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Questions and Answers of Chemical Principles

To what temperature must a sample of helium gas be cooled from 115.0°C to reduce its volume from 7.20 L to 0.325 L at constant pressure?
Depending on the temperature, rubidium chloride can exist in either the rock-salt (Fig. 3H.25) or cesium-chloride structure (Fig. 3H.30).(a) What are the coordination numbers of the rubidium and
When long surfactant molecules having a polar headgroup and a nonpolar “tail” are added to water, micelles are formed in which the nonpolar tails aggregate, with the polar headgroups pointing out
Calculate the number of cations, anions, and formula units in a unit cell of each of the following solids:(a) The cesiumchloride unit cell shown in Fig. 3H.30;(b) The rutile (TiO2) unit cell shown
The “air” in the space suit of astronauts is actually pure oxygen supplied at a pressure of 0.30 bar. Each of the two tanks on a space suit has a volume of 3980. cm3 and an initial pressure of
Draw the Lewis structure of(a) NI3 and(b) BI3, identify the shape of each molecule, and indicate whether it can participate in dipole–dipole interactions.
Calculate the number of cations, anions, and formula units per unit cell in each of the following solids:(a) The rock-salt unit cell shown in Fig. 3H.28;(b) The fluorite (CaF2) unit cell shown
A balloon vendor has a helium tank of volume 18.0 L at 170 atm and 25°C. How many balloons of volume 2.40 L can be filled at 1.0 atm and 25°C by the helium in this tank?
Draw the Lewis structure of(a) PF3,(b) PF5, identify the shape of the molecule, and indicate whether it can participate in dipole–dipole interactions.
Nitrogen monoxide, NO(g), has been found to act as a neurotransmitter. To prepare to study its effect, a sample was collected in a container of volume 250.0 mL. At 19.5 °C, its pressure in this
An oxide of rhenium crystallizes with a cubic unit cell that has a rhenium cation at each corner and an oxide ion at the center of each edge of the crystal.(a) Determine the coordination numbers of
Volcanic eruptions can be a significant source of air pollution.The Kilauea volcano in Hawaii typically emits 200–300 t of sulfur dioxide gas (SO2) each day (1 t = 103 kg). On one day, the volcano
(a) Calculate the ratio of potential energies for an ion–ion interaction of Li+ and of K+ with the same anion.(b) Repeat the ratio calculation, but for an ion–dipole interaction between
When an oxide of uranium crystallizes, the uranium cations form an expanded cubic close-packed array with an oxide ion in each tetrahedral hole.(a) Determine the coordination numbers of the two
At sea level, where the pressure was 104 kPa and the temperature 21.1 °C, a certain mass of air occupied 2.0 m3. To what volume will the air mass expand when it has risen to an altitude where the
All noble gases except helium crystallize with ccp structures at very low temperatures. Find an equation relating the atomic radius to the density of a ccp solid of given molar mass and apply it to
Use radius ratios to predict the coordination number of the cation in(a) RbF;(b) MgO;(c) NaBr.
A meteorological balloon had a radius of 1.0 m when released at sea level at 20°C. It expanded to a radius of 3.0 m when it had risen to its maximum altitude, where the temperature was 220°C. What
All the alkali metals crystallize with bcc structures.(a) Find a general equation relating the metallic radius to the density of a bcc solid of an element in terms of its molar mass and use it to
Use radius ratios to predict the coordination number of the cation in(a) CsF;(b) NaI;(c) CaS.
Without doing a calculation, order the following gases according to increasing mass density: N2H4; N2; NH3. The temperature and pressure are the same for all three samples.
Estimate the density of each of the following solids from the ionic radii given in Fig. 1F.6:(a) Calcium oxide (rock-salt structure, Fig. 3H.28);(b) Cesium bromide (cesium- chloride structure, Fig.
Metals with bcc structures, such as tungsten, are not close packed. Therefore, their densities would be greater if they were to change to a ccp structure (under pressure, for instance). What would
Without doing a calculation, order the following gases according to increasing mass density: NO, NO2, N2O. The temperature and pressure are the same for all three samples.
