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college physics reasoning

College Physics Reasoning and Relationships 2nd edition Nicholas Giordano - Solutions

Blood flows through an artery of diameter d and length L, and the pressure difference between the ends of the artery is ΔP. If the diameter is reduced by a factor of two and the pressure difference is kept the same, what happens to the flow rate?
Estimate the terminal speed of a DNA molecule in water. Assume the only forces on the molecule are gravity and the Stokes drag force (Eq. 10.33).
The viscosity of normal (healthy) blood is about three times greater than the viscosity of water. Certain diseases such as polycythemia can cause the viscosity of blood to be as much as three times greater than normal. If the viscosity of a person’s blood increases by a factor of three while the
A glass capillary tube with a radius of 0.050 mm is inserted into an open container filled with an unknown liquid, and the meniscus has an appearance similar to Figure 10.35A. It is found that the surface tension causes the liquid in the tube to rise a distance of 2.5 cm relative to the surface of
Repeat Problem 72, but now for a tube of radius 10 nm. Express your answer in pascals and as a ratio relative to atmospheric pressure.Data from Problem 72What is the capillary pressure for water in a vertical tube of diameter 0.10 mm?
What is the capillary pressure for water in a vertical tube of diameter 0.10 mm?
Estimate the terminal speed for a dust particle in air. Assume it has a radius of 1.0 mm and a density similar to that of balsa wood. Your answer will tell you why dust particles remain “suspended” in air for long periods.
A glass sphere of radius 1.0 mm is dropped into a lake. What is the terminal speed of the sphere?
An air duct in a building has a radius of 10 cm and a length of 10 m. What pressure is required to push air through the duct at a flow rate of 1.0 m3/s?
A blood vessel is 20 cm long and has a radius of 2.0 mm. If blood is flowing through it with a volume flow rate of 2.0 × 10–7 m3/s, what is the difference in the pressures at the two ends of the blood vessel?
A fire extinguisher contains a high-pressure liquid so that it can spray the liquid out very quickly when needed. If the fluid leaves a fire extinguisher at a speed of 20 m/s, what is the pressure inside?Assume an ideal fluid (i.e., a fluid with no viscosity).
The flow rate through a blood vessel is found to be 1.5 × 10–7 m3/s. Express this flow rate in units of cubic centimeters per second.Assume an ideal fluid (i.e., a fluid with no viscosity).
A Frisbee is observed to fly nearly horizontally, which implies that the lift force must be approximately equal to the weight of the Frisbee. If the air speed over the top of the Frisbee is 9.0 m/s, what is the flow speed across the bottom? Assume the Frisbee has a mass of 0.15 kg.Assume an ideal
Consider an airplane wing of area 20 m2. If the airflow speed over the top of the wing is 200 m/s, while the speed across the bottom is 150 m/s, what is the lift force on the wing at sea level at 0°C?Assume an ideal fluid (i.e., a fluid with no viscosity).
Consider a large blood vessel that carries blood to the heart. If this blood vessel has a cross-sectional area of 1.5 cm2 and the blood speed is 30 cm/s, what volume of blood is delivered in 1.0 s?Assume an ideal fluid (i.e., a fluid with no viscosity).
A house sits in a valley and is 30 m lower than the water tower that serves it. What is the speed of water when it sprays out of a shower in the house?Assume an ideal fluid (i.e., a fluid with no viscosity).
A tank of water sits at the edge of a table of height 1.2 m (Fig. P10.61). The tank springs a very small leak at its base, and water sprays out a distance of 1.5 m from the edge of the table. What is the water level h in the tank? Assume an ideal fluid (i.e., a fluid with no viscosity). Figure
It takes the author about 60 s to fill his truck with gasoline (48 liters, about 12 gal). (a) What is the flow rate in cubic meters per second? (b) Estimate the speed of the gasoline as it flows through the nozzle of the gasoline pump.Assume an ideal fluid (i.e., a fluid with no
The blood flow rate through the aorta is typically 100 cm3/s, and a typical adult has about 5.0 liters of blood. (a) How long does it take for all your blood to pass through the aorta? (b) If your aorta has a diameter of 2.0 cm, what is the speed of blood as it flows through the
Water is flowing through a pipe (area 4.0 cm2) that connects to a faucet adjusted to have an opening of 0.50 cm2. If the water is flowing at a speed of 5.0 m/s in the pipe, what is its speed as it leaves the faucet?Assume an ideal fluid (i.e., a fluid with no viscosity).
Water is flowing through a pipe (area 4.0 cm2) that connects to a faucet adjusted to have an opening of 0.50 cm2. If the water is flowing at a speed of 5.0 m/s in the pipe, what is its speed as it leaves the faucet? Assume an ideal fluid (i.e., a fluid with no viscosity).
