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social science
introduction to logic
A Concise Introduction to Logic 13th edition Patrick J. Hurley, Lori Watson - Solutions
The first step in providing an astrological reading is to cast the chart. This is followed by an analysis of interacting chart factors, which in turn is followed by the astrologer's interpretation of these factors. In regard to the third step, D. Hamblin, former chairman of the United Kingdom
On the basis of a person's natal chart (horoscope cast according to the person's date, time, and place of birth), astrologers claim to be able to analyze that person's character and personality and make predictions about his or her life course. To test the claims of astrology about character
In 1970, the physicist David Simpson and his colleague Norman Foxwell performed an experiment involving a group of UFO buffs in England. On a Saturday evening about thirty of these individuals had gathered on a remote hilltop where they thought there was a good chance of sighting a UFO. Simpson
In 1975 James Randi offered $10,000 (later increased to $1,000,000) to any person who could perform a paranormal feat (including any demonstration of psychic power) in his presence under controlled conditions. (This offer was still open as of the printing of this edition, but certain restrictions
In 1975 James Randi offered $10,000 (later increased to $1,000,000) to any person who could perform a paranormal feat (including any demonstration of psychic power) in his presence under controlled conditions. (This offer was still open as of the printing of this edition, but certain restrictions
Psychic phenomena include psychokinesis, telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. Psychokinesis is the ability to move objects through the direct power of the mind, telepathy is the power to perceive the thoughts of others without the use of the senses, clairvoyance is the ability to perceive
Suppose you are a fortune-teller. You have a small shop in Milwaukee complete with a crystal ball, beads hanging in the doorway, incense, and a shelf of books devoted to the dark arts. At about 4:00 in the afternoon in early March a couple in their mid-thirties comes into your shop. They are
The modern creationist theory, called “scientific creationism,” propounded by Duane Gish and Henry Morris, accounts for geologic formations and fossils by appealing to the great flood of Noah. This flood allegedly killed numerous mammals, birds, fish, and insects, and their carcasses settled in
The modern creationist theory, called “scientific creationism,” propounded byDuane Gish and Henry Morris, accounts for geologic formations and fossilsby appealing to the great flood of Noah. This flood allegedly killed numerous mammals, birds, fish, and insects, and their carcasses settled in
One of the early creationist theories advanced in opposition to Darwin’s theory of natural selection was put forward by the nineteenth-century naturalist Philip Gosse. According to this theory, God created the world in about 4000 b.c., and he did so in exactly six days, per the account in
Discuss the following reports from residents of Hong Kong (taken from “Hong Kong’s Feng Shui: Popular Magic in a Modern Urban Setting,” by Charles F. Emmons, Journal of Popular Culture, Summer 1992).a. I have a little restaurant in Aberdeen, a seafood place facing the sea. I used to be on the
Discuss the meaning of the following selections:a. The universe is a macrocosm of creative energy and power, and every man, woman, and child is the epitome of this totality of the cosmos. Within your individualized energy field, the microcosm called you, are twenty-two Causal Powers, or angels,
Discuss the evidentiary problems raised by the following questions:a. After drinking tea made from tarragon leaves every day for a year, your grandfather reports that his bunions cleared up. Does this prove that tarragon tea has the power to cure bunions?b. You go to a psychotherapist who diagnoses
If a hypothesis gives rise to contradictory implications, it is incoherent.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
The theoretical interpretations of light, electricity, and magnetism during the first part of the nineteenth century illustrate a condition of inadequacy.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
If a theory is incoherent, it is deficient in rationality.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
A hypothesis is fruitful to the extent that it suggests new ideas for future analysis and confirmation.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
If a hypothesis is not externally consistent, then it must be discarded.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
The coherence of a hypothesis has to do with how well the hypothesis fits the facts.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
The adequacy of a hypothesis has to do with how well the ideas or terms in the hypothesis are rationally interconnected.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
The problem with the distinction between empirical and theoretical hypotheses is that observation is dependent on theory.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Theoretical hypotheses concern how something should be conceptualized.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Torricelli’s and Pasteur’s hypotheses may be classified as theoretical hypotheses.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
The hypotheses relating to the discoveries of radium and Neptune may be classified as empirical hypotheses.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
In Pasteur’s day, the theory of spontaneous generation held that life was produced by the direct action of oxygen on organic nutrients.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Torricelli’s hypothesis was consistent with the hypothesis that nature abhors a vacuum.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
In the Neptune episode, Adams and Leverrier deserve the credit for working out the implications of the hypothesis.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
In the episode pertaining to the discovery of radium, all of the hypotheses turned out to be true.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
If an implication of a hypothesis is false, then we may conclude that the hypothesis is false, at least in part.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
If the implications of a hypothesis are true, then we may conclude that the hypothesis is true.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Hypotheses serve the purpose of directing the search for additional evidence.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Hypotheses serve the purpose of directing the search for additional evidence.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Hypotheses are derived directly from the evidence.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Hypothetical reasoning is useful when the evidence by itself does not provide the solution to the problem.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Write a short paper analyzing one or more of the hypotheses formulated by Sherlock Holmes in one of the stories by Arthur Conan Doyle. Include a discussion of the problem, the hypothesis, the implications that were drawn, and the test procedures.
