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Chemical Principles The Quest For Insight 7th Edition Peter Atkins, Loretta Jones, Leroy Laverman - Solutions

Classify each of the following solids as ionic, network, metallic, or molecular:(a) Quartz, SiO2;(b) Limestone, CaCO3;(c) Dry ice, CO2;(d) Sucrose, C12H22O11;(e) Polyethylene, a polymer with molecules consisting of chains of thousands of repeating OCH2CH22 units.
For which of the following molecules will dipole–dipole interactions be important:(a) CH4;(b) CH3Cl;(c) CH2Cl2;(d) CHCl3;(e) CCl4?
How do the physical properties of alloys differ from the pure metals from which they are made?
Estimate the value of the quantum number n for the uppermost filled level in a one-dimensional line of silver atoms of length 2.4 mm.
A vessel of volume 22.4 L contains 2.0 mol H2 (g) And 1.0 mol N2 (g) At 273.15 K. Calculate(a) Their partial pressures and(b) The total pressure.
Predict which liquid in each of the following pairs is likely to have the greater surface tension:(a) cis-dichloroethene or transdichloroethene;(b) Benzene at 20°C or benzene at 60°C.
People sometimes experience altitude sickness when they arrive at mountain ski resorts at high altitudes as a result of the lower pressure of the air. Why is the pressure of the atmosphere lower at higher altitudes?
Many compounds used in the fragrance industry are derived from plant extracts. One step in identifying a desired compound is the determination of its molar mass. The volatile organic compound geraniol is a component of oil of roses. The density of the vapor at 260. °C and 103 Torr is 0.480 g ·
Predict which substance in each of the following pairs is likely to have the greater viscosity in its liquid form at 20°C:(a) Methanol, CH3OH, or ethanol, CH3CH2OH;(b) Hexane, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, or 1-pentanol, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
The following data were collected for a gas sample consisting of 5.00 mol of molecules in a rigid container.(a) Determine the volume of the sample.(b) Plot the data either by hand or using a spreadsheet. Now suppose you add another 5.00 mol of gas molecules into the same volume. Plot the
What is the molar mass of a compound that takes 2.7 times as long to effuse through a porous plug as it did for the same amount of XeF2 at the same temperature and pressure?
Roommates fill ten balloons for a party, five with hydrogen and five with helium. After the party the hydrogen balloons have lost one-fifth of their hydrogen due to effusion through the walls of the balloons. What fraction of helium will the other balloons have lost at that same time?
Two identical flasks are each filled with a gas at 20 °C and 100 atm. One flask contains NH3 and the other an equal amount of H2.(a) In which flask is the collision rate with the walls of the container greater?(b) For each flask, predict whether the pressure will be higher or lower than
Classify each of the following solids as ionic, network, metallic, or molecular:(a) Iron pyrite (fool’s gold), FeS2;(b) Octane (a component of gasoline), C8H18;(c) Cubic boron nitride (a compound with a structure similar to that of diamond, but with alternating boron and nitrogen atoms),
For which of the following molecules will dipole–dipole interactions be important:(a) O2;(b) O3;(c) CO2;(d) SO2?
What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous alloys? Give examples of each type.
Estimate the value of the quantum number n for the uppermost filled level in a one-dimensional line of copper atoms of length 1.0 mm.
A gas mixture being used to simulate the atmosphere of another planet consists of 376 mg of methane, 154 mg of argon, and 252 mg of nitrogen. The partial pressure of nitrogen at 300. K is 21.3 kPa. Calculate(a) The total pressure of the mixture and(b) The volume of the sample.
Rank the following molecules in order of increasing viscosity at 50°C: C6H5SH, C6H5OH, C6H6.
A sample of argon gas effuses through a porous plug in 147 s. Calculate the time required for the same amount of(a) CO2,(b) C2H4,(c) H2, and(d) SO2 to effuse under the same conditions of pressure and temperature.
(a) A flask of volume 350. mL contains 0.1500 mol Ar at 24 °C. What is the pressure of the gas in kilopascals?(b) You are told that 23.9 mg of bromine trifluoride exerts a pressure of 10.0 Torr at 100°C. What is the volume of the container in milliliters?(c) A flask of volume 100.0 L contains
Three unknown substances were tested in order to classify them. The following table shows the results of the tests. Use Table 3H.1 to classify substances A, B, and C as metallic, ionic, network, or molecular solids. Substance Appearance hard, white A B C lustrous, malleable soft,
Suppose that 200. mL of hydrogen chloride gas at 690. Torr and 20.°C is dissolved in 100. mL of water. The solution is titrated to the stoichiometric point with 15.7 mL of a sodium hydroxide solution. What is the molar concentration of NaOH in the solution used for the titration?
