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college physics reasoning

Questions and Answers of College Physics Reasoning

Collisions of commercial aircraft with birds are a serious safety hazard, especially when a plane is taking off or landing. Consider a typical goose that collides with an airplane taking off at 70
On your vacation, you fly from Atlanta to San Francisco (a total distance of 3400 km) in 4.0 h. (a) Draw a qualitative sketch of how the speed of your airplane varies with time. (b) What is
Figure P2.27 shows the velocity???time curve of a falling brick. Make a careful estimate of the slope to find the acceleration of the brick at t 5 3.0 s. Figure P2.27 ? 0+i-2–3–4–5–6- t (s)
In Insight 5.2, we discussed how, because of the force of gravity from the Moon, the Earth moves in an orbit around a point that lies between it and the Moon. (a) Find the radius of the
Proponents of astrology claim that the positions of the planets at the time of a baby’s birth will affect the life of that person in important ways. Some assert that this effect is due to gravity.
Will your apparent weight at the top of Mount Everest (altitude 8850 m = 29,035 ft) be more or less than at sea level at the same latitude (27.98° N)? What is the ratio of your apparent weight on
For the bicycle wheel in Problem 1, what is the centripetal acceleration of a point that is 0.10 m from the outer edge of the wheel? Explain why this value is different from the answer to part (a) of
It is sometimes claimed by astrologers (but not by astronomers!) that because the Moon dramatically affects the seas of the world, as evidenced by the tides, the Moon must also affect individual
Consider the motion of a rock tied to a string of length 0.50 m. The string is spun so that the rock travels in a vertical circle as shown in Figure P5.16. The mass of the rock is 1.5 kg, and it is
Consider a Ferris wheel in which the chairs hang down from the main wheel via a cable. The cable is L = 2.0 m long, and the radius of the wheel is 12 m (Fig. P5.30). When a chair is in the
A rock of mass m = 1.5 kg is tied to a string of length L = 2.0 m and is twirled in a vertical circle as shown in Figure 5.10. The speed v of the rock is constant; that is, it is the same at the top
Find the gravitational force of the Sun on the Earth.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Mars.
Suppose the density of the Earth was somehow reduced from its actual value to 1000 kg/m3 (the density of water). Find the value of g, the acceleration due to gravity, on this new planet. Assume the
You are an astronaut (m = 95 kg) and travel to a planet that is the same radius and mass as the Earth, but it has a rotational period of only 2 h. What is your apparent weight at the equator of this
In Section 5.4, we showed that the radius of a geosynchronous orbit about the Earth is 4.2 × 107 m, compared with the radius of the Earth, which is 6.4 × 106 m. By what factor is the force of
Saturn makes one complete orbit of the Sun every 29.4 years. Calculate the radius of the orbit of Saturn.
The region of the solar system between Mars and Jupiter contains many asteroids that orbit the Sun. Consider an asteroid in a circular orbit of radius 5.0 × 1011 m. Find the period of the orbit.
A newly discovered asteroid is found to have a circular orbit, with a radius equal to 27 times the radius of the Earth’s orbit. How long does this asteroid take to complete one orbit around the Sun?
In recent years, a number of nearby stars have been found to possess planets. Suppose the orbital radius of such a planet is found to be 4.0 × 1011 m, with a period of 1100 days. Find the mass
In Figure 5.31, we saw that tides on the Earth are due to the variation of the Moon???s gravitational force with distance. Find the approximate ratio of the Moon???s gravitational force on two
Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos. It is known that the larger moon, Phobos, has an orbital radius of 9.4 × 106 m and a mass of 1.1 × 1016 kg. Find its orbital period.
In our derivation of Kepler???s laws, we assumed the only force on a planet is due to the Sun. In a real solar system, however, the gravitational forces from the other planets can sometimes be
What is the speed of a satellite in a geosynchronous orbit about the Earth? Compare it with the speed of the Earth as it orbits the Sun.