Calculate the density of each of the following solids:(a) Magnesium oxide (rock-salt structure, Fig. 3H.28), distance between centers of Mg2+ and O2– ions is 212 pm;(b) Calcium sulfide
An oxide of niobium has a cubic unit cell in which there are oxide ions at the middle of each edge and niobium ions at the center of each face. What is the empirical formula of this oxid
A sample of argon of mass 2.00 mg is confined to a vial of volume 0.0500 L at 20°C; 2.00 mg of krypton is confined to a different vial of the same volume. What must the temperature of the krypton be
Graphite forms extended two-dimensional layers (see Fig. 3H.8).(a) Draw the smallest possible rectangular unit cell for a layer of graphite.(b) How many carbon atoms are in that unit cell?(c) What
A number of metal oxides are known to form “nonstoichiometric” compounds, in which the ratios of atoms that make up the compound cannot be expressed in small whole numbers. In the crystal
What mass of ammonia will exert the same pressure as 12 mg of hydrogen sulfide, H2S, in the same container under the same conditions?
Uranium dioxide, UO2, can be further oxidized to give a nonstoichiometric compound UO2 + x, where 0 < x < 0.25. (a) What is the average oxidation number of uranium in a compound with composition
The ammonium ion can be represented by a sphere of radius 151 pm. Use radius ratios to predict the type of lattice structure of(a) NH4F;(b) NH4I.
Are the following statements true or false?(a) If there is an atom present at the corner of a unit cell, there must be the same type of atom at all the corners of the unit cell.(b) A unit cell must
If the edge length of an fcc unit cell of RbI is 732.6 pm, how long would the edge of a cubic single crystal of RbI be that contains 1.00 mol RbI formula units?
What is the density (in g · L–1) of ammonia at(a) 1.00 atm and 298 K;(b) 32.0 °C and 0.865 atm?
Are the following statements true or false?(a) Because cesium chloride has chloride ions at the corners of the unit cell and a cesium ion at the center of the unit cell, it is classified as having a
The edge length of the fcc unit cell of NaCl is 562.8 pm.(a) How many unit cells are present in a single crystal of NaCl (table salt) that is a cube with edges of length 1.00 mm?(b) What amount (in
For each of the two-dimensional arrays shown here, draw a unit cell that, when repeated, generates the entire two- dimensional lattice. (a) (b)
A gaseous fluorinated methane compound has a density of 8.0 g · L–1 at 2.81 atm and 300. K.(a) What is the molar mass of the compound?(b) What is the formula of the compound if it is composed
For each of the two-dimensional arrays shown here, draw a unit cell that, when repeated, generates the entire twodimensional lattice.
The density of a gaseous compound of phosphorus is 0.943 g · L–1 at 420. K when its pressure is 727 Torr.(a) What is the molar mass of the compound?(b) If the compound remains gaseous, what
A compound used in the manufacture of Saran wrap is 24.7% C, 2.1% H, and 73.2% Cl by mass. The storage of 3.557 g of the gaseous compound in a vessel of volume 755 mL at 0°C results in a pressure of
Buckminsterfullerene is an allotrope of carbon in which the carbon atoms form nearly spherical molecules of 60 atoms each. In the pure compound, the spheres pack in a cubic close-packed
The analysis of a hydrocarbon revealed that it was 85.7% C and 14.3% H by mass. When 1.77 g of the gas was stored in a flask of volume 1.500 L at 17°C, it exerted a pressure of 508 Torr. What is the
Real gases and vapors deviate from ideal behavior on account of intermolecular interactions. One equation of state for a real gas is the van der Waals equation, which is expressed in terms of two
The density of a gaseous compound was found to be 0.943 g · L-1 at 298 K and 53.1 kPa. What is the molar mass of the compound?