Use the ideal gas equation to calculate the pressure at 298 K exerted by 1.00 mol CO2 (g) when confined in a volume of(a) 15.0 L;(b) 0.500 L;(c) 50.0 mL. Repeat these calculations using the van der Waals equation. What do these calculations indicate about how the reliability of the ideal gas
Suggest, giving reasons, which substance in each of the following pairs is likely to have the higher normal melting point (Lewis structures may help your arguments):(a) HCl or NaCl;(b) C2H5OC2H5 (diethyl ether) or C4H9OH (butanol);(c) CHI3 or CHF3;(d) C2H4 or CH3OH.
The following surface tensions (in millinewtons per meter, mN · m–1, at 20 8C) correspond to the liquids listed. Match the surface tension to the substance. Surface tension: 18.43, 22.75, 27.80, 28.85, 72.75; compound: H2O, CH3(CH2)4CH3, C6H6, CH3CH2OH, CH3COOH.
(a) Use the Living Graphs on the Web site for this book to prepare a plot of the volume against temperature graph for 1.00 mol of gas molecules, showing the curves at pressures ranging from 11 000 atm to 15 000 atm in increments of 1000 atm for T = 0 to 400 K.(b) What is the expression for the
When 0.40 g of impure zinc reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid, 127 mL of hydrogen was collected over water at 10.°C. The external pressure was 737.7 Torr.(a) What volume would the dry hydrogen occupy at 1.00 atm and 298 K?(b) What amount (in moles) of H2 was collected?(c) What is the
The metalloid polonium crystallizes in a primitive cubic structure, with an atom at each corner of a cubic unit cell. The atomic radius of polonium is 167 pm. Sketch the unit cell and determine(a) The number of atoms per unit cell;(b) The coordination number of an atom of polonium;(c) The length
Use the VSEPR model to predict the shapes of each of the following molecules and identify the member of each pair that forms a liquid with the higher boiling point:(a) BF3 or ClF3;(b) SF4 or CF4;(c) cis-CHCl=CHCl or trans-CHCl=CHCl.
Calculate the relative number of atoms of each element contained in each of the following alloys:(a) Rose metal, which is a low-melting-point alloy used to solder decorative ironworks and is often 28% lead and 22% tin by mass in bismuth;(b) duralumin AA2024, an alloy that hardens aluminum for use
In fluorescence, how does the frequency of the emitted radiation compare with the frequency of the exciting radiation?
Dinitrogen monoxide, N2O, gas was generated from the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate and collected over water. The wet gas occupied 126 mL at 21 °C when the atmospheric pressure was 755 Torr. What volume would the same amount of dry dinitrogen monoxide have occupied if collected at 755
An unknown liquid is used to fill a closed-tube manometer. The atmosphere is found to produce a height difference of 6.14 m in this manometer at the same time that a mercury manometer gives a displacement of 758.7 mm. What is the density of the unknown liquid?
Assume that the width of your body (across your shoulders) is 20. in. and the depth of your body (chest to back) is 10. in. If atmospheric pressure is 14.7 lb · in.–2, what mass of air does your body support when you are in an upright position?
Calculate the root mean square speeds of(a) Methane, (b) Ethane, and(c) Propane molecules, all at 220. °C.
Explain why water forms a concave meniscus in a narrow glass tube but a convex meniscus in a narrow plastic tube.
Determine the final pressure when(a) 7.50 mL of krypton gas at 2.00 * 105 kPa is transferred to a vessel of volume 1.0 L;(b) 54.2 cm3 of oxygen gas at 643 Torr is compressed to 7.8 cm3. Assume constant temperature.
Suppose that 0.473 g of an unknown gas that occupies 200. mL at 1.81 atm and 25°C was analyzed and found to contain 0.414 g of nitrogen and 0.0591 g of hydrogen.(a) What is the molecular formula of the compound?(b) Draw the Lewis structure of the molecule.(c) If 0.35 mmol NH3 effuses through a
Calculate the pressure exerted by 1.00 mol H2S, behaving as(a) An ideal gas;(b) A van der Waals gas when it is confined under the following conditions:(i) At 273.15 K in 22.414 L; (ii) At 800. K in 60.0 L.
Calculate the density of each of the following metals from the data given:(a) Aluminum, fcc structure, atomic radius 143 pm;(b) Potassium, bcc structure, atomic radius 227 pm.
Place the following types of molecular and ion interactions in order of increasing strength:(a) Ion–dipole;(b) Induced-dipole–induced-dipole;(c) Dipole–dipole in the gas phase;(d) Ion–ion;(e) Dipole–dipole in the solid phase.
