown in FIGURE P18.63. What is temperature T2(in °C)? P1 P2 2 0+ V2 V1 FIGURE P18.63
FIGURE P18.62 shows two different processes by which 80 mol of gas move from state 1 to state 2. The dashed line is an isotherm.a. What is the temperature of the isothermal process?b. What maximum
FIGURE P18.61 shows two different processes by which 1.0 g of nitrogen gas moves from state 1 to state 2. The temperature of state 1 is 25?C. What are (a) Pressure p1 (b) Temperatures (in ?C) T2, T3,
8.0 g of helium gas follows the process 1 ?? 2 ?? 3 shown in FIGURE P18.60. Find the values of V1, V3, p2, and T3. P2- 657°C - Isothermal 2 atm - 37°C- 3 0+ -v V1 V3 FIGURE P18.60
A diver 50 m deep in 10°C fresh water exhales a 1.0-cm diameter bubble. What is the bubble’s diameter just as it reaches the surface of the lake, where the water temperature is 20°C?
The 50 kg circular piston shown in FIGURE P18.58 floats on 0.12 mol of compressed air.a. What is the piston height h if the temperature is 30?C?b. How far does the piston move if the temperature is
The U-shaped tube in FIGURE P18.57 has a total length of 1.0 m. It is open at one end, closed at the other, and is initially filled with air at 20?C and 1.0 atm pressure. Mercury is poured slowly
The mercury manometer shown in FIGURE P18.56 is attached to a gas cell. The mercury height h is 120 mm when the cell is placed in an ice-water mixture. The mercury height drops to 30 mm when the
10,000 cm3 of 200°C steam at a pressure of 20 atm is cooled until it condenses. What is the volume of the liquid water? Give your answer in cm3.
The air temperature and pressure in a laboratory are 20°C and 1.0 atm. A 1.0 L container is open to the air. The container is then sealed and placed in a bath of boiling water. After reaching
On a cool morning, when the temperature is 15°C, you measure the pressure in your car tires to be 30 psi. After driving 20 mi on the freeway, the temperature of your tires is 45°C. What pressure
An electric generating plant boils water to produce high pressure steam. The steam spins a turbine that is connected to the generator.a. How many liters of water must be boiled to fill a 5.0 m3
A diving bell is a 3.0-m-tall cylinder closed at the upper end but open at the lower end. The temperature of the air in the bell is 20°C. The bell is lowered into the ocean until its lower end is
The 3.0-m-long pipe in FIGURE P18.50 is closed at the top end. It is slowly pushed straight down into the water until the top end of the pipe is level with the water€™s surface. What is the
To determine the mass of neon contained in a rigid, 2.0 L cylinder, you vary the cylinder’s temperature while recording the reading of a pressure gauge. Your data are as follows:Temperature (°C)
On average, each person in the industrialized world is responsible for the emission of 10,000 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) every year. This includes CO2 that you generate directly, by burning fossil
A nebula—a region of the galaxy where new stars are for min —contains a very tenuous gas with 100 atoms/cm3. This gas is heated to 7500 K by ultraviolet radiation from nearby stars.What is the
A 6.0-cm-diameter, 10-cm-long cylinder contains 100 mg of oxygen (O2) at a pressure less than 1 atm. The cap on one end of the cylinder is held in place only by the pressure of the air. One day when
The semiconductor industry manufactures integrated circuits in large vacuum chambers where the pressure is 1.0 × 10-10 mm of Hg.a. What fraction is this of atmospheric pressure?b. At T = 20°C, how
15°C, 2.0-cm-diameter aluminum bar just barely slips between two rigid steel walls 10.0 cm apart. If the bar is warmed to 25°C, how much force does it exert on each wall?
A brass ring with inner diameter 2.00 cm and outer diameter 3.00 cm needs to fit over a 2.00-cm-diameter steel rod, but at 20°C the hole through the brass ring is 50 mm too small in diameter. To
The molecular mass of water (H2O) is A = 18. How many protons are there in 1.0 L of liquid water?
