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social science
introduction to logic

Introduction To Logic 15th Edition Irving M. Copi, Carl Cohen, Victor Rodych - Solutions

Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Identify and explain the fallacies of ambiguity that appear in the following passages:The basis of logic is the syllogism, consisting of a major and a minor premise and a conclusion—thus:Major Premise: Sixty men can do a piece of work sixty times as quickly as one man; Minor Premise: One man can
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
A Worm-eating Warbler was discovered by Hazel Miller in Concord, while walking along the branch of a tree, singing, and in good view. ( New Hampshire Audubon Quarterly ) That’s our Hazel—surefooted, happy, and with just a touch of the exhibitionist.— The New Yorker , 2 July 1979
For the benefit of those representatives who have not been here before this year, it may be useful to explain that the item before the General Assembly is that hardy perennial called the “Soviet item.” It is purely a propaganda proposition, not introduced with a serious purpose of serious
Identify and explain the fallacies of ambiguity that appear in the following passages:Fallaci wrote her: “You are a bad journalist because you are a bad woman.”—Elizabeth Peer, “The Fallaci Papers,” Newsweek , 1 December 1980
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted correctly..
Identify and explain the fallacies of ambiguity that appear in the following passages:If the man who “turnips!” cries Cry not when his father dies, ’Tis a proof that he had rather Have a turnip than his father.—Hester L. Piozzi, Anecdotes of Samuel Johnson , 1932
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Identify and explain the fallacies of ambiguity that appear in the following passages:. . . Each person’s happiness is a good to that person, and the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons.—John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism , 1861
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each may be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of the argument in each passage, and explain why you conclude that it does (or does not) contain
Identify and explain the fallacies of ambiguity that appear in the following passages:I’ve looked everywhere in this area for an instruction book on how to play the concertina without success. (Mrs. F. M., Myrtle Beach, S.C., Charlotte Observer ) You need no instructions. Just plunge ahead
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each may be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of the argument in each passage, and explain why you conclude that it does (or does not) contain
Identify and explain the fallacies of ambiguity that appear in the following passages:No man will take counsel, but every man will take money: therefore money is better than counsel.—Jonathan Swift
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted correctly.In
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each may be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of the argument in each passage, and explain why you conclude that it does (or does not) contain
Identify and explain the fallacies of ambiguity that appear in the following passages:To press forward with a properly ordered wage structure in each industry is the first condition for curbing competitive bargaining; but there is no reason why the process should stop there. What is good for each
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each may be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of the argument in each passage, and explain why you conclude that it does (or does not) contain
Identify and explain the fallacies of ambiguity that appear in the following passages:Robert Toombs is reputed to have said, just before the Civil War, “We could lick those Yankees with cornstalks.” When he was asked after the war what had gone wrong, he is reputed to have said, “It’s very
Identify and explain the fallacies of relevance or defective induction, or presumption, or ambiguity as they occur in the following passages. Explain why, in the case of some, it may be plausibly argued that what appears at first to be a fallacy is not, when the argument is interpreted
Each of the following passages may be plausibly criticized by some who conclude that it contains a fallacy, but each may be defended by some who deny that the argument is fallacious. Discuss the merits of the argument in each passage, and explain why you conclude that it does (or does not) contain
Identify and explain the fallacies of ambiguity that appear in the following passages:. . . The universe is spherical in form . . . because all the constituent parts of the universe, that is the sun, moon, and the planets, appear in this form.—Nicolaus Copernicus, The New Idea of the Universe ,
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.I would define political correctness as a
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.The Master said, Yu, shall I teach you what
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.To explain (explicate, explicare ) is to
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Noise is any unwanted signal.—Victor E.