A unit cell for the calcite structure can be found at http://webmineral.com. From this structure, identify(a) The crystal system and(b) The number of formula units present in the unit cell.
Use Internet resources to identify the magnetic character at room temperature (diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic) of as many d-block elements as you can.
The Haber process for the synthesis of ammonia is one of the most significant industrial processes for the well-being of humanity. It is used extensively in the production of fertilizers as well as polymers and other products.(a) What volume of hydrogen at 15.00 atm and 350.°C must be supplied to
Nitroglycerin is a shock-sensitive liquid that detonates by the reactionCalculate the total volume of product gases at 88.5 kPa and 175°C from the detonation of 1.00 lb (454 g) of nitroglycerin. 4 C3H5(NO3)3 (1) 6 N₂(g) + 10 H₂O(g) + 12 CO₂(g) + O₂(g)
Low-pressure gauges in research laboratories are occasionally calibrated in inches of water (inH2O). Given that the density of mercury at 15°C is 13.6 g · cm–3 and the density of water at that temperature is 1.0 g · cm–3, what is the pressure (in Torr) inside a gas cylinder that reads 8.9
Calculate the root mean square speed of molecules of(a) Fluorine,(b) Chlorine, and(c) Bromine, all at 220. °C.
In an aqueous solution, solute molecules or ions require a certain amount of time to migrate through the solution. The rate of this migration sets an upper limit on how fast reactions can take place, because no reaction can take place faster than the ions can be supplied. This limit is known as the
(a) Suppose that 5.00 L of methane at 620. Torr is transferred to a vessel of volume 2.50 L at the same temperature. What is the final pressure of methane?(b) A fluorinated organic gas in a cylinder is compressed from an initial volume of 654 mL at 152 Pa to 218 mL at the same temperature. What
When 2.36 g of phosphorus was burned in chlorine, the product was 10.5 g of a phosphorus chloride. Its vapor took 1.77 times as long to effuse as the same amount of CO2 under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. What is the molar mass and molecular formula of the phosphorus chloride?
Calculate the pressure exerted by 1.00 mol C2H6(ethane), behaving as(a) An ideal gas;(b) A van der Waals gas when it is confined under the following conditions: (i) at 273.15 K in 1.121 L; (ii) at 1.00 = 103 K in 40.0 L.
Calculate the density of each of the following metals from the data given:(a) Nickel, fcc structure, atomic radius 125 pm;(b) Rubidium, bcc structure, atomic radius 248 pm.
In each pair, indicate which substance has the stronger intermolecular forces and explain your reasoning:(a) CO, CO2;(b) SiF4, Si2F2;(c) O2, O3;(d) CH3SH, CH3OH.
Consult http://webmineral.com and examine the unit cells of calcite and dolomite.(a) In what respects are these two structures the same?(b) In what respect are they different?(c) Where are the magnesium and calcium ions located in dolomite?
Consider the elements identified in Exercise 3J.9. What is the common feature of the electron configurations of paramagnetic elements?Exercise 3J.9Use Internet resources to identify the magnetic character at room temperature (diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic) of as many
Which starting condition would produce the larger volume of carbon dioxide by combustion of CH4 (g) with an excess of oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water:(a) 2.00 L of CH4(g);(b) 2.00 g of CH4(g)? Justify your answer. The system is maintained at a temperature of 75 °C and 1.00 atm.
The height, h, of a column of liquid in a capillary tube can be estimated by using h = 2γ/gdr, where γ is the surface tension, d is the density of the liquid, g is the acceleration of free fall (g = 9.806 m · s–2), and r is the radius of the tube. Which will rise higher in a tube that is 0.15
The root mean square speed of methane molecules, CH4, at a certain temperature was found to be 550. m · s–1. What is the root mean square speed of krypton atoms at the same temperature?
A helium balloon has a volume of 12.4 L when the pressure is 0.885 atm and the temperature is 22°C. The balloon is cooled at a constant pressure until the temperature is –18°C.What is the volume of the balloon at this stage?
Determine the ratio of the number of molecules in a gas having a speed ten times as great as the root mean square speed to the number having a speed equal to the root mean square speed.Is this ratio independent of temperature? Explain your reasoning.
Plot pressure against volume for 1 mol of(a) Ideal gas molecules,(b) Ammonia molecules, and(c) Oxygen molecules, for the range V = 0.05 L to 1.0 L at 298 K. Use the van der Waals equation to calculate the pressures of the two real gases. Use a spreadsheet or the graphical plotter on the Web site
Calculate the atomic radius of each of the following elements from the data given:(a) Platinum, fcc structure, density 21.45 g · cm–3;(b) Tantalum, bcc structure, density 16.65 g · cm–3.