The atomic mass number of copper is A = 64. Assume that atoms in solid copper form a cubic crystal lattice. To envision this, imagine that you place atoms at the centers of tiny sugar cubes, then
An ideal gas starts with pressure p1 and volume V1. Draw a pV diagram showing the process in which the gas undergoes an isothermal process during which the volume is halved, then an isochoric process
An ideal gas starts with pressure p1 and volume V1. Draw a pV diagram showing the process in which the gas undergoes an isochoric process that doubles the pressure, then an isobaric process that
0.0050 mol of gas undergoes the process 1?? 2 ?? 3 shown in Figure P16.38.? What are (a) Temperature T1, (b) Pressure p2, (c) Volume V3? p (atm) P2 - T = 2926 K 3 T3 = 2438 K 1 0+ V (cm³) V3 FIGURE
0.020 mol of gas undergoes the process shown in FIGURE EX18.37.a. What type of process is this?b. What is the final temperature in °C?c. What is the final volume V2? p (atm) 3- 2- 1- V (cm³) 400
A gas with an initial temperature of 900°C undergoes the process shown in FIGURE EX18.36.a. What type of process is this?b. What is the final temperature in °C?c. How many moles of gas are
0.0040 mol of gas undergoes the process shown in FIGURE EX18.35.a. What type of process is this?b. What are the initial and final temperatures in °C? p (atm) 3- 2- – V (cm³) 300 0+ 100 200
0.10 mol of argon gas is admitted to an evacuated 50 cm3 container at 20°C. The gas then undergoes an isothermal expansion to a volume of 200 cm3.a. What is the final pressure of the gas?b.
0.10 mol of argon gas is admitted to an evacuated 50 cm3 container at 20°C. The gas then undergoes an isobaric heating to a temperature of 300°C.a. What is the final volume of the gas?b. Show
0.10 mol of argon gas is admitted to an evacuated 50 cm3 container at 20°C. The gas then undergoes an isochoric heating to a temperature of 300°C.a. What is the final pressure of the gas?b.
A 24-cm-diameter vertical cylinder is sealed at the top by a frictionless 20 kg piston. The piston is 84 cm above the bottom when the gas temperature is 303°C. The air above the piston is at 1.00
A rigid container holds hydrogen gas at a pressure of 3.0 atm and a temperature of 20°C. What will the pressure be if the temperature is lowered to -20°C?
A rigid, hollow sphere is submerged in boiling water in a room where the air pressure is 1.0 atm. The sphere has an open valve with its inlet just above the water level. After a long period of time
A gas with initial state variables p1, V1, and T1 is cooled in an isochoric process until p2 = 1/3 p1. What are(a) V2(b) T2?
A gas with initial state variables p1, V1, and T1 expands isothermally until V2 = 2V1. What are(a) T2(b) p2?
A gas at temperature T0 and atmospheric pressure fills a cylinder. The gas is transferred to a new cylinder with three times the volume, after which the pressure is half the original pressure.What is
The solar corona is a very hot atmosphere surrounding the visible surface of the sun. X-ray emissions from the corona show that its temperature is about 2 × 106 K. The gas pressure in the corona is
A 20-cm-diameter cylinder that is 40 cm long contains 50 g of oxygen gas at 20°C.a. How many moles of oxygen are in the cylinder?b. How many oxygen molecules are in the cylinder?c. What is the
The total lung capacity of a typical adult is 5.0 L. Approximately 20% of the air is oxygen. At sea level and at a body temperature of 37°C, how many oxygen molecules do the lungs contain at the end
A gas at 100°C fills volume V0. If the pressure is held constant, what is the volume if(a) The Celsius temperature is doubled(b) The Kelvin temperature is doubled?
A rigid container holds 2.0 mol of gas at a pressure of 1.0 atm and a temperature of 30°C.a. What is the container’s volume?b. What is the pressure if the temperature is raised to 130°C?
3.0 mol of gas at a temperature of -120°C fills a 2.0 L container. What is the gas pressure?
A cylinder contains nitrogen gas. A piston compresses the gas to half its initial volume. Afterward,a. Has the mass density of the gas changed? If so, by what factor? If not, why not?b. Has the
What is the temperature in °F and the pressure in Pa at the triple point of(a) Water(b) Carbon dioxide?
A 60.00 L fuel tank is filled with gasoline on a –10°C day, then rolled into a storage shed where the temperature is 20°C. If the tank is not vented, what minimum volume needs to be left empty at
Two students each build a piece of scientific equipment that uses a 655-mm-long metal rod. One student uses a brass rod, the other an invar rod. If the temperature increases by 5.0°C, how much more
A surveyor has a steel measuring tape that is calibrated to be 100.000 m long (i.e., accurate to ± 1 mm) at 20°C. If she measures the distance between two stakes to be 65.175 m on a 3°C day, does
A concrete bridge is built of 325-cm-long concrete slabs with an expansion joint between them. The slabs just touch on a 115°F day, the hottest day for which the bridge is designed. What is the gap
A demented scientist creates a new temperature scale, the “Z scale.” He decides to call the boiling point of nitrogen 0°Z and the melting point of iron 1000°Z.a. What is the boiling point of
At what temperature does the numerical value in °F match the numerical value in °C?
A student is asked to sketch a pV diagram for a gas that goes through a cycle consisting of(a) An isobaric expansion,(b) A constant-volume reduction in temperature,(c) An isothermal process that
The lowest and highest natural temperatures ever recorded on earth are -129°F in Antarctica and 134°F in Death Valley. What are these temperatures in °C and in K?

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