Syzygy. We have seen that normal tides are due to the gravitational force exerted by the Moon on the Earth???s oceans. When the Moon, Sun, and Earth are aligned as shown in Figure P5.56, the
Your weight is due to the gravitational attraction of the Earth. The Moon, though, also exerts a gravitational force on you, and when it is overhead, your weight decreases by a small amount.
During an eclipse, the Sun, Earth, and Moon are arranged in a line as shown in Figure P5.59. There are two types of eclipse: (a) a lunar eclipse, when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, and
In the film Mission to Mars (released in 2000), the spacecraft (Fig. P5.60) features a rotating section to provide artificial gravity for the long voyage. A physicist viewing a scene from the
A man stands 6.0 ft tall at sea level on the North Pole as shown in Figure P5.62.? (a) What is the difference in the value of g (the gravitational acceleration) between his head and his feet?? (b)
An ancient and deadly weapon, a sling consists of two braided cords, each about half an arm???s length long, attached to a leather pocket. The pocket is loaded with a projectile made of lead, carved
A popular circus act features daredevil motorcycle riders encased in the ???Globe of Death??? (Fig. P5.65), a spherical metal cage of diameter 16 ft.? (a) A rider of mass 65 kg on a 125-cc (95-kg)
Asteroid satellite. While on its way to Jupiter in 1993, the Galileo spacecraft made a fly by of asteroid Ida. Images captured of Ida (Fig. P5.66) showed that the asteroid has a tiny moon of its own,
The death spiral. An Olympic pair figure- skating routine features an element called the death spiral shown in Figure P5.67. In this routine, the male skater swings his female partner in a circle. If
Consider a hypothetical extra solar world, planet Tungsten, that has twice the radius of the Earth and twice its density. (a) What is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of planet
The movie 2001: A Space Odyssey (released in 1968) features a massive rotating space station of radius 100 m, similar to the one in Figure 5.13B.? (a) What period of rotation is needed to provide an
An astronaut stands on the surface of Vesta, which, with an average radius of 270 m, makes it the third largest object in the asteroid belt. The astronaut picks up a rock and drops it from a height
The International Space Station orbits at an average height of 350 km above sea level. (a) Determine the acceleration due to gravity at that height and find the orbital velocity and the period
Oil exploration. When searching for gold, measurements of g can be used to find regions within the Earth where the density is larger than that of normal soil. Such measurements can also be used to
A rock of mass m is tied to a string of length L and swung in a horizontal circle of radius r. The string can withstand a maximum tension Tmax before it breaks. (a) What is the maximum speed
Lake Baikal in Siberia is the deepest lake on the Earth, with a maximum depth of 1600 m. Consider the weight of twin brothers with the same mass. One twin is in a rowboat in the middle of Lake
Experiments have shown that riders in a car begin to feel uncomfortable while traveling around a turn if their acceleration is greater than about 0.40 × g. Use this fact to calculate the minimum
Consider the coffee centrifuge in Question 20 (Fig. Q5.20). If this cup is moving in a circle with constant speed, what is the approximate minimum speed that will keep the coffee in the cup? Figure
Gravitational tractor. In some science fiction stories, a “tractor beam” is used to pull an object from one point in space to another. That may not be just science fiction. It has been proposed
Some communications and television towers are much taller than any buildings. These towers have been used to study how the Earth’s gravitational force varies with distance from the center of the
Find the ratio of your weight on the Earth to your weight on the surface of the Sun. WEarth W Sun
When a spacecraft travels from the Earth to the Moon, both the Earth and the Moon exert a gravitational force on the spacecraft. Eventually, the spacecraft reaches a point where the Moon’s
Suppose the bowling balls in Problem 41 are increased in size (radius) by a factor of two, but their density does not change. By what factor does the gravitational force change? Data From
Estimate the gravitational force between two bowling balls that are nearly touching.