Which of the following molecules are likely to form hydrogen bonds:(a) PH3;(b) HBr;(c) C2H4;(d) HNO2?
Iron pyrite (FeS2) is known as fool’s gold because of its resemblance to gold metal. However, it can easily be distinguished from gold by the difference in their densities. The density of gold is 19.28 g · cm–3 and that of fool’s gold is 5.01 g · cm–3. What volume of fool’s gold would
The Curie temperature, TC, is the temperature at which a substance capable of being ferromagnetic actually becomes ferromagnetic. Would you expect ferromagnetism to occur above or below the Curie temperature?
Which starting condition would produce the larger volume of carbon dioxide by combustion of C2H4 (g) with an excess of oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water:(a) 1.00 L of C2H4(g);(b) 1.20 g of C2H4(g)? Justify your answer. The system is maintained at a temperature of 45 °C and 2.00
In an experiment on gases, you are studying a sample of hydrogen gas of volume 1.00 L at 25 °C and 0.150 atm. You heat the gas until the root mean square speed of the molecules of the sample has increased by a factor of three. What will be the final pressure of the gas?
How does the root mean square speed of gas molecules vary with temperature? Illustrate this relationship by plotting the root mean square speed of N2 as a function of temperature from T = 100 K to T = 300 K.
(a) Calculate the surface areas of the isomers 2,2-dimethylpropane and pentane. Assume that 2,2-dimethylpropane is spherical with a radius of 254 pm and that pentane can be approximated by a rectangular prism with dimensions 295 pm * 692 pm * 766 pm.(b) Which has the larger surface
What is the density (in g · L–1) of chloroform, CHCl3, vapor at(a) 2.00 * 102 Torr and 298 K;(b) 100.°C and 1.00 atm?
Does the law of Dulong and Petit (Exercise 3.43) apply to network or molecular solids?(a) To check network solids, compare the molar heat capacities of graphite, diamond, and SiO2. Use your findings to determine if the atoms in a network solid behave as independently as atoms in an ionic crystal.
Identify the following systems as open, closed, or isolated:(a) Coffee in a very-high-quality thermos bottle;(b) Coolant in a refrigerator coil;(c) A bomb calorimeter in which benzene is burned;(d) Gasoline burning in an automobile engine;(e) Mercury in a thermometer;(f) A living plant.
Engineers designing new piston engines and turbines need to understand how work and heat are involved in various compression and expansion cycles. Suppose that 1.00 mol of ideal gas molecules at an initial pressure of 3.00 atm and 292 K expands against a constant external pressure of 0.20 atm from
Potassium chloride is used as a pet-safe deicer. When investigating such applications, it is useful to understand the thermodynamic properties of the materials you are using. Devise and use a Born–Haber cycle to calculate the lattice enthalpy of potassium chloride.ANTICIPATE A glance at Table
Carbon disulfide can be prepared from coke (an impure form of carbon) and elemental sulfur:(a) How much heat is absorbed in the reaction of 1.25 mol S8 at constant pressure?(b) Calculate the heat absorbed in the reaction of 197 g of carbon with an excess of sulfur.(c) If the heat absorbed in the
The following data to calculate the lattice enthalpy of Na2O: ΔHf°(Na2O) = –409 kJ · mol–1; ΔHf°(O, g)= +249 kJ· mol–1.
Bullfrogs are cold-blooded animals, which means that they release any excess heat generated through metabolism into their environment. A sedentary bullfrog being studied in a large laboratory aquarium kept at a constant temperature of 25°C transferred 100. J of energy reversibly to the water at 25
Sometimes scientists are surprised by apparently anomalous properties of the materials they study. When those anomalies are considered, they can reveal information about the structure of matter. Calculate the entropy of a tiny solid made up of four diatomic molecules of a compound such as carbon
A human body generates heat at the rate of about 100. W (1 W = 1 J · s–1).(a) At what rate does your body heat generate entropy in your surroundings, taken to be at 20. °C?(b) How much entropy do you generate each day?(c) Would the entropy generated be greater or less if you were in a room
A gas sample in a cylinder is supplied with 524 kJ of energy as heat. At the same time, a piston compresses the gas, doing 340 kJ of work. What is the change in internal energy of the gas during this process?