Write a short paper on one of the following scientific events. Discuss the problem, one or more hypotheses that were formulated, the implications that were drawn, and the test procedures that were used. Then evaluate the hypothesis in terms of adequacy, internal coherence, external consistency, and
A short time before final exams you lose your class notes. You recall having seen them four days ago. Use your own personal activities and movements during the past four days as the basis for formulating your hypotheses as to the whereabouts of the notes.For each of the following situations, invent
You are a manager of a department store, and, although business has been brisk lately, your chief accountant informs you that the store is losing money.For each of the following situations, invent at least three hypotheses aimed at explaining what went wrong or at solving the problem. Then, for
You are a philosophy professor at a university, and while reading a set of term papers you discover that two of them are identical. Those two papers are also extremely well written.For each of the following situations, invent at least three hypotheses aimed at explaining what went wrong or at
On a rainy evening you return to your ground-floor apartment and discover that you have been burglarized. You can’t believe it, because you are certain you locked the door when you went out. You share the apartment with a roommate.For each of the following situations, invent at least three
A close friend calls you on the phone and confides a personal secret. That night you write the secret in your diary. A few days later your friend is furious with you because the friend overheard someone on campus talking about the secret.For each of the following situations, invent at least three
After driving for miles on a dusty road, you park your car near the bank of a river and take a hike through the woods. Soon you become lost. In one direction you see a small stream, and in the other, a trail.For each of the following situations, invent at least three hypotheses aimed at explaining
On a windy day you pick up the phone to call a friend, but you find that the line is dead. You live in a house and share phone expenses with a housemate.For each of the following situations, invent at least three hypotheses aimed at explaining what went wrong or at solving the problem. Then, for
After mailing your paycheck to the bank, you write a check to pay your rent. The rent check bounces.For each of the following situations, invent at least three hypotheses aimed at explaining what went wrong or at solving the problem. Then, for each hypothesis, describe one or more experiments or
After settling in a new location you buy some seeds for a flower garden. When the flowers come up, they are stunted and of poor quality.For each of the following situations, invent at least three hypotheses aimed at explaining what went wrong or at solving the problem. Then, for each hypothesis,
Someone you have been dating has a birthday coming up, so you call a florist and order flowers for the occasion. Two days later the person is cold and distant.For each of the following situations, invent at least three hypotheses aimed at explaining what went wrong or at solving the problem. Then,
Do some research and find a way that people or corporations cheat with statistics. Write a paragraph describing what you found.
Expressing profits as a percentage of sales volume presents an honest picture of the earnings of a corporation.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If a certain quantity is increased by 10 percent and later decreased by 10 percent, the quantity is restored to what it was originally.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Data reflecting a 100 percent increase in housing construction could be accurately represented by a pictogram of two houses, one twice as high as the other.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
The visual impression made by graphs can be exaggerated by changing one of the scales while leaving the other unchanged.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Data reflecting the size of full-grown horses would exhibit greater dispersion than would data reflecting the size of full-grown dogs.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Data reflecting the size of full-grown horses would exhibit greater dispersion than would data reflecting the size of full-grown dogs.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Statements about averages often present an incomplete picture, lacking information about the dispersion.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Range, variance, and standard deviation are measurements of dispersion.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If a set of data conforms to the normal probability distribution, then the mean, median, and mode have the same value.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Data reflecting the results of a random sample conform fairly closely to the normal probability distribution.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If one needed to know whether a sizable portion of a group were above or below a certain level, the most useful sense of average would be mode.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
The modal value of a set of data is the arithmetical average.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
The median value of a set of data is the middle point when the data are arranged in ascending order.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
The median value of a set of data is the middle point when the data are arranged in ascending order.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
The mean value of a set of data is the value that occurs with the greatest frequency.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
The personal interaction between a surveyor and a respondent can affect the outcome of a survey.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
When a sample consists of human beings, the purpose for which the sample is taken can affect the outcome.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
In general, if sample A is twice as large as sample B, then the sampling error for A is one-half that for B.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
To ensure the same precision, a population of 1 million would require a much larger random sample than would a population of 100,000.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If a sample is randomly selected, the larger the sample is, the more closely it replicates the population.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If a population is randomly arranged, a sample obtained by selecting every tenth member would be a random sample.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If a sample is very large, it need not be randomly selected.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
An instructor gave a ten-question multiple-choice quiz to twelve students. The scores were 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6. What is the mean score? What is the variance and standard deviation of these scores?
A small company has five employees who missed work during a certain month. The number of days missed were 1, 1, 2, 4, 7. What is the mean number of days missed? What is the variance and standard deviation of this set of data?
A day-care center cares for ten children. Their ages are 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 6, 6. Construct a histogram that represents the distribution of ages. What is the mean age? What is the variance and standard deviation of these ages?
Given the following group of people together with their salaries, what is the average salary in the sense of mean, median, and mode?