A piece of aluminum is attached to a string and suspended in a pool of oil with density 750 kg/m3. If the apparent weight of the aluminum is 540 N, what is the volume of the aluminum?
A piece of balsa wood is placed into a tub full of ethanol. What fraction of the balsa wood is above the surface of the ethanol?
A solid object is made by gluing together two pieces of equal mass. If one of the pieces is made from a material with density 500 kg/m3, while the other has a density 1400 kg/m3, will the object float?
A chest of volume 1.2 m3 filled with gold sits at the bottom of a lake of depth 12 m. How much force is required to lift the chest to the surface?
For the blocks in Problem 50, assume they are barely submerged in water so that block 1 is just below the surface. If block 2 has a density twice that of block 1, what is the density of block 2? Data from problem 50 Two metal blocks are attached by a cable as shown in Figure P10.50 and are
For the blocks in Figure P10.50, suppose instead of being near the surface of the lake they are just above the bottom of the lake. Find the buoyant force in this case. Figure P10.50 ? V1 V2
A submarine uses tanks that can be filled with either water or air so that the submarine can have “neutral buoyancy.” That means its average density is equal to the density of water where it is located so that it will remain at that level under water. The density of water changes a small amount
Consider a glass tube that has the shape shown in Figure Q10.13. It is filled with a fluid and is closed at the end on the left. If PAis the pressure at point A, PBthe pressure at point B, and so forth, rank the pressures PA, PB, . . . from lowest to highest. Figure Q10.13 ? A H В G D F C E•
Two metal blocks are attached by a cable as shown in Figure P10.50 and are submerged at rest near the surface of a lake. If the volumes are V1= 2.0 m3and V2= 1.2 m3, what is the total buoyant force on the two blocks?? Figure P10.50 ? V1 V2
You want to design a helium-filled balloon that will lift a total payload of 1500 kg. What volume of helium is needed to just barely lift this payload? Assume the balloon itself has negligible mass.
You want to build a raft that can hold you (80 kg) plus some supplies (40 kg) for a long trip. You decide to make the raft out of logs that are each 20 cm in diameter and 3.0 m long. If the density of each log is 600 kg/m3, how many logs do you need?
Consider a wooden block of density 700 kg/m3 and volume 2.0 m3. What force is required to hold it completely under water?
An object has a weight of 20 N in air and an apparent weight of 5.0 N when submerged in water. What is its density? Will it float?
Estimate your apparent weight when you are under water.
A rectangular block of wood (density 750 kg/m3) of height 25 cm floats in a lake. What is the height of the wood above the water level?
Under normal conditions in the air, you are just barely able to lift a mass of 90 kg. Your friend drops a box of volume 2.5 m3 into a lake. If you are just able to lift it to the surface, what is the mass of the box?
A wooden log is found to float in a freshwater lake. If 35% of the log’s volume is above the surface, what is the log’s density?
A large suitcase full of gold sits at the bottom of a lake. A team of treasure hunters uses a crane to recover the suitcase and finds that a force of 3.0 × 105 N is required to lift the suitcase to the surface. What is the volume of the suitcase?
A car of mass 1400 kg rests on a hydraulic lift with a piston of radius 0.25 m that is connected to a second piston of radius 0.030 m. If the car is just barely lifted off the ground, what is the force at the second piston?
A block of mass 20 g sits at rest on a plate that is at the top of the fluid on one side of a U-tube as shown in Figure P10.38. The U-tube contains two different fluids with densities ρ1= 1000 kg/m3and ρ2= 600 kg/m3and has a cross-sectional area of A = 5.0 ?? 10-4m2. If the surfaces are offset by
Cars use a hydraulic system to transmit the force from the brake pedal to the actual brakes. If this system amplifies the force of your foot by a factor of 10, what is the ratio of the area of the hydraulic tube at the pedal to the area of the tube at a wheel?
A syringe has an area of 1.0 cm2 in the barrel and then narrows down to an area of 0.10 mm2 at the needle end. If a force of 5.0 N is applied to the syringe, what is the force produced at the tip of the needle?
The water system in a town is designed by a careless engineer. He places the new water tower at the top of an extremely tall hill, overlooking the mayor’s house. The mayor then finds that some of the pipes in his house leak, which never happened with the old system. While making repairs, the
A swimming pool of depth 2.5 m is filled with ordinary (pure) water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3). (a) What is the pressure at the bottom of the pool? (b) When the pool is filled with very salty water, the pressure changes by 5.0 × 103 Pa. What is the difference between the density of the salt water
The water pressure in the pipes in the basement of a tall house is 5.0 × 105 Pa. Estimate the water pressure on the second floor.