When balloons carrying people first took to the skies in the eighteenth century, they stimulated a lot of interest in the properties of gases. Calculate the final temperature and the change in enthalpy when 500. J of energy is transferred as heat to 0.900 mol O2 (g) at 298 K and 1.00 atm
One of the most important industrial reactions is the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia. Because the efficiency of this reaction governs the economies of nations, it is necessary for chemical engineers to understand its thermodynamic properties. Calculate the standard reaction entropy of N2(g) + 3
Which gaseous compound do you expect to have the higher molar heat capacity, NO or NO2? Why?
In the internal-combustion engine in an automobile, hot compressed gas expands against a piston, turning the driveshaft that moves the vehicle along the road. If you are investigating the performance of such an engine, you might need to assess the work that each stroke of the piston can achieve.
Nanotechnologists have found ways to create and manipulate structures containing only a few molecules. However, orienting the molecules in specific ways to assemble such structures can be difficult. Calculate the entropy of a solid nanostructure made of 64 molecules in which the molecules(a) Are
Benzene is added to gasoline to increase the octane number. When 0.113 g of benzene, C6H6, burns in excess oxygen in a calibrated constant-pressure calorimeter with a heat capacity of 551 J · (°C)–1, the temperature of the calorimeter rises by 8.60°C. Write the thermochemical equation for the
Mean bond enthalpies can be used to estimate the enthalpy of reaction when precise data are not available. Estimate the enthalpy of the reaction between liquid bromine and gaseous propene to form liquid 1,2-dibromopropane. The enthalpy of vaporization of Br2 is 29.96 kJ · mol–1, and that of
Which substance in each of the following pairs has the higher molar entropy at 298 K: (a) HBr(g) or HF(g); (b) NH3(g) or Ne(g); (c) I2(s) or I2(l); (d) 1.0 mol Ar(g) at 1.00 atm or 1.0 mol Ar(g) at 2.00 atm?
(a) Describe three ways in which you could increase the internal energy of an open system.(b) Which of these methods could you use to increase the internal energy of a closed system?(c) Which, if any, of these methods could you use to increase the internal energy of an isolated system?
Calculate the heat generated by a reaction mixture of 8.4 L of sulfur dioxide at 1.00 atm and 273 K and 10.0 g of oxygen in the reaction 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔΗ° = - 198 kJ ·
Meteorologists need to understand how the thermodynamic properties of air are affected by different conditions. They might begin by studying nitrogen, the principal component of air. What is the change in entropy of the gas when 1.00 mol N2(g) expands isothermally from 22.0 L to 44.0 L?ANTICIPATE
An aquarium heater is rated at 362 W (1 W = 1 J · s–1).(a) At what rate does it generate entropy in a large aquarium maintained at 27°C?(b) How much entropy does it generate in the course of a day?(c) Would the entropy generated be greater or less if the aquarium were maintained at 22°C?
A gas sample in a piston assembly expands, doing 171 kJ of work on its surroundings at the same time that 242 kJ of energy is supplied to the gas as heat.(a) What is the change in internal energy of the gas during this process?(b) Will the pressure of the gas be higher or lower when these changes
An engineer studying piston engines wishes to know the difference between the maximum work a system can achieve and the work obtained when expanding against a constant opposing pressure. A piston confines 0.100 mol Ar (g) in 1.00 L at 25°C. Two experiments are performed.(a) The gas is allowed to
The entropy of a substance often gives a clue about its structure, including how its molecules are arranged in a solid. The entropy of 1.00 mol FClO3(s) at T = 0 is 10.1 J · K–1. Suggest an interpretation.ANTICIPATE The observation that the entropy is nonzero at T = 0 suggests that the molecules
Explain why the heat capacities of methane and ethane differ from the values expected for an ideal monatomic gas and from each other. The values of CP,m are 35.31 J · K–1 · mol–1 for CH4 and 52.63 J · K–1 · mol–1 for C2H6.
Glucose is the primary sugar in your bloodstream, supplying energy to your body. Dieticians therefore may need to investigate the enthalpy changes that accompany its reactions. A constant-volume bomb calorimeter was used to measure the heat generated by the combustion of 1.000 mol glucose molecules
Which substance in each of the following pairs has the higher molar entropy? (Take the temperature to be 298 K unless otherwise specified.) (a) O2(g) or O3(g); (b) CH2Br2(g) or CH4(g); (c) CaI2(s) or CaI2(aq); (d) O2(g) at 278 K and 1.00 atm or O2(g) at 278 K and 2.00 atm.
Complete the following table (all values are in kilojoules per mole). Compound, ΔΗ, ΔΗion ΔΗ, ΔΗeg MX M(g) M X(g) X (a) NaCl (b) KBr (c) RbF 108 89 ? 494 418 402 122 97 79 - 349 -325 -328 ΔΗ, MX 787 ? 774 ΔΗ,, MX(s) ? -394 -558

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