Travel and lose pounds! Your apparent weight is the force you feel on the bottoms of your feet when you are standing. Due to the Earth’s rotation, your apparent weight is slightly more when you are
Three lead balls of mass m1= 15 kg, m2= 25 kg, and m3= 9.0 kg are arranged as shown in Figure P5.37. Find the total gravitational force exerted by balls 1 and 2 on ball 3. Be sure to give the
If the masses of the objects in Problem 35 are both increased by a factor of √5, by what factor does the gravitational force change? Do not use a calculator to solve this problem!Data From Problem
Two small objects of mass 20 kg and 30 kg are a distance 1.5 m apart. What is the gravitational force of one of these objects on the other?
NASA has built centrifuges to enable astronauts to train in conditions in which the acceleration is very large. The device in Figure P5.34 shows one of these ???human centrifuges.??? If the device
A centrifuge can be used to separate DNA molecules from solution. Estimate how long it will take the centrifuge in Example 5.6 to separate a DNA molecule from water. Assume the centrifuge tube is 2.0
We saw in Example 5.6 how a centrifuge can be used to separate cells from a liquid. To increase the rate at which objects can be separated from solution, it is useful to make the centrifuge’s speed
A car of mass 1700 kg is traveling without slipping on a flat, curved road with a radius of curvature of 35 m. If the car’s speed is 12 m/s, what is the frictional force between the road and the
A child of mass m - 50 kg sits at the end of a rope of length L = 3.2 m. The other end of the rope is fastened to a ceiling in a gymnasium, and the child travels so that he moves in a horizontal
Consider the circular space station in Figure 5.13. Suppose the station has a radius of 15 m and is designed to have an acceleration due to â€œartificial gravityâ€ of g/2. Find the speed of
Spin out! An interesting amusement park activity involves a cylindrical room that spins about a vertical axis (Fig. P5.26). Participants in the ???ride??? are in contact with the wall of the room,
A coin is sitting on a record as sketched in Figure P5.25. It is found that the coin slips off the record when the rotation rate is 0.30 rev/s. What is the coefficient of static friction between the
A rock is tied to a string and spun in a circle of radius 1.5 m as shown in Figure P5.24. The speed of the rock is 10 m/s.(a) Draw a picture giving both a top view and a side view of the motion of
Consider a roller coaster as it travels near the bottom of its track as sketched in Figure P5.23. At this point, the normal force on the roller coaster is three times its weight. If the speed of the
On a popular amusement park ride, the rider sits in a chair suspended by a cable as shown in Figure P5.22. The top end of the cable is tied to a rotating frame that spins, hence moving the chair in a
A car of mass 1000 kg is traveling over the top of a hill as shown in Figure P5.21.? (a) If the hill has a radius of curvature of 40 m and the car is traveling at 15 m/s, what is the normal force
A coffee centrifuge? In one popular demonstration, a full cup of hot coffee is placed on a platform suspended by strings to the lecturer???s hand as seen in Figure Q5.20. With some practice, the
A roller-coaster track is designed so that the car travels upside down on a certain portion of the track as shown in Figure P5.20. What is the minimum speed the roller coaster can have without
Plutoâ€™s mass. In 1978, it was discovered that Pluto had a moon of its own. The moon was given the name Charon (now known to be one of three; see Fig. Q5.19). After the discovery of this
The track near the top of your favorite roller coaster has a circular shape with a diameter of 20 m. When you are at the top, as in Figure 5.11, you feel as if your weight is only one-third your true
An astronaut on the peak of a mountain on the Moon fires a rifle along the horizontal direction. Is it possible, given a sufficient initial speed for the bullet, that the bullet might hit her in the
A stone of mass 0.30 kg is tied to a string of length 0.75 m and is swung in a horizontal circle with speed v. The string has a breaking-point force of 50 N. What is the largest value v can have
The difference in the gravitational force is only about 10% less on an object that is in a low Earth orbit than it is for the same object on the ground. Why is it that an astronaut in orbit
Consider the motion of the rock in Figure P5.16. What is the minimum speed the rock can have without the string becoming ???slack???? Figure P5.16 ? т %3D 1.5 kg m r = 0.50 m
The Sun exerts an overall force on the Earth many times greater than that of the Moon. How can it then be that the ocean tides are primarily due to the influence of the Moon and, to a much lesser
How does your weight on a ship in the middle of the ocean compare with your weight when you are standing on solid ground? Explain why they are not the same.
