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social science
introduction to logic

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Logic

Each of the following is intended to be a refutation by logical analogy. Identify the argument being refuted in each and the refuting analogy, and decide whether they do indeed have the same argument
“This is a matter of national spirit,” said Marjorie Wilson, coordinator of the Kangaroo Protection Cooperative, an Australian wildlife group. “We believe here that we have enough meat in this
Each of the following is intended to be a refutation by logical analogy. Identify the argument being refuted in each and the refuting analogy, and decide whether they do indeed have the same argument
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:The philosopher Metrodorus of Chios, who lived in
One sure thing is that melting sea ice cannot be implicated in the coastal flooding that many global warming models have projected. Just as melting ice cubes do not cause a glass of water to
Each of the following is intended to be a refutation by logical analogy. Identify the argument being refuted in each and the refuting analogy, and decide whether they do indeed have the same argument
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:To the casual observer porpoises and sharks are
Thomas Henry Huxley, Charles Darwin’s nineteenth-century disciple, presented this analogy: “Consciousness would appear to be related to the mechanism of the body simply as a collateral product of
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:The body is the substance of the soul; the soul is
The Elgin Marbles—17 fi gures and 56 panels that once decorated the Parthenon, on the Acropolis in Athens—were taken from the Parthenon in 1801 by Thomas Bruce, the seventh Earl of Elgin, and
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:If a single cell, under appropriate conditions,
The Feminists decided to examine the institution of marriage as it is set up by law in order to find out whether or not it did operate in women’s favor. It became increasingly clear to us that the
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:An electron is no more (and no less) hypothetical
Wittgenstein used to compare thinking with swimming: just as in swimming our bodies have a natural tendency to float on the surface so that it requires great physical exertion to plunge to the
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Just as the bottom of a bucket containing water is
A person without a goal is like a computer without a program. And that’s an ugly piece of furniture.—Steve Danish, “Getting a Life,” The New York Times , March 1998
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Suppose that someone tells me that he has had a
The quest for usable energy from fusion involves the use of interlocked magnetic fi elds to contain very hot (180 million degrees Fahrenheit) and highly compressed (to a density 20 times that of
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:One cannot require that everything shall be
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:The sequence of DNA units in the
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:A simple, inexpensive and
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Now if we survey the universe, so far as it falls
It is important that we make clear at this point what definition is and what can be attained by means of it. It seems frequently to be credited with a creative power; but all it accomplishes is that
Children in school are like children at the doctor’s. He can talk himself blue in the face about how much good his medicine is going to do them; all they think of is how much it will hurt or how
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Most endangered or threatened species in the
I simply can’t imagine the world will ever be normal again for us. I do talk about “after the war,” but it’s as if I were talking about a castle in the air, something that can never come
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:Opposing legislation that would restrict handgun
Unfortunately, the diary [of H. L. Mencken] reveals a man who was shockingly anti-Semitic and racist, to the point where his stature as a giant of American letters may be in danger. . . . I would
Analyze the structure of the analogical arguments in the following passages, and evaluate them in terms of the six criteria that have been explained:. . . The simplest form of the theological
Analyze each of the following scientific reports, explaining how the pattern of the method of agreement is manifested by each. Discuss, in each case, the limitations of the method of agreement as
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Strong evidence has been
Analyze each of the following scientific reports, explaining how the pattern of the method of agreement is manifested by each. Discuss, in each case, the limitations of the method of agreement as
Analyze each of the following scientific reports, explaining how the pattern of the method of agreement is manifested by each. Discuss, in each case, the limitations of the method of agreement as
Analyze each of the following scientific reports, explaining how the pattern of the method of agreement is manifested by each. Discuss, in each case, the limitations of the method of agreement as
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Some theories arise from
Using the truth-table definitions of the dot, the wedge, and the tilde (curl), determine which of the following statements are true:(Paris is the capital of France ꓦ ~Rome is the capital of Spain)
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): U ⊃ (V ꓦ W)(P2): (V · W) ⊃ ~U∴~U
Use truth tables to determine the validity or invalidity of each of the following arguments:(P1): (R ꓦ S) ⊃ T(P2): T ⊃ (R ⋅ S)∴(R ⋅ S) ⊃ (R ꓦ S)
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.If neither Chile nor the Dominican Republic calls for a meeting of all the Latin American states, then
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.If Argentina mobilizes and Brazil protests to the UN, then either Chile or the Dominican Republic will call
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Argentina will mobilize if either Brazil protests to the UN or Chile calls for a meeting of all the Latin
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Brazil will protest to the UN only if either Argentina mobilizes or Chile calls for a meeting of all the
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.If Argentina mobilizes and Brazil protests to the UN, then both Chile and the Dominican Republic will call