A commonly occurring mineral has a cubic unit cell in which the metal cations, M, occupy the corners and face centers. Inside the unit cell, anions, A, occupy all the tetrahedral holes created by the
A sample of eugenol (the compound responsible for the odor of cloves) of mass 115 mg was placed in an evacuated flask of volume 500.0 mL at 280.0 °C. The pressure that eugenol exerted in the flask
Tetrahedral and octahedral holes are formed by the vacancies left when anions pack in a ccp array.(a) Which hole can accommodate the larger ions?(b) What is the radius ratio of the largest metal
The molar heat capacity of a substance is the heat required to raise the temperature by 1 °C per mole of molecules or formula units of the substance. For a given substance, the more varieties of
(a) If a pure element crystallizes with a primitive cubic lattice, what percentage of the unit cell is empty space?(b) How does this percentage compare with that of empty space in an fcc unit cell?
Many ionic compounds are considered to pack in such as way that the anions form a close-packed lattice in which the metal cations fill holes or interstitial sites left between the anions. These
As a result of being able to form strong hydrogen bonds, in the vapor hydrogen fluoride is found as short chains and rings.Draw the Lewis structure of an (HF)3 chain and indicate the approximate bond
Calculate the Coulomb potential energy of an electron at a point a distance r from a dipole composed of charges Q and – Q separated by a distance l in the arrangement shown in the diagram. Use the
One of the most destructive natural processes in civilization is the corrosion of iron in the presence of oxygen to form rust, which for simplicity can be taken to be iron(III) oxide. If a cubic
What mass of carbon is required for complete conversion of 14.0 kg of SiO2 to SiC?
Some d-block metals, such as titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium, and tantalum, react with nitrogen at high temperatures to form nitrides with the formula MN (in which M is the metal).
The electrical and thermal conductivities of the Group 11 and Group 12 elements, along with manganese, were measured (see table). Use the data to answer the following:(a) The electrical conductivity
The unit cell of a high-temperature superconductor is shown here. What is its formula? Y Ba Cu
The unit cell of the mineral perovskite, which has a structure similar to that of some high-temperature superconductors, is shown here. What is its formula? Ca Ti O
Solid silicon carbide reacts with molten sodium hydroxide and oxygen gas at high temperatures to form solid Na2SiO3, gaseous water, and carbon dioxide. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
Aluminum carbide is considered a covalent carbide. However, it reacts with water as ionic carbides do to produce solid aluminum hydroxide and methane gas, CH4. Write a balanced equation for the
Draw a simple chemical picture to show how the removal of water helps to make aluminosilicates into rigid ceramics.
Below are two absorption plots. One was obtained from a solution of an organic dye and the other from a quantum dot suspension. Which plot was obtained from which solution? Explain your reasoning.
What is the total mass of(a) The electrons;(b) The (nuclear) protons in a block of the ceramic BaTiO3 of mass 4.72 kg?
Zinc oxide is a semiconductor. Its conductivity increases when it is heated in a vacuum but decreases when it is heated in oxygen. Account for these observations.
What is the oxidation number of(a) Phosphorus in Li7P3S11, which forms in some ceramic electrolytes;(b) Titanium in BaTiO3?
Assuming that the oxidation number of aluminum is +3 in both compounds, what is the oxidation number of silicon in(a) Clay, Al2Si2O5(OH)4;(b) Mica, KMg3(Si3AlO10)(OH)2?
Select the physical properties you would expect to differ between the glassy and crystalline phases of a substance and explain your choices:(a) Ability to cleave along a
Select the type of substance (metal or ceramic) you would expect to have the greater value of each property and explain your choices:(a) Ductility;(b) Brittleness;(c) Resistance to
What is the oxidation number of silicon in the anion formed when HF is used to etch glass?
In a typical procedure for etching glass, the glass surface is covered by a mask (a protective coating). The mask is then removed from the areas that are to be etched and a paste made of fluorite and
Why is it unwise to store metal fluorides in glass bottles?
Solutions of strong bases stored in glass bottles react slowly with their containers. Write the balanced chemical equations for four possible reactions between OH– and SiO2.
