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college physics reasoning

College Physics Reasoning and Relationships 2nd edition Nicholas Giordano - Solutions

Dolphins use sonar as a sixth sense, giving them a three dimensional view of their surroundings via sound. A dolphin’s hearing spans the range from 15 Hz to 150 kHz, making use of the 75–110 kHz range for its echolocation sonar. Sound is emitted in a narrow beam using an organ called the melon
You buy a dog whistle that operates at 21 kHz, but when you blow into it, your dog does not show the slightest reaction. You decide to see if you can hear the whistle yourself. Two friends help you. One drives her car past you while the other blows the whistle from the car’s window. (a) How
On a summer afternoon, a pipe that is open at both ends is held vertically with one end submerged in water as shown in Figure P13.70. If a 220-Hz tuning fork is held over the end of the tube, it induces resonance when the top of the tube is h1 = 40 cm from the surface of the water and when it is h2
The lowest frequency an average human ear can perceive is about 15 Hz, and the highest about 18 kHz. How tall would an organ pipe have to be to produce the lowest note? How short a tube would be needed to play the highest note? What harmonic (i.e., what value of n in Eq. 13.15) would the smaller
Consider the falling tuning fork in Problem 68 with frequency 440 Hz. (a) You hear it splash into the water at the bottom of the well after 1.8 s. How deep is the well? (b) What frequency is heard just before the splash? Assume the tuning fork undergoes free fall with negligible air drag.
Drop in pitch. A tuning fork that rings at 440 Hz is dropped down a deep well. How far down the well is the fork when the pitch is at 425 Hz? Don’t forget to include the time it takes the sound to propagate to the top of the well and assume the tuning fork undergoes free fall with negligible air
The sound of the talking or singing voice is produced by the vocal cords together with the vocal tract. When air is expelled through your throat, the vocal cords vibrate. For an adult man, this vibration has a fundamental frequency of about 110 Hz, with harmonics at 220 Hz, 330 Hz, 440 Hz,....
While taking a walk around your neighborhood, you see a flash of lightning hit the Earth in the distance. You immediately look at your watch and then hear thunder approximately 9 s later. (a) How far away did the lightning strike the ground? (b) Find a conversion factor for a thunder
The human ear canal (Fig. 13.3) is typically about 2.4 cm long, is roughly cylindrical, and is closed at one end where it is capped by the eardrum.? (a) What is the fundamental frequency of the ear canal?? (b) Determine the range of frequencies where the ear is most sensitive (see Fig. 13.4). How
A child drops a rock into a vertical mine shaft that is precisely 406 m deep. The sound of the rock hitting the bottom of the shaft is heard 10.3 s after the child drops the rock. What is the temperature of the air in the shaft? Assume the temperature is the same throughout the mine. Ignore the
Some climate data suggest that during the period 1950 to 2000, the Earth’s surface warmed an average of about 1°C. If the oceans have warmed this amount, how much will this change the time it takes a sound wave to travel from San Francisco to Honolulu?
An ambulance with a siren emitting a whine at 1200 Hz overtakes and passes a cyclist pedaling a bike at 2.5 m/s. After being passed, the cyclist hears a frequency of 980 Hz. How fast is the ambulance moving?
Two identical police cars are chasing a robber. When at rest, their sirens have a frequency of 500 Hz. A stationary observer watches as the two cars approach. The siren of one car (car 1) has a frequency of 600 Hz, and the other (car 2) has a frequency of 700 Hz. (a) Which car is moving
Consider again the insect in Problem 58. If the insect moves the 10-cm distance in 0.50 s, what is the magnitude of the Doppler shift in the bat’s reflected sound wave? Assume the insect is moving directly away from the bat.Data From Problem 58A bat is pursuing an insect and using echolocation of
A bat is pursuing an insect and using echolocation of 60-kHz sound waves to track the insect. The insect is initially 30 cm from the bat, but then moves to a distance of 40 cm as it tries to escape. What is the difference in the two echo times the bat measures?
The siren in an ambulance has a frequency (according to you) of 1100 Hz as it moves toward you at speed v. It then makes a U-turn and travels away from you with speed v, and you hear a frequency of 950 Hz. What is the final speed v of the siren?
A siren is approaching you at 35 m/s and is perceived to have a frequency of 1100 Hz. If the siren stops moving, what frequency do you now hear?
A guitar is tuned to play a note at 440 Hz. If the guitar is in a moving car and the note has a perceived frequency of 410 Hz, what is the speed of the car? Assume the car is moving directly away from a listener on the sidewalk.
A siren has a frequency of 950 Hz when it and an observer are both at rest. The observer then starts to move and finds that the frequency he hears is 1000 Hz. (a) Is the observer moving toward or away from the siren? (b) What is the speed of the observer?
