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chemical principles

Questions and Answers of Chemical Principles

Assume that each orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons. Write the subshell notation (3d, for instance) and the number of orbitals that can have the following quantum numbers:(a) n =
Identify the following elements as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids:(a) Aluminum;(b) Carbon;(c) Germanium;(d) Arsenic;(e) Selenium;(f) Tellurium.
A certain automobile of mass 1531 kg travels on a German autobahn at 175 km· h–1. What is the wavelength of the automobile?
How many unpaired electrons are predicted for the ground-state configuration of each of the following atoms:(a) Pb;(b) Ir;(c) Y;(d) Cd?
How many orbitals can have the following quantum numbers in an atom:(a) n = 2, l = 1;(b) n = 4, l = 2, ml = 22;(c) n = 2;(d) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 11?
What is the velocity of a neutron of wavelength 100. pm?
Below is pictured the reaction between an atom of sodium and an atom of chlorine. Identify each element and the ions formed and explain your reasoning. A D₂ с D
The elements Ga, Ge, As, Se, and Br lie in the same period in the periodic table. Write the electron configuration expected for the ground-state atoms of these elements and predict how many unpaired
How many orbitals can have the following quantum numbers in an atom:(a) n = 3, l = 1;(b) n = 5, l = 3, ml = 21;(c) n = 2, l = 1, ml = 0;(d) n = 7?
The average speed of a helium atom at 25°C is 1.23 * 103 m· s–1. What is the average wavelength of a helium atom at this temperature?
This plot shows the radial distribution function of the 3s- and 3p-orbitals of a hydrogen atom. Identify each curve and explain how you made your decision. Radius Radial distribution function- b
The elements N, P, As, Sb, and Bi belong to the same group in the periodic table. Write the electron configuration expected for the ground-state atoms of these elements and predict how many unpaired
Which of the following subshells cannot exist in an atom:(a) 2d;(b) 4d;(c) 4g;(d) 6f?
What is the minimum uncertainty in the speed of an electron confined within a lead atom of diameter 350. pm? Model the atom as a one-dimensional box with a length equal to the diameter of the actual
Give the notation for the valence-shell configuration (including the outermost d-electrons) of(a) The alkali metals;(b) Group 15 elements;(c) Group 5 transition metals;(d) The “coinage”
Suppose that in some other universe a rule corresponding to the Pauli exclusion principle reads “as many as two electrons in the same atom may have the same set of four quantum numbers.” Suppose
Which of the following subshells cannot exist in an atom:(a) 1p;(b) 5f;(c) 5g;(d) 6g?
What is the minimum uncertainty in the position of a hydrogen atom in a particle accelerator given that its speed is known to within 65.0 m· s–1?
Imagine a four-dimensional world. In that world, atoms would have one s-orbital and four p-orbitals in a given shell.(a) Describe the form of the periodic table for the first 24 elements.(b) Which
A bowling ball of mass 8.00 kg is rolled down a bowling alley lane at 5.00 ± 5.0 m· s–1. What is the minimum uncertainty in its position?
Give the notation for the valence-shell configuration (including the outermost d-electrons) of(a) The halogens;(b) The chalcogens (the Group 16 elements);(c) The transition metals in Group
A team of scientists recently developed a series of nanowires (very tiny wires) that can act as miniature lasers.(a) One nanowire was found to emit light of frequency 6.27 * 1014 Hz. What was the
The expression for the capillary rise in Exercise 3G.11 assumes that the tube is vertical. How will the expression be modified when the tube is held at an angle θ (theta) to the vertical?Exercise
A chemist prepares a sample of hydrogen bromide and finds that it occupies 500. mL at 45°C and 120. Torr. What volume would it occupy at 0 °C at the same pressure?
You are told that 2.55 g of a gaseous hydrocarbon occupies a vessel of volume 3.00 L at 0.950 atm and 82.0°C. Draw the Lewis structure of this hydrocarbon.
Plot pressure against volume for 1 mol of(a) Ideal gas molecules,(b) Carbon dioxide molecules,(c) Ammonia molecules, and(d) Benzene molecules for the range V = 0.1 L to 1.0 L at 375 K. Use the
Calculate the atomic radius of each of the following elements from the data given:(a) Silver, fcc structure, density 10.50 g· cm–3;(b) Chromium, bcc structure, density 7.19 g· cm–3.