Given the following group of people together with their weights, what is the average weight in the sense of mean, median, and mode?
What figures should be written in the left-hand column of Table 12.1, in the text, to produce a similar table based on a confidence level of 99 percent? For a confidence level of 99 percent, the margin of error is approximately equal to 1.29/√n.Table 12.1:
What figures should be written in the left-hand column of Table 12.1, in the text, to produce a similar table based on a confidence level of 99 percent? For a confidence level of 99 percent, the margin of error is approximately equal to 1.29/√n.Table 12.1:
An efficiency expert was hired to increase the productivity of a manufacturing firm and was given three months to accomplish the task. At the end of the period the productivity had increased from 1,500 units per week to 1,700. Since the goal was 2,000 units per week, the effort of the efficiency
There were 20 percent more traffic accidents in 2016 than there were in 1995. Therefore, it was 20 percent more dangerous to drive a car in 2016 than it was in 1995.
During a certain year, a grocery store chain had total sales of $100 million and profits of $10 million. The profits thus amounted to a modest 10 percent for that year.
Forced to make cutbacks, the president of a manufacturing firm reduced certain costs as follows: advertising by 4 percent, transportation by 5 percent, materials by 2 percent, and employee benefits by 3 percent. The president thus succeeded in reducing total costs by 14 percent.
A corporation’s sales for two consecutive years are represented in a bar graph. Since the bar for the later year is twice as high as the one for the previous year, it follows that sales for the later year were double those for the previous year.
To determine the percentage of patients who follow the advice of their personal physician, researchers asked 200 randomly chosen physicians to put the question to their patients. Of the 2,400 patients surveyed, 98 percent replied that they did indeed follow their doctor’s advice. We may therefore
To determine the percentage of adult Americans who have never read the U.S. Constitution, surveyors put this question to a random sample of 1,000 adults. Only 13 percent gave negative answers. Therefore, since the sampling error for such a sample is 3 percent, we may conclude that no more than 16
Do some research and find an actual application of Bayes’s theorem that is not mentioned in this book. Then write a paragraph on your findings.
Mr. Andrews, a grape merchant, inquires about a certain wine that he tastes at a party. The host tells him that from a total of ten bottles of that wine, six came from the north vineyard and four came from the south vineyard. From this information, the merchant concludes that he should visit the
Ms. Jones, a bookstore owner, wishes to send out an advertisement to potential customers. She estimates that 20 percent of the town’s residents are recreational readers, and she knows that all of the residents are either recreational readers or TV addicts (but not both). Also, a media expert has
Ms. Jones, a bookstore owner, wishes to send out an advertisement to potential customers. She estimates that 20 percent of the town’s residents are recreational readers, and she knows that all of the residents are either recreational readers or TV addicts (but not both). Also, a media expert has
A physician has diagnosed a patient as having either hepatitis or liver cancer (but not both). Statistics reveal that hepatitis occurs in the general population twice as frequently as liver cancer. Thus, the physician tentatively concludes that the patient probably has hepatitis. Later the
Knowing that your friend Angella studies for her tests only 40 percent of the time, you place an even bet with a third party that Angella will not study for her upcoming test. Later, you just happen to hear that Angella passed the test. Should you retract your bet? Assume that Angella passes nine
Knowing that your friend Angella studies for her tests only 40 percent of the time, you place an even bet with a third party that Angella will not study for her upcoming test. Later, you just happen to hear that Angella passed the test. Should you retract your bet? Assume that Angella passes nine
We are given three new urns each containing seven red, five green, and three white balls, and two old urns each containing five red, three green, and seven white balls. The urns are identical except for an old or new date stamped beneath the base. If a single red ball is randomly drawn from one of
Assign a numerical value to the strength of the following argument: The Wilson family has four children. Therefore, at least two of the children were born on the same day of the week.
Assign a numerical value to the strength of the following argument: The odds are 5 to 3 that the Indians will win the American League pennant and 7 to 5 that the Cardinals will win the National League pennant. Therefore, the Indians and the Cardinals will meet in the World Series.
The probability of a twenty-year-old man living to age seventy is .74, and the probability of a twenty-year-old woman living to the same age is .82. If a recently married couple, both age twenty, give 8 to 1 odds on their staying married for fifty years, what is the probability thata. At least one
What is the probability of drawing an ace and a king on three draws (without replacement) from a poker deck?
What is the probability of drawing either an ace or a king (or both) on three draws (without replacement) from a poker deck?
Given an urn containing three red, four green, and five yellow balls, if two balls are drawn from the urn (without replacement), what is the probability thata. Both are red?b. One is green, the other yellow?c. One is either red or green?d. At least one is green?e. Both have the same color?
Given two urns, one containing two red, three green, and four yellow balls, the other containing four red, two green, and three yellow balls, if a single ball is drawn from each urn, what is the probability thata. Both are red?b. At least one is green?c. One is red, the other yellow?d. At least one
If a pair of dice are rolled, what is the probability that the points add up toa. five?b. six?c. seven?
What is the probability of getting at least one six on three rolls of a die?
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