A siren has a frequency of 750 Hz when it is at rest, whereas it has an apparent frequency of 800 Hz when it is moving toward a stationary observer. What is the speed of the siren in the latter case?
An owl is chasing a squirrel and is using echolocation (the reflection of sound) to aid in the hunt. If the squirrel is 25 m from the owl, how long does it take sound to travel from the owl to the squirrel and then back to the owl?
The sound from a church organ “reverberates” for many seconds after the organ stops producing sound due to reflections inside the church. That is, the sound from the organ bounces back and forth off the church walls many times before the sound intensity decays away completely. If the
One tuning fork vibrates at 440 Hz, and a second tuning fork vibrates at an unknown frequency. When the two forks are struck at the same time, beats with a frequency of 3 Hz are heard. (a) What is the frequency of the second tuning fork? Why are there two possible answers? (b) Describe an
A person can detect a beat rate as slow as 0.3 beat per second at a frequency of 1500 Hz. What is the percentage difference in frequency of the two notes?
A violin string tuned to 485.0 Hz is found to exhibit 2.0 beats per second with a guitar string. The guitar string is then tightened, and the beat frequency is found to increase. What was the original frequency of the guitar string?
Two similar guitar strings have the same length and mass, but slightly different tensions. If the beat frequency is 1.5 Hz, what is the ratio of the tensions of the two strings? Assume they are both tuned to approximately 330 Hz. Give your answer to three significant figures.
A guitarist plucks two strings simultaneously. One string is tuned to a (fundamental) frequency of 340.0 Hz. It is found that beats are audible, with a beat frequency of 0.5 Hz. What are possible values for the frequency of the other string?
Two sound waves of frequency 80 Hz and 83 Hz are played. How many beats per second are heard?
A trombone (Fig. P13.44) acts as a pipe that is closed at one end (the mouthpiece, where the player blows) and open at the other end (the bell of the instrument). (a) Is the lowest note played with the slide pulled as far as possible toward the player or when the slide is pushed out as far as
Consider the soft-drink bottle on the far right in Figure Q13.17. What is the approximate value of the fundamental frequency produced when a person blows across the top of the bottle?Figure Q13.17
A pipe has a pattern of standing wave frequencies given in Figure P13.42. Is this pipe (a) Open at both ends, (b) Closed at both ends, or (c) Open at one end and closed at the other? What is the length of the pipe?Figure P13.42 500 1000 1500 Frequency (Hz) Relative sound intensity
Consider a steel rod that vibrates longitudinally. If the rod is 1.5 m long, what is the fundamental frequency? Assume the ends of the rod are displacement anti nodes (i.e., it behaves as an organ pipe with both ends open).
An organ pipe that is closed at one end has a fundamental frequency of 175 Hz. There is a leak in the church roof, and some water gets into the bottom of the pipe as shown in Figure P13.40. The organist then finds that this organ pipe has a frequency of 230 Hz. What is the depth of the water in the
A pipe is open at both ends. The pipe has resonant frequencies of 528 Hz and 660 Hz (among others). Find two possible values for the length of the pipe.
Consider an organ pipe that is closed at one end and open at the other. This pipe has resonant frequencies of 1200 Hz and 1500 Hz (among others). Find two possible values for the length of the pipe.
A piccolo can be approximated as a tube that is open at both ends. If a piccolo is 20 cm long, what is the frequency of the lowest note it can play?
An organ pipe is open at one end and closed at the other. The pipe is designed to produce the note middle C (262 Hz). (a) How long is the pipe? (b) What is the frequency of the second harmonic? (c) How many pressure nodes of the second harmonic are found inside the pipe? Do not count
If an organ pipe is filled with oxygen gas instead of air, will the frequency of the note go up or go down, and by what factor?
The distance between a node and the nearest anti node of a standing sound wave in air is 0.24 m. What is the frequency of this wave?
Consider an organ pipe 1.2 m long that is closed at one end and open at the other. What is the fundamental frequency of the pipe?
For a standing sound wave, the open end of a flute forms which of the following? (More than one answer may be correct.)(a) A displacement node (b) A displacement anti node (c) A pressure node(d) A pressure anti node
For a standing sound wave, the closed end of an organ pipe forms which of the following? (More than one answer may be correct.)(a) A displacement node (b) A displacement anti node (c) A pressure node(d) A pressure anti node
A person has severe hearing loss that reduces the intensity in his inner ear by 40 dB. To compensate, a hearing aid can amplify the sound pressure amplitude by a certain factor to bring the intensity level back to the value for a healthy ear. What amplification factor is needed for this person?
Rank each substance according to how fast sound travels in that medium, from that with the largest velocity to that with the slowest. (a) Air (b) Water (c) Steel (d) Aluminum
A sound wave in air has a frequency of 220 Hz. What is its wavelength?