Which of the following molecules are likely to form hydrogen bonds:(a) CH3OCH3;(b) CH3COOH;(c) CH3CH2OH;(d) CH3CHO?
Mica, with a density of 1.5 g · cm–3, can be expanded into vermiculite, which is used as a low-density soil amendment. The vermiculite used in soils has an average density of 0.10 g ·
Describe the observational differences between diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, and antiferromagnetism and the origin of these properties.
The interhalogen compounds can be prepared by direct reaction of the elements. The following syntheses were carried out at 298 K and 1.00 atm. In each case, give the volume of product at the same
An atmospheric probe reported that on a certain day the root mean square speed of ozone molecules, O3, in the stratosp over Fiji was 375 m · s–1. What was the temperature of that region of the
Why do long hydrocarbon molecules that do not have multiple bonds, such as decane, CH3(CH2)8CH3, not form liquid crystals?
A chemist prepares 0.100 mol Ne(g) At a certain pressure and temperature in an expandable container. Another 0.010 mol Ne(g) Is then added to the same container. How must the volume be changed to
A finely powdered solid sample of an osmium oxide (which melts at 40. °C and boils at 130.°C) with a mass of 1.509 g is placed into a cylinder with a movable piston that can expand against the
(a) The van der Waals parameters for helium are a = 3.46 * 10–2 bar · L2 · mol–2 and b = 2.38 * 10–2 L · mol–1. Calculate the apparent volume (in pm3) and radius (in pm) of a helium atom
Identify the arrangement (I, II, or III; all molecules are CH2Cl2) that should possess the strongest intermolecular attractions, and justify your selection. H II III
The density of rhodium is 12.42 g · cm–3 and its atomic radius is 134 pm. Is the metal close-packed or body-centered cubic?
Draw a Lewis structure for the orthosilicate anion, SiO4 4–, and deduce the formal charges and oxidation numbers of the atoms. Use the VSEPR model to predict the shape of the ion.
A sample of CaS quantum dots is prepared by mixing 4.0 mL of 0.0015 m CaCl2(aq) with 4.0 mL of 0.0015 m (NH4)2S(aq).Each quantum dot contains an average of 168 formula units of CaS. What is the molar
The naturally occurring compound urea, CO(NH2)2, was first synthesized by Friedrich Wöhler in Germany in 1828 by heating ammonium cyanate. This synthesis was a significant event because it was the
In a study of turbulence caused by jet engines, the root mean square speed of nitrogen molecules in the air in a wind chamber was 495 m· s–1. What was the temperature in the wind chamber?
p-Azoxyanisole (2) has a liquid crystalline range of approximately 117°C to 137°C. How might this molecule be modified to lower the melting point of the solid and make it more suitable for
A chemist prepares a sample of 0.0120 mol He (g) at a certain pressure, temperature, and volume and then adds another 0.0240 mol He(g). How must the temperature be changed to keep the pressure and
Show that the van der Waals parameter b is related to the molecular volume Vmol, the volume occupied by one molecule, by b = 4NAVmol. Treat the molecules as spheres of radius r, so that Vmol =
Identify the arrangement (I, II, or III; all molecules are NH3) that should possess the strongest intermolecular attractions, and justify your selection. I II III
The density of molybdenum is 10.22 g · cm–3 and its atomic radius is 136 pm. Is the metal close-packed or body-centered cubic?
Use the VSEPR model to estimate the Si—O—Si bond angle in silica.