When a person is given intravenous fluid, the bag containing the fluid is typically held about 1.0 m above the person’s body. If the pressure in this fluid is just barely able to push the fluid into the person, what is the pressure in the person’s blood?
The blood pressure in a person’s feet when he is standing is greater than the pressure in his head. Estimate this pressure difference and compare it with normal blood pressure, which is typically about 1 × 10-4 Pa.
A bucket is filled with a combination of water (density 1000 kg/m3) and oil (density 700 kg/m3). These fluids do not mix. (The oil will float on top of the water.) If the layer of oil is 20 cm tall, what is the pressure at the interface between the oil and the water?
An engineer is given the job of designing the water system for a tall building. He decides to locate the pumps at ground level and feed the entire building from there. If the top floor of the building is 200 m above ground level, what must the pressure be at pump level?
Figure 10.12 shows a device that can be used to measure atmospheric pressure. If h = 6.5 m, what is the density of the liquid? Figure 10.12 ? Ptop = 0 (vacuum) h Patm
A U-tube contains two fluids with densities?µ1= 1000 kg/m3and ρ2= 600 kg/m3as sketched in Figure P10.27. What is the difference d in the heights of the top surfaces of the two fluids? Figure P10.27 ? d = ? YL Yr = 15 cm
Consider a fish of average size swimming near the bottom of a lake of depth 20 m. (a) What is the water pressure next to the fish? (b) Estimate the total force exerted by the water on the outside surface of the fish.
Estimate the force exerted by the water on Hoover Dam.
A diver is swimming at a depth of 10 m. What is the pressure in the water around him?
Consider again the swimming pool in Problem 22. What is the force exerted by the water on one of the sidewalls of the pool?Data from problem 22Consider a rectangular swimming pool of depth 2.5 m with a width and length of 15 m. What is the total force on the bottom of the pool due to the water
Consider a rectangular swimming pool of depth 2.5 m with a width and length of 15 m. What is the total force on the bottom of the pool due to the water pressure?
The author once had a small car with a ???hatchback,??? a rear door that opens upward. One day, he forgot to latch it before driving on the highway, and he found that at high speeds the rear door lifted up as in Figure Q10.22B. Explain why. Figure Q10.22B v + 0
Find the pressure at the bottom of a swimming pool that is 2.5 m deep.
The region near the South Pole in Antarctica has an altitude of about 3000 m, making the air pressure lower than at sea level. Explain why it is more difficult for an airplane to take off from the South Pole than from an airfield at sea level.
Add a new column to Table 10.1, listing the specific gravity of each substance. TABLE 10.1 Densities of Some Common Solids, Liquids, and Gases Density (kg/m) Substance SOLIDS Ice (at 0°C) 917 Aluminum 2,700 Lead 11,300 Platinum 21,500 Gold 19,300 Tungsten 19,300 Steel 7,800 Concrete 2,000 Bone
Explain how the specific gravity of a substance is connected with the buoyant force when an object is immersed in water.
Each tire of a car contacts the road over an area of approximately 150 cm2. Estimate the mass of the car.
In preparation for a bike tour of several countries, you ship your bicycle by air freight to Europe. When you arrive, you find that the tires of your bicycle have both blown out. Explain why that happened.
The water in the pipes of a typical house is at a gauge pressure of 3.0 times atmospheric pressure. What is the absolute pressure in pascals and in units of pounds per square inch?
An altimeter is a device used to measure altitude. Most altimeters are based on measurements of air pressure. Explain how they work and estimate how much the pressure changes for a 100-m change in altitude. Discuss how changes in the weather can affect an altimeter reading.
Express a pressure of 5.0 × 106 Pa in units of pounds per square inch.
Explain how there can be dust on a moving fan blade.
The recommended pressure in your car’s tires is usually specified as a gauge pressure. If a tire has a gauge pressure of 15 lb/in.2, what is the absolute pressure in pascals?
Figure Q10.16 shows a popular demonstration involving a moving fluid. Here an air €œjet€ is aimed upward and levitates a small object such as a table-tennis ball. The ball is drawn to the center of the jet, where the speed is greatest. This behavior is found when the air jet is
When a typical 1200-page textbook is sitting on a table, it exerts a force on the table. Estimate the associated pressure.
When traveling in a commercial airplane, you are sometimes given snacks, such as peanuts, in a sealed bag. The bag is often “bulging” much more than when you purchase a bag of peanuts in a store. Explain why.
Estimate the pressure exerted by your feet when you stand upright on the floor. Compare it to the pressure when you are wearing “stiletto” heels (use the value at the heel).