A typical dog can hear sounds with frequencies as high as 45 kHz. Assuming they can hear sounds as low as 40 Hz, make a qualitative sketch of the sensitivity curve for a dog (i.e., the canine version of the dashed curve in Fig. 13.4).Figure 13.4 Onset of damage to ear 140 102 120 100 100 10-2 10-4
The distance along a sound wave between a point of condensation and the nearest rarefaction is 0.45 m. What is the wavelength of this sound wave?
Musicians who play the guitar and other stringed instruments use beats to tune their instruments. The value of the beat frequency tells them the difference in the frequencies of two strings, but it does not tell them which one is higher (or lower). Describe an experiment musicians could do to
Consider a sound wave in air with a frequency of 440 Hz. What is the distance between a region of condensation and an adjacent region of rarefaction?
Two sound waves of equal frequency interfere constructively at a listener. Which of the following statements is true?(a) The frequency is increased by the interference. (b) The sound amplitude is increased by the interference. (c) The listener will hear beats.
Suppose a sound wave in air at room temperature has a wavelength of 400 m. What is its frequency?
How is it possible for a singer to shatter a wine glass by singing a note? Which is more important in this process, the frequency or intensity of the singing, or are they both important?
Two ships are traveling on a very dark and foggy night and cannot see each other, even though they have their lights on. They therefore use their foghorns to broadcast their presence. If the ships are 50 m apart, how long does it take the sound from one ship to reach the other?
In this chapter, we discussed the Doppler effect that occurs when a source of sound moves directly toward or away from a listener. Do you think there will be a Doppler shift if the velocity of the source is perpendicular to a line that runs to the listener (Fig. Q13.6)? Explain why or why
A battleship is using sonar (reflected underwater sound signals) to detect the presence of nearby submarines. It is found that a sonar reflection has a round-trip travel time (from the battleship to the submarine and back) of 17 s. How far away from the battleship is the submarine?
A sound wave in an unknown gas has a frequency of 440 Hz and a wavelength of 2.2 m. What type of gas might it be? Use Table 13.1. TABLE 13.1 Speed of Sound in Some Common Materials Speed of Sound (m/s) Material Air 343 Helium gas 1000 Hydrogen gas 1330 Oxygen gas 330 Carbon dioxide gas 269
Explain why the sounds emitted by large animals usually have a lower frequency than those from small animals. Consider the standing waves in the vocal tract.
Consider two sounds of frequency 300 Hz, one traveling in carbon dioxide gas and the other in hydrogen gas. What is the ratio of the wavelengths in the two cases?
Ocean in a shell. What is it that you hear when you hold a seashell (or any closed chamber like a cup or jar) to your ear? We are almost always surrounded by sound that spans every frequency (white noise). What happens if you cup your hands around an ear and vary the size of the chamber? The pitch
The lowest note on a piano has a fundamental frequency of about 27 Hz. What is the wavelength of this sound in air?
Consider the method of acoustic thermometry using the ocean. In Example 13.8, we saw that very small changes in the travel time of sound can be detected and can be used to observe very small changes in the ocean temperature. There are, however, complications that we did not mention in that example.
The ultrasonic sound waves used by owls for echolocation typically have a frequency of approximately 100 kHz. What is the wavelength of a sound with this frequency?
Use the general relation for the speed of sound in Equation 13.3 together with the ideal gas law (see Chapter 15 if you need a refresher on the ideal gas law) to show that the speed of sound in a gas can be written as vsound = √P/ρ where P is the pressure. Can you give an intuitive explanation
Consider a sound wave of frequency f generated in air by a loudspeaker. When this sound wave reaches a nearby lake, the sound wave propagates into the water, where it has the same frequency f. What is the ratio of the wavelength of the wave in the water to the wavelength in air?
The first television remote controllers (invented in the 1950s) used ultrasonic waves. Some people claimed they could change channels by simply jiggling their keys. Is that possible? Explain why or why not.
An automobile wheel of diameter 0.50 m is found to emit sound with a frequency of 10 Hz. What is the automobile’s speed? Assume the frequency of the emitted sound is equal to the rotation frequency of the wheel.
A buzzer generates sound by vibrating with a frequency of 440 Hz in air. If this buzzer is placed underwater, what frequency would a fish hear? How does placing the buzzer underwater affect the wavelength of the sound?
In western movies, the hero sometimes detects an approaching train by “listening” to the railroad tracks. If the tracks are made of steel, how many times faster does sound travel in the tracks than in air?
One day, while hiking in a particular spot in your favorite cave, you notice that it takes a certain time t for an echo to return to you. The next day, you find that the echo time at the same spot is shorter. How might that happen?