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.By analysis, we mean analyzing the
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Health is a state of complete physical,
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Freedom of choice: the human capacity to
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.A cloud is a large semi-transparent mass with
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Murder is when a person of sound memory and
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.To sneeze [is] to emit wind audibly by the
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Hypocrisy is the homage that vice pays to
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Knowledge is true opinion.—Plato, Theaetetus
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Life is the art of drawing sufficient
The following problems require reasoning for their solution. To prove that an answer is correct requires an argument (often containing subsidiary arguments) whose premises are contained in the statement of the problem—and whose final conclusion is the answer to it. If the answer is correct, it is
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Art is a human activity having for its
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.A raincoat is an outer garment of plastic
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.A hazard is anything that is dangerous.—
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.A bore is a person who talks when you want
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.War . . . is an act of violence intended to
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.“Cause” means something that produces an
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Torture is “any act by which severe pain or
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.The word body, in the most general
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Honesty is the habitual absence of the intent
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.Alteration is combination of contradictorily
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.“Base” means that which serves as a
Criticize the following in terms of the rules for definition by genus and difference. After identifying the difficulty (or difficulties), state the rule (or rules) that are being violated. If the definition is either too narrow or too broad, explain why.A genius is one who, with an innate capacity,
The following problems require reasoning for their solution. To prove that an answer is correct requires an argument (often containing subsidiary arguments) whose premises are contained in the statement of the problem—and whose final conclusion is the answer to it. If the answer is correct, it is
The following problems require reasoning for their solution. To prove that an answer is correct requires an argument (often containing subsidiary arguments) whose premises are contained in the statement of the problem—and whose final conclusion is the answer to it. If the answer is correct, it is
The following problems require reasoning for their solution. To prove that an answer is correct requires an argument (often containing subsidiary arguments) whose premises are contained in the statement of the problem—and whose final conclusion is the answer to it. If the answer is correct, it is
The following problems require reasoning for their solution. To prove that an answer is correct requires an argument (often containing subsidiary arguments) whose premises are contained in the statement of the problem—and whose final conclusion is the answer to it. If the answer is correct, it is
The following problems require reasoning for their solution. To prove that an answer is correct requires an argument (often containing subsidiary arguments) whose premises are contained in the statement of the problem—and whose final conclusion is the answer to it. If the answer is correct, it is
The following problems require reasoning for their solution. To prove that an answer is correct requires an argument (often containing subsidiary arguments) whose premises are contained in the statement of the problem—and whose final conclusion is the answer to it. If the answer is correct, it is
The following problems require reasoning for their solution. To prove that an answer is correct requires an argument (often containing subsidiary arguments) whose premises are contained in the statement of the problem—and whose final conclusion is the answer to it. If the answer is correct, it is
The following problems require reasoning for their solution. To prove that an answer is correct requires an argument (often containing subsidiary arguments) whose premises are contained in the statement of the problem—and whose final conclusion is the answer to it. If the answer is correct, it is
The following problems require reasoning for their solution. To prove that an answer is correct requires an argument (often containing subsidiary arguments) whose premises are contained in the statement of the problem—and whose final conclusion is the answer to it. If the answer is correct, it is
A valid argument with two true premises and a true conclusion.For each of the argument descriptions provided below, construct a deductive argument (on any subject of your choosing) having only two premises.
An invalid argument with one true premise, one false premise, and a true conclusion.For each of the argument descriptions provided below, construct a deductive argument (on any subject of your choosing) having only two premises.
An invalid argument with two true premises and a true conclusion.For each of the argument descriptions provided below, construct a deductive argument (on any subject of your choosing) having only two premises.
An invalid argument with two false premises and a true conclusion.For each of the argument descriptions provided below, construct a deductive argument (on any subject of your choosing) having only two premises.
A valid argument with two false premises and a true conclusion.For each of the argument descriptions provided below, construct a deductive argument (on any subject of your choosing) having only two premises.
A valid argument with one true premise, one false premise, and a false conclusion.For each of the argument descriptions provided below, construct a deductive argument (on any subject of your choosing) having only two premises.
A valid argument with one true premise, one false premise, and a true conclusion.For each of the argument descriptions provided below, construct a deductive argument (on any subject of your choosing) having only two premises.
An invalid argument with two true premises and a false conclusion.For each of the argument descriptions provided below, construct a deductive argument (on any subject of your choosing) having only two premises.