The four tires on the author’s car are inflated to an absolute pressure of 2.5 × 105 Pa. If the car has a mass of 1800 kg, what is the contact area between each tire and the ground?
Two blocks with the same volume but different densities are in a lake as shown in Figure Q10.14. Block m1floats at the surface with a portion above the water level, and block m2floats underwater. (a) Which block has the greatest mass? (b) For which block is the buoyant force
A suction cup works by virtue of a vacuum that is created within the cup. When the cup is pressed against a flat surface, most of the air is forced out, leaving a region of very low pressure. If a suction cup of area 1.0 cm2 attached to a ceiling is able to support an object with a mass as large as
Why are dams thicker at the bottom than at the top?
A block sits on a plate that in turn rests on the surface of a fluid as shown in Figure P10.11. The plate is partially submerged in the fluid, its area is 0.30 m2, and there is air at atmospheric pressure Patmabove the block and liquid. If the mass of the block and plate together is 12 kg, what is
Consider a swimming pool and a tall graduated cylinder (like the one in Fig. Q10.4), both containing water and filled to the same height. (a) Is the pressure at the bottom of the pool greater than, less than, or equal to the pressure at the bottom of the graduated cylinder? (b) Is the
The pressure in the atmosphere is not constant, but fluctuates as the weather changes. If the pressure outside a window drops by 5% while the pressure inside does not change, what is the force on the window? Assume the area of the window is 1.5 m2.
Why does the €œlava€ in a Lavalamp (Fig. Q10.10) rise and then fall?Figure Q10.10
Consider a box with a lid 1.5 m wide and 0.70 m long. If the inside of the box is evacuated (i.e., its pressure is zero), how much force is required to open the lid? Could you open the lid?
Three containers are filled with water to the same height (Fig. Q10.9). For which container is the pressure at the bottom the greatest? Or, are the pressures the same? Explain.Figure Q10.9 Container 1 Container 2 Container 3
Consider an airplane window (area 0.30 m2). If the pressure inside the plane is atmospheric pressure and the pressure outside is 20% of Patm, what is the force on the window? Ignore the velocity of the airplane (i.e., ignore Bernoulli’s effect).
A cargo ship travels from the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico. Will the ship sink or rise with respect to the waterline as it moves from the river to ocean water? Why?
Knowing the density of water, estimate the volume of your body.
Explain why some people are able to float in ocean water but not in a freshwater lake (see Fig. Q10.7). (A freshwater lake contains rainwater.)Figure Q10.7
Consider a steel sphere of mass 20 kg. Find its radius.
When water flows slowly from a faucet or pipette, the stream narrows and then eventually breaks into droplets (Fig. Q10.6). Explain why. Consider the effect of surface tension. Figure Q10.6
Estimate the mass of water in a typical bathtub. Assume the tub contains just enough water that you could be completely submerged.
Explain why an ice cube floats in water. For ordinary water (i.e., not salt water) at room temperature, what fraction of an ice cube is above the water?
Consider a highway composed of concrete. If the road is 2.0 km long, 10 m wide, and 0.50 m thick, what is its mass?
Figure Q10.4 is a photograph of a graduated cylinder filled with four fluids. Starting with mercury on the bottom and going up, we have salt water, water, and vegetable oil. In addition, a solid object rests at the interface between each liquid. At the bottom is a steel ball bearing, next an egg,
A piece of gold has a mass of 20 g. If this gold were formed into a very thin sheet of thickness 0.50 mm, find the area of the sheet. Assume it has the same density as listed in Table 10.1. TABLE 10.1 Densities of Some Common Solids, Liquids, and Gases Density (kg/m) Substance SOLIDS Ice (at
In a neutron star, all the mass has “collapsed” into a relatively small volume. (a) If a particular neutron star has a radius of 1000 m and a mass of 2.0 × 1028 kg, what is its density? (b) Compare this value with the density of the Sun and with the density of steel.
The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of water. Among other applications, measurements of the specific gravity are used by mineralogists to determine the composition of a gemstone. What are the units of specific gravity?
Explain how Archimedes’s principle can be used to measure a person’s percentage body fat. Fat has a different density than other body tissue.
Design a hydraulic lift that could be used to move a car. Assume the input piston the person would push on has an area of 0.10 m2. If you want a force of 300 N applied by the person to lift a car, estimate the area of the piston supporting the car.
A solid wood ball is rotating about an axis that passes through its center. If its angular speed is doubled, (a) by what factor does its rotational kinetic energy change? (b) By what factor does its angular momentum change?
Consider again the problem of a tipping car in Example 8.6. This time, instead of applying a force F to the car, assume the car is traveling around a curve on a level road. Let the radius of curvature of the turn be r and assume the car???s speed v is just barely fast enough to make the car???s

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