A sample of PbS quantum dots is prepared by mixing 7.0 mL of 0.0013 m Pb(NO3)2(aq) with 7.0 mL of 0.0013 m (NH4)2S(aq). Each quantum dot contains an average of 145 formula units of PbS. What is the
A sample of ammonia gas of volume 15.0 mL at 100. Torr and 30. °C is mixed with 25.0 mL of hydrogen chloride gas at 150.Torr and 25°C, and the following reaction takes place: NH3 (g) + HCl
A bottle contains 1.0 mol He (g) and a second bottle contains 1.0 mol Ar (g) at the same temperature. At that temperature, the root mean square speed of He is 1477 m· s–1 and that of Ar is 467
Two solutes were used to study diffusion in liquids, methylbenzene, which is a small molecule that can be approximated as a sphere, and a liquid crystal that is long and rodlike. The two solutes were
A sample of methane gas, CH4, was slowly heated at a constant pressure of 0.90 bar. The volume of the gas was measured at a series of different temperatures and a plot of volume against temperature
The following plot shows the distribution of speeds for N2 at 300, 500, and 1000 K.(a) Identify the temperature of the gas for each curve.(b) What is the root mean square speed of N2 molecules at
One form of silicon has density of 2.33 g · cm–3 and crystallizes in a cubic lattice with a unit cell edge of 543 pm.(a) What is the mass of each unit cell?(b) How many silicon atoms does one
Explain the difference in the boiling points of AsF3 (63°C) and AsF5 (253°C).
An electron trapped within a nanoparticle can be approximated as a particle of mass me confined to a cubic box of side L.The energy levels of the electron areWrite expressions for the energies of the
Describe the structures of a silicate in which the silicate tetrahedra share(a) One O atom;(b) Two O atoms.
A sample of ethene gas, C2H4, of volume 1.00 L at 1.00 atm and 298 K is burned in 4.00 L of oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas and liquid water at the same pressure and temperature.Ignore the
A scientist is investigating a sample of 1.00 mol He(g) in a large cylinder at 200. K. Calculate by what factor each of the following variables would change the pressure of the gas and its root mean
The molecules of many common liquid crystals are long and rodlike. In addition, they contain polar groups. Explain how both characteristics of liquid crystals contribute to their anisotropic bulk
A sample of butane gas, C4H10, was slowly heated at a constant pressure of 0.80 bar. The volume of the gas was measured at a series of different temperatures and a plot of volume against temperature
An expression for the root mean square speed, vrms, of gas molecules is derived in Topic 3D. Using the Maxwell distribution of speeds, the mean speed and the most probable (mp) speed of a collection
Krypton crystallizes with a face-centered cubic unit cell of edge 559 pm.(a) What is the density of solid krypton?(b) What is the atomic radius of krypton?(c) What is the volume of one krypton
Explain the difference in the boiling points of NO2 (21°C) and N2O (288°C).
What is the empirical formula of a potassium silicate in which the silicate tetrahedra share(a) Two O atoms and form a chain or(b) Three O atoms and form a sheet? In each case, there are single
(a) From the graph of Maxwell distribution of speeds in Fig. 3D.6, find the location that represents the most probable speed of the molecules at each temperature.(b) What happens to the fraction of
Buckminsterfullerene is a form of carbon having nearly spherical molecules that are composed of 60 carbon atoms. The interior of a C60 molecule is about 0.7 nm in diameter and is being considered as
Which substance would be the better choice as an ionic liquid solvent,(a) C5H6N+Cl–;(b) CH3NH3+Cl–? Explain your selection.
A sample of xenon of volume 35.5 mL exerts a pressure of 0.255 atm at –45°C.(a) What volume does the sample occupy at 1.00 atm and 298 K?(b) What pressure would it exert if it were transferred
A sample of chlorine gas of volume 1.00 L at 1.00 atm and 298 K reacts completely with 1.00 L of nitrogen gas and 2.00 L of oxygen gas at the same temperature and pressure. There is a single gaseous
(a) From the graph of Maxwell distribution of speeds in Fig. 3D.6, estimate the most probable speed of the molecules for each molar mass.(b) What happens to the fraction of molecules having a speed
What percentage of space is occupied by close-packed cylinders of length l and radius r?
Calculate the ratio of the potential energies for the interaction of a water molecule with an Al3+ ion and with a Be2+ ion. Take the center of the dipole to be located at rion + 100. pm. Which ion
Which substance would be the better choice as an ionic liquid solvent(a) C11H23Br;(b) C11H14N+Br–? Explain your selection.