Do the same (as in Set C) for each of the following:Oranges are sweet. Lemons are tart. Therefore oranges and lemons are sweet or tart. (Ox: x is an orange; Sx: x is sweet; Lx: x is a lemon; Tx: x is tart)
Do the same (as in Set C) for each of the following:All logicians are deep thinkers and effective writers. To write effectively, one must be economical if one’s audience is general, and comprehensive if one’s audience is technical. No deep thinker has a technical audience if he has the ability
Do the same (as in Set C) for each of the following:If anything is expensive it is both valuable and rare. Whatever is valuable is both desirable and expensive. Therefore if anything is either valuable or expensive then it must be both valuable and expensive. ( Ex: x is expensive; Vx: x is
Do the same (as in Set C) for each of the following:Gold is valuable. Rings are ornaments. Therefore gold rings are valuable ornaments. (Gx: x is gold; Vx: x is valuable; Rx: x is a ring; Ox: x is an ornament)
Do the same (as in Set C) for each of the following:Socrates is mortal. Therefore everything is either mortal or not mortal. (s: Socrates; Mx: x is mortal)
Do the same (as in Set C) for each of the following:Figs and grapes are healthful. Nothing healthful is both illaudable and jejune. Some grapes are jejune and knurly. Some figs are not knurly. Therefore some figs are not illaudable. (Fx: x is a fig; Gx: x is a grape; Hx: x is healthful; Ix: x is
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Teens who lose their virginity earlier than their peers are more likely to shoplift, destroy property, or sell drugs than their
“I’m not anti-Semitic, I’m just anti-Zionist” is the equivalent of “I’m not anti- American, I just think the United States shouldn’t exist.”—Benjamin Netanyahu, A Place Among the Nations(New York: Bantam Books, 1993)
Analyze each of the following scientific reports, explaining how the pattern of the method of agreement is manifested by each. Discuss, in each case, the limitations of the method of agreement as applied to that quest for a causal connection.Researchers from the National Cancer Institute announced
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:It has long been recognized that taller adults hold jobs of higher status and, on average, earn more than other workers. A large
Analyze each of the following scientific reports, explaining how the pattern of the method of agreement is manifested by each. Discuss, in each case, the limitations of the method of agreement as applied to that quest for a causal connection.The relation between male circumcision and HIV infection
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the ways in which the method of difference has been applied in the investigations recounted. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the method of difference as it is used in each case.How critical is sleep to memory? Researchers at two
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Does the position of the arm, when blood pressure is being checked, make any difference? Researchers at the University of California
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the ways in which the method of difference has been applied in the investigations recounted. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the method of difference as it is used in each case.The heavy use of salt is widely suspected by experts to be the
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Near the end of the Middle Ages, a few theologians (the “scientists” of that time) persuaded a king of France to give them
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the ways in which the method of difference has been applied in the investigations recounted. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the method of difference as it is used in each case.Does Louisiana hot sauce, the principal ingredient of the spicy
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Undoubtedly the outstanding point of departure of industrial social psychology was the series of studies performed in the Hawthorne
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the ways in which the method of difference has been applied in the investigations recounted. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the method of difference as it is used in each case.In Lithuania, rear-end auto collisions happen as they do in the
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Does noise have an adverse effect on those subjected involuntarily to it? When the airport at Munich, Germany, moved, researchers
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the ways in which the method of difference has been applied in the investigations recounted. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the method of difference as it is used in each case.To determine the role of specific genes, mice are bred in wahich
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:The mood changes that many people experience during the shorter days of winter have a physiological basis in the brain, according to
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the ways in which the method of difference has been applied in the investigations recounted. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the method of difference as it is used in each case.Here is some reassuring news for those whose career plans are
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Prof. Norbert Schwartz, of the University of Michigan, conducted the following experiment. He tested the attitudes of people who had
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the way in which the method of agreement and the method of difference have been jointly applied, and identifying the special force, if any, of their combination.Cholera, caused by a water-borne bacterium ingested by drinking contaminated water, is a
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:The largest and longest-running study of American child care has found that keeping a preschooler in a day care center for a year or
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the way in which the method of agreement and the method of difference have been jointly applied, and identifying the special force, if any, of their combination.Pain can be agonizing, but it serves a useful function: It teaches people and animals to
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:Speed kills. A report from the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, issued in November of 2003, concluded that increased speed
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the way in which the method of agreement and the method of difference have been jointly applied, and identifying the special force, if any, of their combination.A deadly heart ailment affecting about 1 million African American men—familial amyloid
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:A 16-year study followed 8,867 non-smoking male professionals with normal body weight who participated in vigorous daily exercise and
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the way in which the method of agreement and the method of difference have been jointly applied, and identifying the special force, if any, of their combination.Sixteen-year-old David Merrill, of Suffolk, Virginia, hypothesized that the loud sounds
Analyze each of the following investigations, or arguments, and indicate which of the methods of causal reasoning—Mill’s methods—are being used in each of them:For heart patients, “noetic” intervention—such as prayer and MIT (therapy relying on music, imagery, and touch)—is defined as
Analyze each of the following reports, explaining the way in which the method of agreement and the method of difference have been jointly applied, and identifying the special force, if any, of their combination.Scientists have long known that severely restricting the number of calories that mice

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