Iron pyrite, FeS2, is the form in which much of the sulfur exists in coal. In the combustion of coal, oxygen reacts with iron pyrite to produce iron(III) oxide and sulfur dioxide, which is a major
Ethylammonium nitrate, CH3CH2NH3NO3, was the first ionic liquid to be discovered. Its melting point of 12 °C was reported in 1914, and it has since been used as a nonpolluting solvent for organic
What are the principal and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers for each of the following orbitals:(a) 6p;(b) 3d;(c) 2p;(d) 5f?
(a) How many values of the quantum number l are possible when n = 6?(b) How many values of ml are allowed for an electron in a 5f-subshell?(c) How many values of ml are allowed for an electron in
(a) How many values of the quantum number l are possible when n = 7?(b) How many values of ml are allowed for an electron in a 6d-subshell?(c) How many values of ml are allowed for an electron in
(a) How many subshells are there with principal quantum number n = 6?(b) Identify the subshells in the form 6s, etc.(c) How many orbitals are there in the shell with n = 6?
How many orbitals are in subshells with l equal to(a) 0;(b) 2;(c) 1;(d) 3?
Describe the difference in orientation of the dxy- and the dx2 – y2-orbitals with respect to the reference Cartesian axes. You might wish to refer to the interactive atomic orbitals found on the
(a) Sketch the shape of the boundary surfaces corresponding to 1s-, 2p-, and 3d-orbitals.(b) What is meant by a node?(c) How many radial nodes and angular nodal surfaces are there in each
At what distance from the nucleus is the electron most likely to be found if it occupies(a) A 3d-orbital or(b) A 3s-orbital in a hydrogen atom?
Show that, if the radial distribution function is defined as P = r2R2, then the expression for P for an s-orbital is P = 4π2r2ψ2.
Show that the electron distribution is spherically symetrical for an atom in which an electron occupies each of the three p-orbitals of a given shell.
Evaluate the probability of finding an electron in a small region of a hydrogen 1s-orbital at a distance 0.83a0 from the nucleus relative to finding it in the same small region located at the nucleus.
Evaluate the probability of finding an electron in a small region of a hydrogen 1s-orbital at a distance 0.55a0 from the nucleus relative to finding it in the same small region located at the nucleus.
Which of the following increase when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from the 2s-orbital to a 2p-orbital?(a) Energy of the electron.(b) Value of n.(c) Value of l.(d) Radius
Which of the following increase when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from the 1s-orbital to a 2p-orbital?(a) Energy of the electron.(b) Value of n.(c) Value of l.(d) Radius
Name each of the following organic compoundsa.b.c.d.e. CH3CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH
Name each of the following alkenes and alkynes.a.b.c.d.e.f. CH3 CH3CH₂-C=CH₂
Identify the functional groups present in the following compounds.a.b.c. O CH3 Testosterone OH CH3|
How is phosphine’s (PH3) structure different from that of ammonia?
Ammonia forms hydrogen-bonding intermolecular forces resulting in an unusually high boiling point for a substance with the small size of NH3. Can hydrazine (N2H4) also form hydrogen-bonding
Given the following data: P4(s) + 6Cl₂(g) 4PC13(g) P4(s) + 50₂(g) P4010(S) PC13(g) + Cl₂(g) PCls(g) PC3(g) + O₂(g) →→→ Cl₂PO(g) calculate AH for the reaction AH-1225.6 kJ AH = -2967.3
Consider the following data: Co³+ + e- Co(en) 3²+ Co(en)33+ Co²+ 8⁰ = 1.82 V Kf = 1.5 X 1012 Kf = 2.0 X 1047
What is the hybridization of the underlined nitrogen atom in each of the following molecules or ions?a. NO-b. N2O3 (O2NNO)c. NO2-d. N2
EDTA is used as a complex agent in chemical analysis. Solutions of EDTA, usually containing the disodium salt Na2H2EDTA, are also used to treat heavy metal poisoning. The equilibrium constant for the
A series of chemicals were added to some AgNO3(aq). NaCl(aq) was added first to the silver nitrate solution with the end result shown below in test tube 1, NH3(aq) was then added with the end result

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