A lungful of air (332 cm3) is exhaled into a machine that measures lung capacity. If the air is exhaled from the lungs at a pressure of 1.08 atm at 37°C but the machine is at ambient conditions of
A sample of gaseous arsine, AsH3, in a 500.0-mL flask at 280. Torr and 223 K is heated to 473 K, at which temperature arsine decomposes to solid arsenic and hydrogen gas. The flask is then cooled to
Calculate the radius of the cavity formed by three circular disks of radius r that lie in a close-packed planar arrangement.Check your answer experimentally by using three compact disks and measuring
Calculate the ratio of the potential energies for the interaction of a water molecule with a Li+ ion and with a K+ ion. Take the center of the dipole to be located at rion + 100. pm. Which ion will
The number of molecules in a gas sample that have a speed in the narrow range Δv centered on the most probable speed (vmp) at a temperature T is one-fourth the number of the same type of molecules
The van der Waals equation can be arranged into the following cubic equation:(a) Using this equation, calculate the volume occupied by 0.505 mol NH3 (g) at 25 °C and 95.0 atm. The van der Waals
What is the molar volume of an ideal gas at 1.00 atm and(a) At 500.°C;(b) At the normal boiling point of liquid nitrogen (–196°C)?
Compare the hybridization and structure of carbon in diamond and graphite. How do these features explain the physical properties of the two allotropes?
Account for the following observations in terms of the type and strength of intermolecular forces.(a) The melting point of solid xenon is –112°C and that of solid argon is –189°C.(b) The
The number of molecules in a gas sample that have a speed in the narrow range Δv centered on the most probable speed (vmp) at a temperature T is one-half the number of the same type of molecules
What is the molar volume of an ideal gas at 1.00 atm and(a) At –12°F;(b) At the normal sublimation point of dry ice (–78.5°C)?
(a) Photochemical smog is formed, in part, by the action of light on nitrogen dioxide. The wavelength of the radiation absorbed by NO2 in this reaction is 197 nm.Draw the Lewis structure for NO2 and
Ordinary “hexagonal” graphite has a structure that repeats the ABAB. . . alternation of layers; “rhombohedral graphite” has the repetition ABCABC. . . , with the C layer displaced from the
Two students are assigned two pure compounds to investigate. They observe that compound A boils at 37°C and compound B at 126°C. However, they run out of time to take any additional measurements,
Originally at –20. °C and 759 Torr, a sample of air of volume 1.00 L is heated to 235 °C. Next, the pressure is increased to 765 Torr. Then it is heated to 1250. °C, and finally the pressure is
The reaction of solid dimethylhydrazine, (CH3)2N2H2, and liquefied dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, has been investigated as a rocket fuel; the reaction produces gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen
Sheets of graphene one atom thick were first prepared in the laboratory of Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov at the University of Manchester. The scientists picked up flecks of graphite with adhesive
The terms “intermolecular interaction” and “intermolecular force” are sometimes used interchangeably. However, it is important to distinguish the force from the potential energy of
A domestic water-carbonating kit uses steel cylinders of carbon dioxide having a volume of 250. mL. Each cylinder weighs 1.04 kg when full and 0.74 kg when empty.(a) What is the pressure of gas (in
In the pastime of hot-air ballooning, the air inside a balloon—called the envelope—is heated until its density is lower than that of the surrounding atmosphere, allowing the envelope and an
A layer of graphene 12 atoms thick was deposited on a circular silicon wafer 1.2 cm in diameter. Estimate(a) The number of carbon atoms deposited and(b) The amount in moles.
Would you expect the energy of interaction of two rotating polar molecules to depend on the temperature? If so, should the strength of the interaction increase or decrease as the temperature is
The effect of high pressure on organisms, including humans, is studied to gain information about deep-sea diving and anesthesia.A sample of air occupied 1.00 L at 25°C and 1.00 atm. What pressure
Indium arsenide crystallizes in the zinc-blende ( sphalerite) structure (Fig. 3H.32).(a) What are the coordination numbers of the indium and arsenide ions?(b) What is the formula of indium
Air bags in automobiles contain sodium azide, NaN3, which decomposes rapidly during a collision to give nitrogen gas and sodium metal. The nitrogen gas liberated by this process instantly inflates

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