Consider again the problem of a car traveling along a banked turn. Sometimes roads have a “reversed” banking angle. That is, the road is tilted “away” from the center of curvature of the
You are a prospector looking for gold by taking high-precision measurements of the acceleration due to gravity, g, at different points on the Earth’s surface. In one region, you find that g is
The Daytona 500 stock car race is held on a track that is approximately 2.5 mi long, and the turns are banked at an angle of 31°. It is currently possible for cars to travel through the turns at a
NASA uses a specially equipped airplane (called the “Vomit Comet”) to provide a simulated zero-gravity environment for training and experiments. This airplane flies in a long, parabolic path.
At a practice for a recent automobile race, officials found that the drivers were nearly “blacking out,” which led to cancellation of the race. The cars were traveling at about 240 mi/h, and the
When a planet orbits around a star, the star also moves in an “orbit.” Since it is much more massive than the planet, the star’s orbital radius rstar is much smaller than that of the planet
When a fighter pilot makes a very quick turn, he experiences a centripetal acceleration. When this acceleration is greater than about 8 × g, the pilot will usually lose consciousness (“black
It is believed that much of the mass in the universe is carried by what is called dark matter, matter that does not emit enough visible light or other radiation to be detected by conventional
Reconnaissance satellites (often called spy satellites) travel in very low orbits so that their cameras can take photos of objects on the Earth’s surface with the highest possible resolution.
In the days before compact discs and MP3 players (ancient history!), music was recorded in scratches in the surface of vinyl-coated disks called records. In a typical record player, the record
Consider points on the Earth???s surface as sketched in Figure P5.9. Because of the Earth???s rotation, these points undergo uniform circular motion. Compute the centripetal acceleration of? (a) A
Astronomers have discovered that some stars orbit around regions of space that contain large amounts of cosmic dust. This dust provides the gravitational force that causes the stars to move in a
What is the acceleration of the Moon as it moves in its circular orbit around the Earth? TABLE 5.1 Solar System Data: Properties of Several Objects in the Solar System, Including the Planets and Two
What force makes it possible for a car to move along a curved road? A straight, flat road?
Suppose the circular track in Figure 5.1 has a radius of 100 m and the runner has a speed of 5.0 m/s. (a) What is the period of the motion? (b) If the radius of the track were reduced to 50
Kepler€™s second law, the statement that a planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times, can be derived by a geometrical argument. To see how one might construct such a geometrical proof,
The hard disk in a laptop computer contains a small disk that rotates at a rate of 5000 rpm. If this disk has a radius of 2.0 cm, what is the centripetal acceleration of a point at the edge of the
A jogger is running around a circular track of circumference 400 m. If the jogger has a speed of 12 km/h, what is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the jogger?
Explain why a geosynchronous satellite cannot remain directly overhead for an observer in Boston.
Consider the Cavendish experiment in Figure 5.22. When he designed this experiment, Cavendish had to decide how large to make the spheres. If they are made larger, they will have a larger mass,
In the game of baseball, a pitcher throws a curve ball with as much spin as possible. This spin makes the ball “curve” on its way to the batter. In a typical case, the ball spins at about 30
In a reference listing found on the Internet, it is stated that g = 9.80665 m/s2. Discuss why it is not correct to think that the “exact” value of g can be given with this accuracy. Indeed, is
In Example 5.3, we considered a car traveling on a banked turn with friction. Draw free-body diagrams for the car when the speed is low and when the speed is high, and explain why they are different.
The Earth has a radius of 6.4 × 106 m and completes one revolution about its axis in 24 h. (a) Find the speed of a point at the equator. (b) Find the speed of New York City.
Give an example of motion in which (a) The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity is always larger than the average velocity and (b) The instantaneous velocity is never parallel to the
A bicycle wheel of radius 0.30 m is spinning at a rate of 60 revolutions per minute. (a) What is the centripetal acceleration of a point on the edge of the wheel? (b) What is the period of

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