Use the data in Figure 13.4 to determine the approximate frequency at which the human ear is most sensitive to sound.Figure 13.4 Onset of damage to ear 140 102 120 100 100 10-2 80 10-4 60 10-6 40 10-8 10-10 10-12 -20 31 62 125 250 500 1000 4000 16,000 Frequency (Hz) Each contour line has
When a police car is at rest, its siren has a frequency of 750 Hz. You are a thief, and just after finishing a night’s work, you hear a siren with a frequency of 700 Hz. Your fellow thief tells you to relax and assures you that there is nothing to worry about. Is she right?
Use Figure 13.4 to find the sensitivity of the human ear at 50 Hz. That is, what is the lowest sound intensity the ear can detect at this frequency?Figure 13.4 Onset of damage to ear 140 102 120 100 100 10-2 80 10-4 60 10-6 40 10-8 10-10 10-12 -20 31 62 125 250 500 1000 4000 16,000 Frequency
A radio produces sound waves in air, but they can also travel from air into water so that they can be heard by a swimmer. Is the frequency of the sound in air the same or different from the frequency in water? Is the wavelength the same or different? Explain.
A sound wave has an intensity level of 80 dB. What is the pressure amplitude of this wave?
The manufacturer of a set of earplugs advertises that they will reduce the sound intensity level by 40 dB. By what factor do they reduce the intensity?
You are at a rock concert, and the sound intensity reaches levels as high as 130 dB. The sound pressure produces an oscillating force on your eardrum. Estimate the amplitude of this oscillating force.
When you blow across the top of a cola bottle, you can generate sound (Figure Q13.17). As you drink more and more of the cola and lower the liquid level, how does the frequency of the Figure Q13.6 sound change?Figure Q13.17
The human auditory system is able to detect changes in the sound intensity level as small as 1 dB. (a) What is the corresponding percentage change in the intensity I when the sound intensity level changes from 10 dB to 11 dB? (b) What is the percentage change when the intensity level
When you tune a flute or trombone, what causes the frequency to change?
To decrease the intensity of a wave by a factor of four, what must you do?(a) Decrease the pressure amplitude by a factor of two.(b) Decrease the pressure amplitude by a factor of four.(c) Decrease the pressure amplitude by a factor of eight.(d) Decrease the pressure amplitude by a factor of √2.
Noise-canceling headphones make use of destructive interference of sound waves to eliminate “noise,” while still playing music. Explain how they work.
Two sounds differ in intensity level by 6.0 dB. What is the ratio of the intensities of these two sounds?
If the note middle C is played on trumpet and on a piano, you can identify them as the same note but can certainly tell the difference. What feature of these sounds tells you that they are the same note? What feature of these sounds tells you that they come from different instruments?
If a sound intensity level increases by 16 dB, by what factor does the intensity change?
Estimate the amplitude of the force on your eardrum from a sound that has an intensity level of 90 dB.
A sound wave has an intensity of 2.5 × 10-3 W/m2. What is the intensity level in decibels?
A source of sound has a total emitted power of 300 W. What is the intensity a distance of 10 m from the source? Assume the source emits spherical waves.
Suppose the sound intensity level 0.10 m from a loudspeaker is 110 dB. Assuming the speaker generates wave fronts that have a hemispherical shape (Fig. P13.25), what is the intensity 5.5 m from the speaker? Figure P13.25 ?
The sound intensity level 20 m from a particular loudspeaker is 70 dB. Estimate the total power emitted by the speaker. Assume it emits spherical waves.
What is the pressure amplitude of a sound wave if the intensity level is 40 dB?
What is the intensity level of a sound wave if the pressure amplitude is 7.9 Pa?
A point source emits sound with a power of 250 W. What is the intensity level in decibels at a distance of 35 m?
A student sends a transverse wave pulse down a stretched piece of string attached to a wall. A moment later, she sends a second wave pulse. Is there any way she could alter the conditions to make the second wave overtake the first wave (i.e., before it is reflected back)? What would happen if she
Consider a wave that has a frequency of 3.0 kHz and a wavelength of 0.10 m. Write an equation that might describe this wave.
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves and travel at c = 3.00 × 108 m/s in a vacuum. How long does it take a radio signal to travel from Mars to the Earth when the two planets are nearest each other? Assume their closest separation is equal to the difference in their mean orbital radii.
Suppose your favorite FM radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 101 MHz. What is the wavelength of this signal?
Your favorite television station transmits using an electromagnetic wave with a wavelength of approximately 1.5 m. What is the frequency?
Electromagnetic waves are used to transmit television signals from a satellite that is in orbit around the Earth to the author’s home. Estimate how long such a signal takes to travel from the satellite to the ground. This satellite completes one orbit each day and is thus in a geosynchronous
A light bulb emits a spherical wave. If the intensity of the emitted light is 1.0 W/m2 at a distance of 2.5 m from the bulb, what is the intensity at a distance of 4.0 m?
For the spherical wave emitted by a small light bulb, what is the ratio of the amplitudes of the wave at r = 4.0 m and r = 2.5 m from the light bulb?

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