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Argentina’s mobilizing is a necessary condition for Chile to call for a meeting of all the Latin American
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Argentina’s mobilizing is a sufficient condition for Brazil to protest to the UN.
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Unless Chile calls for a meeting of all the Latin American states, Brazil will protest to the UN.
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Brazil will not protest to the UN unless Argentina mobilizes.
If A , B , and C are true statements and X , Y , and Z are false statements, which of the following are true?~[(B ⋅ C) ⋅ ~ (C ⋅ B)]
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.If Argentina mobilizes, then Brazil will protest to the UN unless Chile calls for a meeting of all the
If A , B , and C are true statements and X , Y , and Z are false statements, which of the following are true?~(B ꓦ Z) · ~ (X ꓦ ~Y)
Symbolize the following, using capital letters to abbreviate the simple statements involved.Brazil will protest to the UN unless Chile calls for a meeting of all the Latin American states.
If A , B , and C are true statements and X , Y , and Z are false statements, which of the following are true?~[(Aꓦ ~ C) ꓦ (Cꓦ ~ A)]
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:All business executives are active opponents of increased corporation taxes, for all active
No nuclear-powered submarines are commercial vessels, so no warships are commercial vessels, because all nuclear-powered submarines are warships.
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the four syllogistic figures,
For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application of the six rules of the
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:No people whose primary interest is in winning elections are true
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:All people who are most hungry are people who eat most.All
Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure, and test its validity using a Venn diagram:No weaklings are labor leaders, because no weaklings are true liberals,
Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some spaniels are not good hunters.All spaniels are gentle
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:All chocolate éclairs are fattening foods, because all chocolate éclairs
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:All inventors are people who see new patterns in familiar things, so all
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some snakes are not dangerous animals, but all snakes are reptiles,
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:Some foods that contain iron are toxic substances, for all fish containing
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:All opponents of basic economic and political changes are outspoken
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:No writers of lewd and sensational articles are honest and decent
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:All supporters of popular government are democrats, so all supporters of
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:No coal-tar derivatives are nourishing foods, because all artificial dyes
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:No coal-tar derivatives are nourishing foods, because no coal-tar
Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid, and name the fallacy that is committed:All people who live in London are people who drink tea, and all people who
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) Babies are illogical.(2) Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile.(3) Illogical
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If a man could not have done otherwise than he in fact did, then he is not responsible for his
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.Some preachers are persons of
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Roses are fragrant.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.He groans whenever he is reminded of his loss.
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:Men, it is assumed, act in economic matters only in response to pecuniary compensation or to
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If you tell me what I already understand, you do not enlarge my understanding, whereas if you tell me something
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.Some metals are rare and costly
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Orchids are not fragrant.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.She never drives her car to work.
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If each man had a definite set of rules of conduct by which he regulated his life he would be
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If the conclusion of a deductive argument goes beyond the premises, then the argument is invalid, while if the
For each of the following enthymematic arguments:a. Formulate the plausible premise or conclusion, if any, that is missing but understood.b. Write the argument in standard form, including the missing
Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions:Many a person has lived to regret a misspent youth.
Translate the following propositions into standard form, using parameters where necessary.He walks where he chooses.
Translate the propositions of the following sorites into standard form, and test the validity of each sorites.(1) Only profound scholars can be dons at Oxford.(2) No insensitive souls are great
Identify the form of each of the following arguments and state whether the argument is valid or invalid:If the second native told the truth, then the first native denied being a politician.If the
Discuss the various arguments that might be offered to refute each of the following:If a deductive argument is invalid, it is without value, whereas a deductive argument that brings nothing new to
Translate the following syllogistic arguments into standard form, and test their validity by using either Venn diagrams or the syllogistic rules set forth in Chapter 6.Some Asian nations were
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:EAA–1
Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following arguments that are invalid:No medicines that can be purchased without a doctor’s prescription are habit forming drugs,
Some evergreens are objects of worship, because all fir trees are evergreens, and some objects of worship are fir trees.
Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. Then test the validity of each syllogistic form using
Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and name the fallacy that each commits:AAA–2

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